“干播湿出”对不同盐碱化土壤水盐分布、养分及棉花产量的影响

doi:10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2025.03.006

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】探究“干播湿出”对不同盐碱化土壤水盐分布、养分及棉花产量的影响。【方法】选择轻度、中度、重度3种不同盐碱程度的棉田,在滴出苗水30 d内动态监测种孔、宽行和膜间不同位置水盐变化,在生长发育关键时期分析对棉花生长指标、土壤养分、盐分、pH值含量等指标及产量变化。【结果】土壤体积含水率、种孔土壤电导率及土壤含盐量整体趋势为重度>中度>轻度棉田,0~20 cm土层轻度、中度和重度棉田膜间土壤含盐量总体大于种孔与宽行;轻度和中度棉田土壤速效养分含量0~20 cm>20~40 cm,重度棉田种孔土壤碱解氮和速效钾含量呈相反趋势;重度棉田土壤pH值基本处于8以下,轻度棉田在8以上;轻度棉田出苗率最高为83.4%,较轻度(常规)、中度及重度棉田分别增加4.51%、5.44%和6.59%;籽棉产量中度棉田最高为513.5 kg/667m²,较轻度、轻度(常规)及重度棉田分别提高了0.51%、37.0%和15.0%。【结论】不同盐碱程度棉田出苗率差别不明显,但土壤体积含水率过高不利于棉花出苗,中度棉田籽棉产量最高,土壤盐分在4 g/kg以下对种子萌发和棉苗生长影响不大,但含盐量超过6 g/kg以上会影响籽棉产量。

关键词: 干播湿出; 不同盐碱土壤; 水盐分布; 土壤养分; 产量

Abstract:

【Objective】To investigate the effects of dry sowing and wet emergence on water and salt distribution, nutrients and cotton yield in different salinized soils.【Methods】Three cotton fields with light, moderate and severe salinity degrees were selected to dynamically monitor the water and salt changes in different locations of the seed holes, wide rows and membranes within 30 days of the seedling emergence water drips, and the cotton growth indexes, indicators of soil nutrients, salinity, pH content, etc., and the yields were analyzed during the critical period of growth and development.【Results】The overall trend of soil volumetric water content, seed hole soil conductivity and soil salinity was: heavy > medium > light cotton field, 0-20 cm soil layer of light, medium and heavy cotton field soil salinity between the membrane was generally greater than the seed holes and the wide rows; light and medium cotton field soil quick-acting nutrient content of 0-20 cm > 20-40 cm, soil alkaline dissolved nitrogen and quick-acting potassium content of the seed holes of the heavy cotton field showed an opposite trend; The soil pH of heavy cotton fields was basically below 8, and light cotton fields were above 8; the highest seedling emergence rate of light cotton fields was 83.4%, which increased by 4.51%, 5.44% and 6.59% compared with light (conventional), medium and heavy cotton fields respectively; the highest seed cotton yield of medium cotton fields was 513.5 kg/667m², which increased by 0.51%, 37.0% and 15.0% compared with light, light (conventional) and heavy cotton fields respectively.【Conclusion】There is no obvious difference in cotton field emergence rates of different saline-alkali levels, but the high moisture content of soil volume is not conducive to cotton emergence. The moderate cotton field seed yield is the highest. The soil salt below 4 g/kg has little impact on seed germination and cotton seedling growth, but the salt content above 6g/kg will affect the yield of seed cotton.

Key words: dry sowing and wet emergence; different salinized soils; water-salt distribution; soil nutrients; yield

中图分类号:

S562

焦润兴, 卜东升, 邵延慧, 张涛, 陈玲, 张冬冬. “干播湿出”对不同盐碱化土壤水盐分布、养分及棉花产量的影响[J]. 新疆农业科学, 2025, 62(3): 572-583.

JIAO Runxing, BU Dongsheng, SHAO Yanhui, ZHANG Tao, CHEN Ling, ZHANG Dongdong. Effects of “dry sowing and wet emergence” on water and salt distribution, nutrients and cotton yield in different salinized soils[J]. Xinjiang Agricultural Sciences, 2025, 62(3): 572-583.

图/表 11

表1 监测地块耕层土壤肥力指标

Tab.1 Indicators of soil fertility in the arable layer of monitoring plots

序号 Serial number	监测地块 Monitoring plots	有机质 Organic matter (g/kg)	碱解氮 Alkaline nitrogen decomposition (mg/kg)	有效磷 Effective phosphorus (mg/kg)	速效钾 Effective potassium (mg/kg)	总盐 Total salt content (g/kg)	pH值 pH Value
1	14团10连111-2#	7.13	54.8	35.2	111	1.2	8.44
2	14团10连111-5#	6.98	55.9	31.5	117	1.4	8.38
3	9团16连120#	12.5	95.8	31.8	150	4.3	7.96
4	8团11连2-2-2-13#	7.84	30.6	6.54	136	7.1	7.87

表2 试验设计

Tab.2 Experimental design

序号 Serial number	监测地块 Monitoring plots	播种模式 Sowing patterns	土壤盐碱程度 Soil salinity	行距 Row spacing (cm)	株距 Distance between plants (cm)	土壤质地 Soil behaviour
1	14团10连111-2#	1膜6行干播湿出	轻度	62+14	10	砂土
2	14团10连111-5#	1膜6行常规播种	轻度	66+10	11	砂土
3	9团16连120#	1膜6行干播湿出	中度	63+13	10	壤土
4	8团11连2-2-2-13#	1膜12行干播湿出	重度	63+13	11	黏土

图1 不同盐碱程度棉田不同位置土壤体积含水率随时间的变化

Fig.1 Changes of soil volumetric water content with time at different locations in cotton fields with different salinity levels

图2 不同盐碱程度棉田不同位置土壤电导率随时间的变化

Fig.2 Changes of soil conductivity with time at different locations in cotton fields with different salinity levels

表3 不同盐碱程度棉田棉花出苗率及生长指标的变化

Tab.3 Changes in cotton emergence rate and growth indicators in cotton fields with different degrees of salinity and alkalinity

不同盐碱程度 Different degrees of salinity and alkalinity	出苗率 (4月 23日) (%)	叶片数 (5月 30日) (片)	株高 (6月 26日) (cm)	果枝数 (8月 23日) (台)	铃数 (8月 23日) (个)
轻度 Mild	83.4^a	8.6^a	85.8^a	8.6^b	6.9^b
轻度(常规) Mild (convention)	79.8^a	7.0^b	72.5^b	9.3^ab	6.7^b
中度 Moderate	79.1^a	6.5^b	54.5^c	9.2^ab	6.2^b
重度 Severe	77.9^a	6.6^b	47.7^d	10.1^a	8.5^a

图3 不同盐碱程度棉田不同位置土壤碱解氮随时间的变化

Fig.3 Changes of soil alkaline nitrogen with time at different locations of cotton fields with different salinity levels

图4 不同盐碱程度棉田不同位置土壤有效磷随时间的变化

Fig.4 Changes of soil effective phosphorus with time at different locations of cotton fields with different salinity levels

图5 不同盐碱程度棉田不同位置土壤速效钾随时间的变化

Fig.5 Changes of soil effective potassium with time at different locations in cotton fields with different salinity levels

图6 不同盐碱程度棉田不同位置土壤含盐量随时间的变化

Fig.6 Changes of soil salinity with time at different locations in cotton fields with different salinity levels

图7 不同盐碱程度棉田不同位置土壤pH值随时间的变化

Fig.7 Changes of soil pH Value over time at different locations in cotton fields with different salinity levels

表4 不同盐碱程度棉田棉花产量构成

Tab.4 Cotton yield components in cotton fields with different salinity levels

不同盐碱程度 Different levels of salinity	收获密度 Harvest density (plant/ 667m²)	单铃重 Single-bell weight (g)	成铃数 Number of bells formed (per plant)	籽棉产量 Seed cotton production (kg/667m²)
轻度 Mild	13 167^a	6.50^a	5.98^b	510.9^a
轻度(常规) Mild (convention)	13 100^a	4.77^d	6.03^b	374.9^c
中度 Moderate	14 000^a	6.36^b	5.78^b	513.5^a
重度 Severe	9 400^b	5.77^c	8.23^a	446.6^b

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