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20 November 2024, Volume 61 Issue 11 Previous Issue    Next Issue
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Germplasm Resources·Molecular Genetics·Physiology and Biochemistry·Microbes
Crop Genetics and Breeding·Cultivation Physiology
Plant Protection
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Germplasm Resources·Molecular Genetics·Physiology and Biochemistry·Microbes

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Genetic diversity analysis of major nutritional growth traits in 74 turnip germplasm resources WANG Fan, LI Yushan, WANG Wei, DENG Chaohong, ZHAO Lianjia, MA Yue, XIAO Jing, ZHUANG Hongmei, Xu Hongjun 2024, 61(11): 2601-2613.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2024.11.001 Abstract ( 94 )   HTML ( 6 )   PDF (1314KB) ( 19 )   【Objective】 To further understand the genetic diversity of local turnip germplasm resources in Xinjiang, which can provide a certain foundation for the development and application of new turnip varieties and turnip products.【Methods】 74 local turnip germplasm resources in Xinjiang were used as materials to determine 31 traits such as plant traits and fleshy root traits at different nutritional growth stages.Correlation analysis, principal component analysis, cluster analysis, and SSR molecular marker technology were used to analyze the genetic diversity of turnip resources.【Results】 The main quality traits of 74 turnip germplasm resources had rich variation, with a coefficient of variation range of 14.1% to 421.1%, and a coefficient of variation range of 7.9% to 31.6% for quantitative traits.A simple correlation analysis was conducted on quantitative traits. There was a significant or extremely significant correlation between plant height, plant width, and leaf length, leaf width, and petiole length.The longitudinal and transverse stems of fleshy roots were highly significantly correlated with single root weight.At an Euclidean distance of 15, the test materials could be divided into four groups.By using SSR molecular markers and selecting 20 pairs of primers with good amplification ability.Most of the resources from the same source region were clustered in one group.【Conclusion】 The local turnip germplasm resources in Xinjiang have relatively rich genetic diversity.

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Genetic diversity and population structure analysis of melon germplasm resources in Xinjiang based on SSR fluorescence markers LI Chao, YANG Ying, ZHENG Heyun, YANG Jianli, CHEN Wei, YANG Mi, SUN Yuping 2024, 61(11): 2614-2625.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2024.11.002 Abstract ( 83 )   HTML ( 6 )   PDF (1522KB) ( 11 )   【Objective】 To analyze the genetic diversity and population structure of Xinjiang melon germplasm resources in the hope of providing a theoretical basis for future collection, genetic improvement, and efficient utilization of melon germplasm resources.【Methods】 182 melon germplasms were selected, and 19 pairs of primers with high polymorphism were selected from 152 pairs of SSR primers.The genetic diversity of 182 Xinjiang melon germplasms was analyzed using TP-M13-SSR molecular markers, and the cluster analysis was conducted according to Nei's genetic distance (D), and the population genetic structure was analyzed using the hybrid model cluster method of Structure software.【Results】 The results showed that a total of 160 alleles were detected using SSR markers, with a variation range of 3-16 allele numbers (Na), an average of 8.421,1 per primer pair, and a variation range of 1.092,0-6.087,9 effective allele numbers (Ne), an average of 3.077,0; The observed heterozygosity (Ho) ranges from 0.011,0 to 1.000,0, with an average of 0.309,7; The expected heterozygosity (He) is 0.084,5-0.838,0, with an average of 0.599,1; The Shannon’ S Diversity Index (I) from 0.190,6 to 2.061,3, with an average of 1.239,9; The polymorphism information content (PIC) of each site from 0.081,1 to 0.815,8, with an average of 0.555,8.Most sites exhibit high polymorphism.The cluster analysis results showed that 182 melon germplasm materials were divided into two major subgroups, with subgroup I consisting of 88 melon germplasm materials and subgroup II consisting of 94 melon materials.The analysis of population genetic structure showed that when K=2, ΔK showed a significant peak, indicating that 182 melon germplasm materials were more suitable to be divided into two subgroups and there was excessive homozygosity.【Conclusion】 The genetic diversity of Xinjiang melon germplasm resources is relatively rich, but the classification results are different from the four traditional varieties.It can be seen that Xinjiang melon germplasm resources can be divided into two major subgroups from the analysis of population structure.There are more homozygous individuals in the population, but there is some gene exchange between other heterozygous individuals, which may be due to variety improvement or germplasm innovation by breeders.

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Development and verification of KASP marker for resistance to downy mildew in muskmelon SHEN Yue, LING Yueming, DUAN Xiaoyu, YANG Wenli, LI Meihua, WANG Yirou, WANG Huilin, ZHANG Xuejun 2024, 61(11): 2626-2634.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2024.11.003 Abstract ( 81 )   HTML ( 1 )   PDF (1014KB) ( 7 )   【Objective】 This study aims to develop and validate KASP molecular markers closely linked to melon downy mildew resistance genes, in the hope of providing a theoretical basis for downy mildew resistance molecular marker assisted breeding of downy mildew resistance in melons.【Methods】 The accession ‘PI 438685’ with high resistance of downy mildew, and the accession ‘Huangdanzi’ with high sensitivity of downy mildew were used as parents to construct a separate population.QTL mapping of downy mildew resistance genes in melon was drawn through a combination of BSA and whole genome sequencing.KASP molecular markers closely linked to downy mildew resistance genes were developed within this interval, and then screened and validated using F2 separate populations.【Results】 The downy mildew resistance gene was located on chromosome 9 through BSA analysis.We developed 66 pair of KASP molecular markers in the candidate region, screened 9 pairs of KASP molecular markers with high specificity.Subsequently, the 9 pairs of KASP molecular markers were validated, the KASP molecular marker (KASP-24832572), closely linked to downy mildew resistance genes was obtained, and its accuracy of distinguish genotype could reach 79%.【Conclusion】 One QTL related to downy mildew resistance has been located on chromosome 9 by BSA analysis, and a pair of KASP molecular markers closely linked to downy mildew resistance genes are developed in this interval, which has contributed to downy mildew resistance breeding in melons.

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Effects of different matrix ratios and anvil combinations on cucumber growth and development MA Yuejun, TAN Zhanming, CHENG Yunxia, WU Hui, ZHANG Qiaoqiao, DU Jiageng, WANG Qi, CUI Hewei, MA Xing 2024, 61(11): 2635-2647.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2024.11.004 Abstract ( 62 )   HTML ( 3 )   PDF (1008KB) ( 15 )   【Objective】 To screen out the appropriate cucumber rootstock grafting combination and matrix ratio.【Methods】 Fuyang F1-35, Xiasheng F1 and Jufeng No.8 cucumbers were used as scions, Hanetsu, Jinzun and Jinxiu Taimu Japan pumpkins as rootstocks, self-grafted cucumbers as controls, and coarse sand and liquorice residue as substrate materials for soil-less cultivation.Physiological indicators such as plant height, stem thickness and leaf area, assimilative indicators such as above-ground and below-ground dry and fresh weight, and quality indicators such as hardness, adhesion and cohesion were measured.Correlation analysis and principal component analysis were used to study the effects of different substrate ratios and rootstock combinations on the growth and quality of cucumber.【Results】 A total of seven principal components were extracted and the combined scores of the 20 trait principal component factors were calculated by weighting the eigenvalues of the principal components.The C41 treatment had the highest combined score of 3.412 and the C2 treatment had the lowest combined score of 1.592.【Conclusion】 The substrate ratio (50% coarse sand, 50% liquorice residue) and rootstock combination (scion Xiasheng F1, rootstock Jinzun) of the C41 treatment effectively promote the growth and development of cucumber and improved fruit quality.

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Research progress of capsicum pigment in pepper fruit JIANG Rongwei, YANG Shengbao, YUAN Lei, XIAO Hongxing 2024, 61(11): 2648-2657.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2024.11.005 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (1163KB) ( )   【Objective】 To comprehensively analyze the planting area of pepper, the research value of pepper pigment, the regulatory pathway and gene of pepper pigment, in order to elucidate the research results of pepper pigment and provide reference for pepper breeders in the selection and cultivation of high-value pepper varieties.【Methods】 Through the collection, summary and comparative analysis of the latest information related to chili pepper, such as domestic and foreign official websites, literature and technology.【Results】 The color of pepper fruit was mainly determined by the type and content of chlorophyll, carotenoids and anthocyanins in pulp cells, and carotenoids were the main pigment sources of ripe fruits.Chili peppers have a highly evolved carotenoid synthesis pathway, single gene mutations such as PSY and CCS control fruit color, and non-structural genes may regulate the formation of pepper pigments.The transcription factors Golden2-like (GLK2) and APRR2-Like have been shown to play a major role in the accumulation of chlorophyll and pigment content in peppers.Jang Siyoung et al., demonstrated that chlorophyll and carotenoid production were correlated in chili peppers.【Conclusion】 Capsicum pigment is widely used as an important industrial raw material in food, medicine, cosmetics and feed additives.

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Effects of salt, alkali and complex salt alkali stress on the photosynthetic characteristics and antioxidant enzyme activity of tomato seedlings LIU Huifang, WANG Qiang, HAN Hongwei, ZHUANG Hongmei, WANG Hao, CHANG Yanan 2024, 61(11): 2658-2666.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2024.11.006 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (1266KB) ( )   【Objective】 To explore the effects of salt, alkali and complex salt alkali stress on the photosynthetic characteristics and antioxidant enzyme activity of tomato seedlings.【Methods】 In this study, the salt-tolerant tomato IL7-5-5 and the salt-sensitive tomato M82 were selected as materials, and the seedlings were subjected to the same concentration of salt, alkali and complex salt alkali stress. The photosynthetic characteristics, contents of MDA, ${\text{O}}_2^{-}$, H2O2 and activities of SOD, POD, CAT, APX and GR of tomato seedlings under different stress conditions were studied.【Results】 The results showed that: Compared with the control, under salt stress, photosynthetic gas exchange parameters of M82 tomato seedlings significantly decreased, Pn decreased by 48.10%, WUE increased by 95.81%, POD and CAT activities significantly decreased, and GR activity significantly increased. The contents of ${\text{O}}_2^{-}$ and H2O2 were significantly reduced by 15.75% and 25.85%. Leaf Pn, Ci and WUE of IL7-5-5 varieties were significantly decreased by 34.72%, 32.78% and 51.02%, respectively. SOD activity was significantly increased, GR activity was significantly increased, CAT and APX activities were significantly decreased. The contents of MDA, ${\text{O}}_2^{-}$ and H2O2 were significantly reduced by 29.48%, 34.47% and 18.66%. Under alkali stress, photosynthetic gas exchange parameters Pn, Gs, Tr and CE of M82 tomato seedlings significantly decreased by 56.40%, 71.02%, 61.93% and 41.73%, Ci significantly decreased by 25.49%, POD and CAT activities significantly increased, and APX activities significantly decreased. MDA content was significantly increased by 40.55%, while ${\text{O}}_2^{-}$ and H2O2 contents were significantly decreased by 25.80% and 20.48%. Photosynthetic gas exchange parameters Pn, Gs and Ci of IL7-5-5 tomato seedlings significantly decreased by 68.75%, 74.65% and 59.49%, Tr and CE significantly decreased by 63.69% and 21.54%, SOD activity significantly increased, CAT and GR activities significantly decreased. The production rate of ${\text{O}}_2^{-}$ decreased by 10.18%. Under salt-alkali stress, photosynthetic gas exchange parameters Pn, Gs, Ci, Tr and CE of M82 tomato seedlings significantly decreased by 44.64%, 67.05%, 37.46%, 56.56% and 11.58%, POD activity significantly decreased, APX activity significantly decreased, ${\text{O}}_2^{-}$ significantly decreased by 34.06%. MDA content was significantly increased by 37.44%; Photosynthetic gas exchange parameters Pn and Gs of IL7-5-5 tomato seedlings significantly decreased by 27.78% and 78.87%, Tr significantly decreased by 69.05%, WUE significantly increased by 128.17%, GR and SOD activity significantly increased, and ${\text{O}}_2^{-}$ production rate significantly decreased by 25.30%.【Conclusion】 Both tomato varieties can achieve the effect of eliminating ${\text{O}}_2^{-}$ and H2O2 by adjusting the activity of antioxidant enzymes. The content of MDA of IL7-5-5 tomato seedlings is maintained at the control level, and the degree of membrane lipid peroxidation is lighter than that of M82 tomato varieties. Under the three stress conditions, the photosynthetic rate of tomato seedlings decrease, and the alkali stress is the lowest in both varieties. Both alkali and saline-alkali stress causes membrane lipid peroxidation damage to M82 tomato seedlings to a certain extent. Stress can regulate the activity of antioxidant enzymes and the contents of ${\text{O}}_2^{-}$ and H2O2 in the leaves of the two tomato varieties to different degrees. The contents of H2O2 are the lowest in both tomato varieties under salt stress, followed by alkali stress and saline-alkali stress.

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Comparison of chlorophyll fluorescence and photosynthetic characteristics of different processed tomato varieties based on principal component analysis ZHAO Wenxuan, CHENG Yunxia, TAN Zhanming, LI Chunyu, SHU Sheng, Ayimaimu Shawuti, YANG Liyu, MIAO Xianjun 2024, 61(11): 2667-2675.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2024.11.007 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (1423KB) ( )   【Objective】 To select processed tomato varieties suitable for cultivation in southern Xinjiang.【Methods】 9 kinds of processed tomatoes were used as test materials, and the differences between 9 processed tomato varieties were explored by comparing the fluorescence parameters, photosynthetic parameters, chlorophyll relative content and yield of 9 processed tomatoes, and the indicators of each variety were comprehensively evaluated and ranked by principal component analysis combined with cluster analysis.【Results】 The results showed that the chlorophyll fluorescence parameters, chlorophyll relative content, photosynthetic parameters and yield of T1 ('Jiahe Hongyun') performed better than other varieties, among which Fv/Fm was 0.81, qP was 0.85, Pn was 19.63 μmol/(m2·s), Gs was 0.54 mmol/(m2·s), and Tr was 8.25 mmol/(m2·s), all of which were significantly different from other varieties.【Conclusion】 It shows that 'Jiahe Hongyun' has strong photosynthetic ability and environmental adaptability, high yield, so it is suitable for cultivation in Xinjiang Aral City and surrounding areas.

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Comparative analysis of agronomic traits of different processing tomato varieties LI Chunyu, TAN Zhanming, CHENG Yunxia, SHU Sheng, MA Quanhui, HE Miao, DUAN Yifan, WU Hui 2024, 61(11): 2676-2683.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2024.11.008 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (1534KB) ( )   【Objective】 Select suitable processing tomato varieties suitable for cultivation in Aral,Xinjiang.【Methods】 Nine processing tomato varieties were used as experimental materials.Twelve traits including plant height, stem diameter, leaf area, chlorophyll content, fruit shape index, single fruit weight, soluble solids, soluble sugar content, VC content, lycopene, total flavonoids content and soluble protein content of each variety were measured.Meanwhile, principal component analysis, membership function and cluster analysis were carried out.【Results】 Four principal components including plant height, soluble solids, VC content and soluble sugar were extracted.The comprehensive scores of principal component factors of 12 traits were calculated by weighting the eigenvalues of principal components.The order from high to low was Q020 > Zaode > Jiayi 200 > Xinyin 98-1 > American Century Red > Ruby > Hongguo No.3 > Qilin Diamond > Jiahehongyun.Among them, the comprehensive evaluation value of Q020 was the highest, which was 0.770.The comprehensive evaluation value of Jiahehongyun was the smallest, which was 0.329.【Conclusion】 Q020 has good growth indexes and good quality, which can be used as the main cultivar of processing tomato in Aral,Xinjiang.

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Effects of different drought stresses on anatomical structure of roots, stems and leaves of two apricot varieties CHENG Yunxia, TAN Zhanming, GUO Ling, LI Wenwen, DU Jiageng 2024, 61(11): 2684-2692.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2024.11.009 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (1897KB) ( )   【Objective】 To treat the wild apricot varieties and cultivated varieties by simulating different degrees of drought stress, in order to provide a basis for screening out the excellent varieties with strong drought tolerance.【Methods】 One-year-old artificially cultivated apricot seedlings and wild cultivated apricot seedlings in southern Xinjiang were used as materials, and polyethylene glycol (PEG-6000) was used to artificially simulate drought, and the anatomical structures of roots, stems and leaves were observed by optical microscope.【Results】 The results showed that with the increase of drought stress, the diameter of stem pith of wild apricot and cultivated apricot showed a decreasing trend, and the structure was compact and developed, while the thickness of xylem showed an increasing trend. Among them, the thickness of the xylem of the stem of the wild variety was larger than that of the cultivated variety, and the diameter of the pith was smaller than that of the cultivated variety. With the increase of drought stress, the thickness of leaf upper epidermis, lower epidermis, palisade tissue and spongy tissue decreased significantly, and the thickness of cuticle increased significantly. Among them, the thickness of cuticle, palisade tissue and spongy tissue of wild varieties were larger than those of cultivated varieties, and the upper and lower epidermis of leaves were smaller than those of cultivated varieties. And through the principal component analysis, it was concluded that the comprehensive score of the wild variety's adaptability to drought stress was higher than that of the artificial cultivated variety.【Conclusion】 The changes of apricot root, stem and leaf structure are the adaptive characteristics of apricot to cope with drought stress. The plant adjusts the root, stem and leaf structure according to the degrees of water deficit to maintain survival and growth. The wild varieties have strong adaptability to drought stress than the cultivated varieties

Crop Genetics and Breeding·Cultivation Physiology

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Relationship between the anatomical structure of xylem and embolization characteristics of drought tolerant rootstocks of almond YU Qiuhong, XU Panyun, GUO Chunmiao, Dilixiati Hasimu, Mubareke Ayoupu 2024, 61(11): 2693-2704.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2024.11.010 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (1860KB) ( )   【Objective】 To analyze the adaptation mechanism of drought resistant rootstocks of almond to the drought stress environment from the relationship between the stem xylem anatomical structure and the embolism characteristics.【Methods】 The one-year old seedlings of five different almond rootstocks with different drought tolerance levels, including Da Badan (Amygdalus communes var.fragilis)(C1), Ku Badan ( A.communs var.amara)(C2), Tianren Taobadan [A.communs var. persistides (West.) Rehd.](C3), Kuren Taobadan [A.communs var.persistides (West.) Rehd.](C4), and Xinjiang local peach (A.persista L.)(C5), were selected as research materials.Using the "external pressure" method, combined with the "XYLEM xylem hydraulic conductivity and embolism measurement system" and "PMS pressure chamber", the degree of stem natural embolism level and embolism vulnerability value (P50) were measured under normal cultivation conditions.The embolism repairment of the embolized branches at different time periods (30, 80, 130, 180 min) and the xylem anatomical characteristics were analyzed to explore the relationship between the anatomical structure of the stem xylem, the embolism resistance, and the embolism repairment of different drought resistant almond rootstocks.【Results】 (1) The vulnerability curves(CV) of Da Badan, TianRen Taobadan, Ku Badan, and local peaches were in an "S" shape, while the CV curves of Kuren Taobadan were in an "R" shape; (2) The order of stem xylem embolism resistance (P50) was Da Badan> TianRen Taobadan> Ku Badan> Kuren Taobadan>Local Peach, with Da Badan having the most embolism resistant xylem; (3) The order of xylem embolism repair ability was as follows: Local peach> TianRen Taobadan> Kuren Taobadan> Ku Badan > Da Badan; (4) The drought resistant rootstocks as Da Badan, Ku Badan, and TianRen Taobadan all had small vessels and micropores, high wood density, thick conduit walls and theoretical mechanical strength of conduit walls.They had relative strong embolism resistant ability, but were weaker to embolism repairment.Local peaches and Kuren Taobadan had larger vessels and micropores, lower wood density, and its vessel wall thickness, and theoretical mechanical strength of the vessel wall were smaller than other rootstocks.【Conclusion】 In summary, the xylem embolism resistance is negatively correlated with embolism repair ability in different almond rootstocks, and the drought resistant rootstocks have embolism resistant xylem.The xylem embolism repairment is positively correlated with the diameter of vessel and micropores, and negatively correlated with wood density, vessel wall thickness, and theoretical mechanical strength of the vessel wall in xylem.

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Study on variable nitrogen fertilization model of winter wheat during booting period based on remote sensing data CHEN Rong, LAI Ning, GENG Qinglong, LI Yongfu, XIN Huinan, LYU Caixia, LI Na, CHEN Shuhuang 2024, 61(11): 2705-2712.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2024.11.011 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (1126KB) ( )   【Objective】 The objective of this study is to identify and quantitatively analyze nitrogen abundance and deficiency according to the growth requirements of winter wheat during the key growth periods, so as to realize quantitative nitrogen fertilization, which is the key technology that should be solved in precise fertilization and intelligent planting.【Methods】 ASD HH2 hyperspectrometer was used to obtain the reflectance of winter wheat canopy with different nitrogen application rates, and the chlorophyll concentration and yield were recorded.According to the reflectance of the winter wheat canopy, 14 vegetation indices were extracted, and the vegetation index that best characterized the nitrogen status of plants was selected, and a nitrogen application model based on vegetation index variables was constructed according to the relationship between nitrogen application rate, vegetation index and winter wheat yield.【Results】 (1) Chlorophyll concentration could accurately reflect the growth status and nitrogen application effect of winter wheat, and there were significant differences in the canopy reflectance data of winter wheat under different nitrogen application rates.(2) Correlation analysis showed that the normalized vegetation index NDVI had a good correlation coefficient of 0.705, which better reflected the nitrogen effect of winter wheat canopy.(3) A variable nitrogen fertilization model based on NDVI was constructed at booting stage, i.e., Nr=700.59×NDVI2-1 693.46×NDVI+955.92, which provided a scientific basis for precise nitrogen fertilization of winter wheat.【Conclusion】 The hyperspectral data obtained by ASD HH2 were used to construct a model and method of nitrogen fertilization in winter wheat, which provided an important reference for the in-depth study of precision fertilization of winter wheat.

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Effects of combined exposure of zinc and different microplastics on seed germination and growth of maize LIAO Caiyun, MA Gui, ZHOU Yanyan, DING Jiafu, ZHOU Yue, BI Kexin, SUN Rong, LI Youhua 2024, 61(11): 2713-2721.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2024.11.012 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (1423KB) ( )   【Objective】 Study on the effect of Zn on maize seed germination and growth under microplastics.【Methods】 The effects of different single and combination treatments of zinc (Zn) and three microplastics: polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP) and polyvinyl chloride (PVC) on the germination of maize seeds and their growth was investigated using maize seeds.【Results】 Maize seed germination, germination index, germination potential, vigor index, stem length, and root length generally showed a decreasing trend with increasing concentrations of Zn mono-treatment.The three microplastics had slight effects on the germination and growth of maize seeds compared to Zn.Maize germination, maize germination index, germination potential, and vigor index were greater in the combined Zn and microplastic treatments than in the corresponding Zn mono-treatment.Maize germination was 14.29%, 14.29%, and 9.52% higher under 50 mg/L Zn + 100 mg/L PE, 50 mg/L Zn + 100 mg/L PP, 50 mg/L Zn + 100 mg/L PVC treatments, respectively, as compared to 50 mg/L Zn mono-treatment.Germination index, germination potential, and vigor index were 59.10%, 76.91%, and 131.16% higher under 100 mg/L Zn+PE100 mg/L PE treatment and 15.76%, 39.53%, and 15.47% higher under 50 mg/L Zn+100 mg/L PVC treatment compared to 100 mg/L Zn treatment, respectively.Maize seed stem and root length increased with increasing PE concentration under 50 mg/L Zn+PE treatment.For Zn+PP treatments, maize stem lengths were all lower than the corresponding Zn mono-treatments, and root lengths were 45.35% higher at 50 mg/L Zn+100 mg/L PE compared to 50 mg/L Zn, 45.20% higher at 50 mg/L Zn+100 mg/L PP compared to 50 mg/L Zn, and greatest at 50 mg/L Zn+100 mg/L PVC compared to 50 mg/L Zn by 55.91%.【Conclusion】 The addition of lower concentrations (100 mg/L) of microplastics significantly improves the tolerance of maize seeds to excess Zn and promotes seed germination and growth.

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Study on soil water and salt regulation under irrigation and drainage coordination in winter irrigation period LI Zhipeng, YANG Pengnian, ZHANG Shengjiang, SHENGTongmin , YE Bingrui, YUAN Kai, WANG Yongpeng 2024, 61(11): 2722-2732.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2024.11.013 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (1796KB) ( )   【Objective】 To explore the effect of winter irrigation on water and salt regulation of saline-alkali soil under irrigation and drainage coordination.【Methods】 Based on field soil box test, two kinds of groundwater depths (G1 (2 m) and G2 (3 m)) and two irrigation methods: (W1 (winter irrigation) and W2 (non-winter irrigation)) were set, and the freeze-thaw characteristics of soil under different irrigation methods, the characteristics of soil salt return during non-growth period, the efficiency of salt leaching and drainage under winter irrigation combined with irrigation and drainage, and the emergence and seedling growth of cotton were studied.【Results】 Winter irrigation delayed the daily freeze-thaw cycle and daily ablation cycle of soil, and the duration of freeze-thaw and ablation after winter irrigation was shorter than that of non-winter irrigation.With the increase of soil depth, the freezing time lagged behind and the freezing duration became shorter.Winter irrigation could effectively wash the salt of 0-60 cm soil layer, and the salt drainage of 2 m groundwater depth was greater than 3 m.Before sowing in the next year, there was a significant difference in soil salt accumulation between winter irrigation and non-winter irrigation in 0-20 cm soil layer, and the salt of non-winter irrigation was higher than that of winter irrigation.Under the same irrigation method, the surface salt return amount of 2 m groundwater depth was greater than 3 m; at the same underground water depth, the salinity return degree of winter irrigation waS lower than that of non-winter irrigation.There were significant differences in cotton emergence and seedling growth after drip irrigation in the next year, and the emergence rate and seedling growth in the next year after drip irrigation were better than those after drip irrigation.【Conclusion】 Winter irrigation can reduce the soil temperature potential difference at the air-soil interface, reduce the duration of freeze-thaw alternations of 0-20 cm soil, inhibit soil salt return, and promote the growth and survival of cotton seedlings in the next year.Under the coordination of irrigation and drainage, the higher the groundwater depth of underground drainage, the lower the salt carrying efficiency.In the irrigation area, the salinity can be washed into the rising groundwater by winter irrigation, which is characterized by weak diving evaporation and weak salt return.In the spring warming period, groundwater is extracted timely, and the rapid salt return of soil surface is suppressed by reducing the groundwater level, so as to achieve the dual function of inhibiting salt return by drainage irrigation.

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Screening of strains producing non-starch polysaccharide enzyme by fermentation of licorice residue and its dynamic changes YANG Yifan, GAO Yan, LIU Yanan, HUO Xiangdong, LOU Kai, GUAN Bo, CHEN Kaixu, ZENG Jun 2024, 61(11): 2733-2741.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2024.11.014 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (1357KB) ( )   【Objective】 To screen a strain with high yield of non-starch polysaccharide enzyme four fungi in the hope of laying a foundation for the production of non-starch polysaccharide enzyme by solid-state fermentation of licorice residue.【Methods】 Four kinds of fungi (Aspergillus niger, Trichoderma reesei, Phanerochaete chrysosporium and Trichoderma koningii) were primarily screened by Congo red method and filter paper strip disintegration test, and the CMC enzyme, filter paper enzyme and xylanase activities were determined by shake flask fermentation of residue.The strain with the highest enzyme activity was fermented with licorice residue in solid state to verify its enzyme production effect.【Results】 Through the preliminary screening, it was found that all four strains of fungi had the ability to produce cellulase and xylanase.The antagonistic effects between Aspergillus Niger and other three strains was found by plate confrontation test.According to the results of enzyme activity determination, Phanerochaete chrysosporium and Trichoderma koningii produced the highest cellulase than the other two fungi, and the CMC enzyme activity reached 2.10 and 2.31 IU/mL on the fourth day of fermentation.The highest xylanase activity produced by Aspergillus Niger through shake flask re-screening fermentation could reach 97.46 IU/mL. However, the xylanase activity of Phanerochaete chrysosporium and Trichoderma koningii could reach 131.707 IU/mL at the highest.【Conclusion】 The growth cycle of non-starch polysaccharide activity produced by mixed solid-state fermentation of licorice residue with Phanerochaete chrysosporium and Trichoderma koningii is more stable and the yield is higher, therefore, licorice residue, as an agricultural by-product, has the potential to become a low-cost substrate for enzyme production in the future.

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Isolation and nitrogen-fixing activity detection of bacteria from four desert plants WANG Lijun, SUN Beibei, WANG Chunyan, XIA Zhanfeng, MA Guocai 2024, 61(11): 2742-2749.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2024.11.015 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (1123KB) ( )   【Objective】 In order to explore the ways for plants to obtain nitrogen nutrients in the Taklimakan Desert.【Methods】 the typical legume plants Sophora alopecuroides, Tamarix ramosissima, Karelinia caspica and Inula salsoloides were used as research materials.Nitrogen-fixing bacteria were isolated from plant roots using YMA and Ashby nitrogen-free medium.It provides support for the development of nitrogen-fixing bacteria resources in the Taklimakan Desert and the protection of the ecological environment in arid areas.【Results】 A total of 19 strains were isolated from Sophora alopecuroides samples, which were distributed in 11 genera.8 strains were isolated from Karelinia caspica samples and distributed in 5 genera.5 strains were isolated from Inula salsoloides samples and distributed in 5 genera.4 strains were isolated from Tamarix ramosissima samples and distributed in 2 genera.28 strains of bacteria were isolated from YMA medium, distributed in 15 genera; 8 strains of bacteria were isolated from Ashby nitrogen free medium and distributed in 7 genera.Rhizobium sp.80417 from Tamarix ramosissima, Enterobacter sp.81227 and Acinetobacter sp.81240 from Sophora alopecuroides, Paenibacillus sp.80802 and Microbacterium sp.80803 from karelinia caspica had strong nitrogen fixation ability.【Conclusion】 The diversity of nitrogen-fixing bacteria has promoted the supplement of nitrogen in nutrient poor environment.

Plant Protection

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Analysis of the relationship between walnut leaf scorch disease and mineral elements ZHAO Shasha, WANG Shiwei, ZHANG Cuifang, HAO Honglong, GUO Tong, YANG Xianan, YANG Wenjie 2024, 61(11): 2750-2760.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2024.11.016 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (1897KB) ( )   【Objective】 To enhance the ability of walnut to resist leaf scorch disease by taking the regulation of tree nutrient level as the entry point in the hope of providing a theoretical basis for the scientific prevention and control of the disease.【Methods】 The changes of mineral elements in healthy, mild, moderate and severe walnut leaf scorch disease production gardens and walnut leaf leaves after different fertilization treatments were systematically compared.【Results】 Differences in leaf mineral element contents in walnuts with different pathogenesis levels were compared.In terms of a large number of elements, the contents of N, P, K and Ca in the leaves of healthy garden were significantly higher than those in medium garden and heavy garden (P<0.05); The Mg content in the leaves of the healthy garden was significantly lower than that in the diseased garden (P<0.05); In terms of trace elements, the contents of Fe, Mn and Cu in the leaves of the healthy garden were significantly higher than those in the morbidity garden (P<0.05); The contents of Cl, Na and Zn were significantly lower than those in the morbidity garden (P<0.05); The contents of Na and Cl in healthy soil were significantly lower than those in moderate and heavy gardens (P<0.05); Principal component analysis revealed that N and K were positive in PC1 and PC2 so they were positively correlated, which played a major role in focal leaf scorch.After fertilization treatment, the combination of reasonable root application N, K and leaf spraying N and K was the best, the incidence rate of which was reduced to 8%, and the nitrogen and potassium content in soil and leaves increased significantly.【Conclusion】 The occurrence of walnut leaf scorched is closely related to low content of N and K and high content of Cl, and reasonable supplementation of N and K can effectively prevent and control walnut leaf scorch disease.

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Evaluation of field control efficacy of 10 medications against Acalitus phloeocoptes Nalepa QI Ping, Suoyin Tuya, WEI Yang, ZHANG Shuo, Adili Shataer, Adili Aihemaiti 2024, 61(11): 2761-2768.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2024.11.017 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (753KB) ( )   【Objective】 To screen effective pesticides for the control of Acalitus phloeocoptes Nalepa. 【Methods】 By selecting 5 single agents and 5 compound agents for field pesticide screening research. Two field efficacy evaluations were conducted on the control of Acalitus phloeocoptes Nalepa using single and compound pesticides. At 3, 6, 9, 12, and 15 days after treatment, the insect population density was investigated, the rate of insect population reduction and control effect were calculated, and green and efficient drugs and the optimal concentration were selected. 【Results】 The 1,500 fold solution of 15% avermectin·spirochete (SC) had a good control effect on adult mites, with a control effect of 86.24% after 15 days of treatment. The second was the 2,000-fold solution of 5% avermectin (EC)+30% imidacloprid (SC) complex, and the 1,500-fold solution of 20% imidacloprid (SL). The control effect on adult mites and eggs was good, with a control effect of 71.95% and 79.51% after 15 days of treatment, respectively. The sustained efficacy was stable in the later stage. The 2,500-fold solution of 5% avermectin (EC) had the worst control effect on adult mites, significantly lower than the effective drug (P<0.05). The 2,500-fold solution of 15% avermectin (SC) had the worst egg control effect, with negative results at 6 and 12 days after treatment, followed by a 2,000-fold solution of 200 g/L amitraz, with no more than 33% post treatment effect. The prevention effect of other drug concentration treatments is between the two mentioned above.【Conclusion】 The 15% avermectin spirochete (SC) 1,500 fold solution, 30% avermectin triadimefon (SC) 2,000 fold solution, and 20% imidacloprid (SL) 1,500 and 2,000 fold solution have good control effects on the Acalitus phloeocoptes Nalepa, and can be rotated for use in the field.

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Spatial distribution patterns and sampling techniques of codling moth in walnut orchards CHEN Guoxiang, WEI Yang, GUO Wenchao, LI Peixuan, Adili Shataer 2024, 61(11): 2769-2778.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2024.11.018 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (1569KB) ( )   【Objective】 This thesis aims to determine the spatial distribution characteristics of Codling Moth in walnut orchards in the hope of providing a scientific basis for field surveys, forecasting, and effective control measures.【Methods】 Methods employed included traditional statistical approaches (six aggregation indices, Taylor's power law, and Iwao's regression model) and geostatistical methods to study the spatial distribution patterns of adult moths and larvae in walnut orchards.Theoretical sampling numbers for adult moths and larvae were established based on Iwao's regression model.【Results】 The spatial distribution of adult Codling Moth populations in walnut orchards was aggregated.Both adult and larval distributions were of an aggregated type.The aggregation of both adult and larval populations increased with population density, illustrating an aggregated distribution.Iwao's regression model confirmed that the spatial distribution type belonged to an aggregated distribution, specifically fitting a negative binomial distribution.The best fit models for Codling Moth populations were spherical, exponential, and linear, demonstrating an aggregated spatial pattern.Kriging interpolation analysis provided three-dimensional and two-dimensional spatial distribution maps of adult and larval populations, with aggregation centers primarily located at the edges of the fields.Using Iwao's regression model for sampling technology, the theoretical sampling numbers for adult moths at confidence probability t=2 and varying average densities m=3, 5, 7, 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30 were established.Sequential sampling was conducted to determine the maximum theoretical sampling numbers; at t=2 with D=0.05, 0.10, 0.20 and 0.30, the maximum theoretical sampling numbers for an average density of m0=3 moths per trap were 3,432, 348, 88 and 92 respectively; for larval stages at confidence probability t=2 and average densities m=1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 and 10, the theoretical sampling numbers were determined.Sequential sampling established the maximum theoretical sampling numbers; at t=2 with D=0.05, 0.10, 0.20 and 0.30, the maximum theoretical sampling numbers for an average density of m0=1 larva per hundred fruits were 1,738, 435, 109 and 48 respectively.【Conclusion】 The spatial distribution patterns of both adult and larval Codling Moth populations are negatively binomially distributed with aggregation centers located mainly at field edges.The theoretical maximum sampling numbers determined by sequential sampling are essential for guiding monitoring and control efforts in walnut orchards.

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The effects of different adsorbents in alleviating drug injury of wheat Aihemaitijiang Maimaiti, YAN Yu, ZHANG Guangjie, XU Andong, ZHANG Shuai, MENG Zhuo, FU Rao, MA Deying 2024, 61(11): 2779-2786.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2024.11.019 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (1137KB) ( )   【Objective】 Biochar and fly ash on wheat growth and development under the stress of dimetolalin by using them as adsorbents.【Methods】 Through field potted plants,to study the effects of insect dung sand,three kinds of adsorbent doses of insect dung sand (1,500,3,000 kg/hm2), biochar (300, 600 kg/hm2), fly ash (6,000 kg/hm2) were combined with dodecamethium (150 kg/hm2), bacterioline (6 kg/hm2), humic acid (3 kg/hm2), and herbicides CK and water CK were treated with a total of 25 treatments.【Results】 The results showed that the inhibition rate of height of medical treatment of 3,000 kg/hm +150 kg/hm was the lowest among all treatment groups, which was -2.99%.The inhibition rate of plant height was -3.10%, which was significantly higher than that of herbicide CK and that of water CK.In terms of stem diameter, 1,500 kg/hm2 worm sand +150 kg/hm2 dodecobacterium was the best, and the stem diameter reached 2.56cm.In terms of chlorophyll index, the SPAD value of 300 kg/hm2 biochar +6kg/hm2 bacteria under the field was the highest (45.76), followed by the SPAD value of 3,000 kg/hm2 insect dung sand (45.56), both of which were higher than those of the two control groups.The highest single pot yield was 3000 kg/hm2 insect dung sand, followed by 3,000 kg/hm2 insect dung sand + Decardiac medicine, which was 60.01% and 54.59% higher than that of herbicide CK.Compared with CK water, it was 52.50% and 47.33% higher.【Conclusion】 It was shown that the combination of adsorbent and microbe could promote the growth, development and yield of wheat under the stress of dimepenalline.The treatments of 3,000 kg/hm2 insect dung sand +150 kg/hm2 twelve fungus medicine and 3,000 kg/hm2 insect dung sand +6 kg/hm2 bacteria in the field could significantly increase the plant height of wheat.The effect of dimepenalline on wheat is alleviated.Medical treatment with 3,000 kg/hm2 insect dung sand and 3,000 kg/hm2 insect dung sand +150 kg/hm2 decadicum significantly increase wheat yield.

Prataculture

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Estimation of aboveground biomass of Diarthron tianschanicum based on vegetation index fusion HOU Zhengqing, YAN An, XIE Kaiyun, YUAN Yilin, XIA Wenqiu, XIAO Shuting, ZHANG Zhenfei, SUN Zhe 2024, 61(11): 2787-2796.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2024.11.020 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (1500KB) ( )   【Objective】 In order to explore the ability of multi-source data to estimate aboveground biomass (AGB) of D.tianschanicum.【Methods】 A drone platform equipped with visible light and multispectral sensors was used to collect information on blooming and heading stages and obtain visible light vegetation index, multispectral vegetation index, and a combination of the two vegetation indices.Multiple linear regression (MLR), stepwise linear regression (SMLR) Random Forest Regression (RF) were applied to establish an AGB estimation model for single vegetation index and fused vegetation index by using the determination coefficient (R2), and to valuate the estimation model with the adjusted coefficient of determination ($R_{adj}^2$) and root mean square error (RMSE).【Results】 The vegetation index in the combination of near-infrared and red edge bands was more sensitive to the AGB of D. tianschanicum, so selecting;The peak flowering period had the best estimation effect among different growth stages, and the fitting effect was the best in the multiple linear stepwise regression estimation model based on the fusion vegetation index. The model's R2, $R_{adj}^2$ and RMSE were 0.837, 0.831, and 7.357;Compared with vegetation index estimation models based on a single type, estimation models based on fused vegetation indices hadthe best fitting accuracy and better stability. 【Conclusion】 The fusion of vegetation index can effectively increase spectral information and improve model prediction accuracy.

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Effects of different moisture contents on the mechanical properties and peeling effect of Apocynum venetum LIU Chenyang, ZHANG Liping, ZHENG Weiqiang, LUO Haowei 2024, 61(11): 2797-2806.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2024.11.021 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (1306KB) ( )   【Objective】 To study the effects of different moisture contents on the mechanical properties and stripping effect of Apocynum venetum, and ultimately obtain the basic mechanical parameters of Apocynum venetum stem and the changes in mechanical parameters under different moisture contents in the hope of providing effective parameter support for subsequent research, and selecting a suitable moisture content for stripping and impurity removal, which might improve the quality of hemp bark during mechanical stripping and reduce the difficulty of impurity removal.【Methods】 The mechanical properties of Apocynum venetum stem, xylem, and phloem were studied using Apocynum venetum stem produced in Yuli County, Xinjiang as the experimental object.Tensile, compressive, and bending tests were performed on the stems of Apocynum venetum with moisture content of 19.31%, 38.52%, and 54.68%, and then the measured mechanical parameters were compared.Finally, separate hemp stripping tests were conducted to observe the hemp stripping effect.【Results】 Generally, the moisture content of the processed Apocynum venetum was 6.86%, and the maximum tensile load of the phloem of the Apocynum venetum stem was 72.00 N; The tensile elastic modulus of Apocynum venetum stem and xylem were 389.38 and 348.07 MPa, respectively, with compressive strength of 1.10 and 1.27 MPa, and bending strength of 65.75 and 60.12 N.The mechanical properties of Apocynum venetum with different moisture contents exhibited certain regularity.【Conclusion】 The mechanical parameters of Apocynum venetum with different moisture contents are obtained.By comparing the hemp stripping test and considering the hemp stripping effect and impurity removal, the effect of Apocynum venetum stem with moisture content around 38.52% is better.

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Crop remote sensing classification study in Qitai County based on deep learning and Google earth engine (GEE) ZHAO Haonan, MA Haiyan, Asiya Manlike, TIAN Cong, XU Jun, PAN Jing, SUN Zongjiu, ZHENG Fengling 2024, 61(11): 2807-2814.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2024.11.022 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (1494KB) ( )   【Objective】 This study aims to accurately acquire the crop planting structure and distribution using remote sensing data and deep learning methods in view of the complex crop planting structure.【Methods】 A sample set was obtained through field investigations.Sentinel-2 and Sentinel-1 images were acquired using the Google Earth Engine cloud platform; Model training and validation for deep learning algorithms were conducted using Google Colab; Classification accuracy was improved by adjusting and optimizing relevant parameters of deep learning.Additionally, the accuracy of three classification methods—deep learning, random forest, and support vector machine—was compared.【Results】 The deep learning approach achieved the highest classification accuracy, with an overall accuracy of 94.6%.【Conclusion】 The utilization of deep learning algorithms enables precise monitoring of crop planting structure in Qitai County.

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Research on the urban forest landscape pattern and carbon storage characteristics in Urumqi using remote sensing technology YANG Gongxin, Aliya Baidurela, ZHANG Wenya, CHENG Sisi, SUN Qian, LI Liu 2024, 61(11): 2815-2824.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2024.11.023 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (1611KB) ( )   【Objective】 The aim of this study is to examine the landscape patterns of various forest types in Urumqi, analyze the fundamental ecological features of urban forests, and investigate the spatial distribution characteristics of carbon storage and carbon density in these forests.【Methods】 This article focused on the arbors of urban forests as the research subject, utilized remote sensing technology combined with field survey data, employed biomass conversion methods to calculate carbon stocks, and utilized ArcGIS software and Fragstates 4.2 software to calculate landscape pattern indices.【Results】 The results showed that the chest diameter range of Urumqi urban forest trees was mainly distributed between 4 cm and 14 cm, while tree height was predominantly distributed in the intervals of 3-5 m and 6-8 m.In Urumqi, the urban forest stored a total of 348.57×103 t of carbon, with scenic recreation forests having the largest carbon storage size, followed by road forests, ecological public welfare forests, affiliated forests, and production and operation forests.The carbon density was the highest in production and operation forests, followed by affiliated forests, scenic recreation forests, road forests, and ecological public welfare forests.The carbon density exhibited a pattern of decrease followed by increase from the center to the north, and a decrease towards the south.Carbon storage was found to be greater in the southern region than in the northern region.【Conclusion】 The urban forest landscape of Urumqi is predominantly shaped by the process of urbanization.The dominant forest structure in Urumqi consists of young and middle-aged forests, indicating significant ecological development potential.The spatial distribution of carbon density is directly linked to the arid oasis environment and unique topography.

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The regional comparative advantage of vegetable production in Xinjiang JIANG Yinghong, DAI Junsheng, ZHAO Xin, LIU Yi, SONG Yulan, CAO Jian, REN Hongsong 2024, 61(11): 2825-2834.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2024.11.024 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (1146KB) ( )   【Objective】 To compare and analyze the current situation, the regional advantage and the resource endowment coefficient of vegetable production in Xinjiang.【Methods】 Concentration index (CR), scale comparative advantage index (sai), efficiency comparative advantage index (EAI), comprehensive comparative advantage index (CAI), and resource endowment coefficient (EF) were used to comprehensively analyze the vegetable production concentration degree, regional comparative advantage and resource endowment advantage of all counties (cities) in Xinjiang.【Results】 From 2010 to 2020, vegetable production in Xinjiang was generally stable, with an area of 250,000 hectares, with an output of 13 million tons and a yield of 50 tons per hectare or more.In 2020, Hejing County, Yarkant County, Shule County, Kargilik County and Yanqi Hui Autonomous County were established as five major planting areas, each with an area of more than 10,000 hectares.Hejing County, Yanqi Hui Autonomous County, Kargilik County were the three major production areas, and the output of each were more than 700,000 tons.The Concentration Ratio CR3, CR5 and CR8 were 0.20,0.29 and 0.42 respectively, and the SAI results showed that Bagrax County, Hejing County, Hoxud County, Yanqi Hui Autonomous County, Urumqi and Turpan were higher, The results of EAI were as follows: Korla, Luntai County, Manas County and Yuli County were higher, 2.654, 2.535, 2.121 and 2.040, respectively; The results of CAI were as follows: Hejing County, Fukang, Yanqi Hui Autonomous County, Kashgar, Urumqi were higher, in order: 3.151, 2.772, 2.498, 2.302, 2.163; The EF results of Bagrax County, Yanqi Hui Autonomous County, Hejing and Hoxud County were higher, 6.324, 5.228, 4.752 and 4.354, respectively.【Conclusion】

Facility Agriculture·Animal Husbandry Veterinarian

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Research progress of LED light supplement technology of greenhouse vegetables MA Yan, XIAO Lingang, YU Chen, GUO Zhaofeng, ZOU Ping, CAO Xinwei 2024, 61(11): 2835-2843.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2024.11.025 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (1149KB) ( )   【Objective】 To summarize and analyze the research status and progress of LED supplementation technology for vegetables at home and abroad in the hope of providing a theoretical basis for the application of LED fill light technology in the efficient production of facility vegetables in China.【Methods】 Related literature in domestic and foreign were collected, and meanwhile, these literature were sorted and analyzed.【Results】 LED light source was an ideal light source for facility agricultural production, appropriate light formula (light quality, light intensity and light duration and cumulative daily light amount) could significantly improve the dry matter quality and strong seedlings index of vegetables seedling.Light supplementation at the top and between plants could improve the canopy light distribution and enhance the overall photoeynthesis of plants in long season cultivation.It was an effective way to accurately control the dynamic light environment by combining the light filling method with the cultivation environment parameters to achieve green, high quality and efficient production of facility vegetables.【Conclusion】 Artificial light supplementation is an effective way to improve the greenhouse light environment and solve the unfavorable light factors such as weak light and insufficient light time in winter vegetable production.Through the combination of light formula, vegetable varieties and cultivation environment optimization, the production efficiency of vegetable facilities can be comprehensively improved.

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Structure and function analysis of spike protein of bovine coronavirus LU Guili, MIAO Shukui, WEI Jie, WEI Yurong, MI Xiaoyun, Hailiqiemu Maimaitiyiming 2024, 61(11): 2844-2852.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2024.11.026 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (1704KB) ( )   【Objective】 The purpose of this paper is to grasp the genetic variation patterns of the prevalent strains of bovine coronavirus (BCoV) in Xinjiang, and analyze the characteristics of structural and functional of spike (S) protein.Providing data support for the genetic evolution, structure and function research, vaccine research and development, and targeted drug design of S gene of BCoV.【Methods】 The viral genomic RNA was extracted from the feces of BCoV positive calves in a cattle farm in Bachu County, Xinjiang, and the S gene was amplified by RT-PCR.The full length of the S gene was obtained through sequencing and splicing, and after that, the bioinformatics analysis and genetic evolution analysis were carried out.【Results】 The BCoV S gene nucleotide sequence (Published on GenBank.Accession number: OR136878.1) was successfully obtained, with a total length of 4 092 nucleotides (nt).The S gene was encoded by 1 363 amino acids (aa).The molecular weight of S protein was 150.67 Ku, and its isoelectric point was 5.29.It had a transmembrane helical region with weak hydrophilicity and slightly stronger hydrophobicity.It has a transmembrane spiral region, with weak hydrophilicity and slightly strong hydrophobicity.S protein was mainly located in the endoplasmic reticulum membrane and golgi apparatus of the host cell, and the probability of signal peptide in N-terminal was 0.9842.The S protein contained 14 potential N-glycosylation sites and 132 phosphorylation sites, and had 3 structural domains, among which the receptor binding domain (RBD) had a total of 215 aa.The proportion of random curls in RBD was the highest (62.79%), followed by extended chains (20.47%) and α-helices (12.56%), the lowest proportion comprised β-turns (4.19%).15 dominant B cell epitopes and 11 T cell epitopes were picked out by software ABCpred and SYFPEITHI.The S protein could be homologously modeled with the template (MTL ID: 7sbw.1.C) in the SWISS-MODEL database, with a sequence identity of 92.00%.The GMQE score of the model was 0.76, and the QMEAND score was 0.82, which indicated a high coincidence rate between them.The Ramachandran favored value of the ramachandran plot is 96.14%, indicating that the spatial conformation was reasonable and the model was accurate and reliable.Evolutionary analysis showed that the BCoV S gene amplified in this experiment was located in the same branch as BCV-AKS-01 strain in southern Xinjiang of China in 2016, and the nucleotide sequence identity of those S gene was 99.07%.【Conclusion】 The S protein of BCoV has multiple antigenic epitopes and immunogenicity.RBD plays an important role in the entry of viruses into host cells, and vaccine targets can be designed based on the RBD sequence to prevent the virus from binding to host receptors.The results of homologous modeling of the S protein of BCoV are accurate and reliable.In this study, the physicochemical properties, signal peptides and subcellular localization, phosphorylation sites, glycosylation sites, domains, antigenic epitopes, tertiary structures, and RBD secondary structures of the S protein of BCoV are analyzed using bioinformatics methods.

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Clustering and principal component analysis of Hotan sheep body weight indexes in different growth stages TANG Li, TIAN Kechuan, ZHANG Xinning, LIU Li, Abulikemu Adili, YANG Zhi, YANG Cunming, ZHANG Xiaoxue, HUANG Xixia, TIAN Yuezhen 2024, 61(11): 2853-2860.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2024.11.027 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (774KB) ( )   【Objective】 This study is aimed at clarifying the correlation among body size indexes such as body weight, body height, body length, chest circumference, chest width, chest depth and tube circumference of Hotan sheep at different growth stages, in the hope of providing direction and theoretical basis for breeding selection and identification of the sheep in later stage.【Methods】 In this study, SPSS 19.0 was used for descriptive statistics and cluster analysis, and SAS 8.1 was used to carry out principal component analysis on seven body size indexes of body weight, body height, body length, chest circumference, chest width, chest depth and tube circumference of sheep at three growth stages of birth, first year and adult.【Results】 First, the coefficient of variation of body weight was the largest at all growth stages and the coefficient of variation of body height was the smallest.Second, in the cluster analysis, body weight, tube circumference, chest width and chest depth were grouped together in the newborn stage, body height, chest circumference and body oblique length were grouped together in the first year, body height, body oblique length and chest circumference were grouped together in the first year, chest depth, chest width and body weight were grouped together in the first year, and tube circumference was grouped together in the first year.In adult Hotan sheep, body height, body diagonal length and body weight were grouped into one category, chest depth, chest width and tube circumference were grouped into one category, and chest circumference alone was grouped into one category.There was only one principal component in the primary stage, and the body size indexes in the first year and adult stages were divided into four principal components.【Conclusion】 When improving the economic traits of Hotan sheep, the weight, chest circumference and tube circumference should be the main indicators in each body ruler, and the body height, chest depth and chest width should be taken into account, and the corresponding indicators should be used to judge the economic traits, so as to improve the seed selection and breeding speed of Hotan sheep.