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20 March 2023, Volume 60 Issue 3 Previous Issue    Next Issue
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Crop Genetics and Breeding·Cultivation Physiology·Germplasm Resources
Horticultural Special Local Products·Physiology and Biochemistry
Plant Protection·Facility Agriculture·Agricultural Product Processing Engineering·Microbes
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Prataculture·Agricultural Eeconomy


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Crop Genetics and Breeding·Cultivation Physiology·Germplasm Resources

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Effects of Density and Irrigation Quota under Drip Irrigation on Nitrate Distribution and Nitrogen Utilization in Cotton Field with Constant Row Spacing of 76 cm CHENG Shaoyu, LIN Tao, WU Fengquan, HOU Peike, ZHANG Liying, TANG Qiuxiang 2023, 60(3): 521-531.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2023.03.001 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (1665KB) ( )   【Objective】 To investigate the response mechanism of soil nitrate nitrogen distribution and nitrogen use to density and irrigation quota under 76 cm row spacing machine-picked cotton planting mode in the hope of providing a theoretical basis for improving the cultivation mode. 【Methods】 Based on the field experiment, three planting densities (low-density M1, 135,000 plants/hm2; medium-density M2, 180,000 plants/hm2, high-density M3, 225,000 plants/hm2) were set to study the effects of irrigation quotas [severe deficit W1 (50% ETc), 3,150 m3/hm2; mild deficit W2 (75% ETc), 4,050 m3/hm2; and fully irrigated W3 (100% ETc), 4,980 m3/hm2] on soil inorganic nitrogen content, soil nitrate nitrogen distribution and nitrogen utilization in machine-picked cotton fields with constant row spacing of 76 cm.【Results】 Under the same irrigation quota, the density of soil had a significant effect on the content of ammonium nitrogen and the distribution uniformity of nitrate nitrogen. In other words, with the increase of soil densities, the content of ammonium nitrogen decreased, and the proportion of nitrate nitrogen in the upper soil increased first and then decreased, while the distribution uniformity of nitrate nitrogen was completely the opposite. Under the same density treatment, with the increase of irrigation quota, soil nitrate nitrogen content, distribution uniformity, the proportion of nitrate nitrogen in the upper soil, surface polymerization decreased significantly. In addition, density, irrigation quota and the interaction of the two factors had significant effects on N productivity and N partial productivity in cotton field. Namely, with the increase of density, nitrogen productivity decreased first and then increased, while nitrogen partial productivity decreased gradually. With the increase of irrigation quota, nitrogen production efficiency decreased gradually, while nitrogen partial productivity was on the contrary. The nitrogen production efficiency of low and heavy deficit irrigation treatments was the highest, and the nitrogen partial productivity of low, medium and full irrigation treatments was the highest, but there was no significant difference with the combination of high and heavy deficit irrigation treatments.【Conclusion】 The combination of planting density of 225,000 plants/hm2 and irrigation quota of 3,150 m3/hm2 is the most suitable planting mode for machine-picked cotton with constant row spacing of 76 cm.

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Comparative Study on the Spatiotemporal Distribution and Yield of Cotton Bolls at Different Maturity Stages WANG Fang, LI Chunmei, ZHANG Na, WANG Jiayong, MA Yunzhen, LI Ling, ZHENG Cangsong, XU Wenxiu 2023, 60(3): 532-538.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2023.03.002 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (673KB) ( )   【Objective】 To reveal the differences in the temporal and spatial distribution and yield of cotton bolls of different maturity cotton varieties in southern Xinjiang and provide a theoretical basis for choosing suitable maturity varieties to be planted in that region.【Methods】 In 2020, mid-early maturity varieties (Zhongmiansuo 96A) and mid-maturity varieties (Tahe 2 and Xinluzhong73) were set to analyze the spatiotemporal distribution of cotton bolls of different maturity cotton varieties and their yield changes.【Result】 The plant height and stem diameter of middle-maturing varieties (Tahe 2 and Xinluzhong73) were significantly higher than those of middle-early maturity varieties (Zhongmiansuo96A).Compared with Zhongmiansuo 96A, the plant height of Tahe 2 and Xinluzhong 73 increased by 22.28% and 9.84%, and the stem diameter increased by 25.01% and 11.55%, respectively.In addition, first fruit branch height of the middle-maturing variety was greater than that of the middle-early maturing variety; From the perspective of the time distribution of cotton bolls, the boll ratio of cotton cultivars in premid-summer bolls were Tahe 2 > Xinluzhong 73 > Zhongmiansuo 96A, mid-summer bolls were Zhongmiansuo 96 A > Xinluzhong 73 > Tahe 2, autumn bolls were Xinluzhong 73 > Tahe 2 > Zhongmiansuo 96 A; In terms of the spatial distribution of cotton bolls, the cotton bolls of Zhongmiansuo 96A were mainly distributed in the under and middle partinner bells, while Tahe 2 and Xinluzhong 73 were distributed in the under and upper part inner bells; From the spatial shedding rate of buds and bells, it can be seen that the shedding rate of buds and bolls in the middle and peripheral bolls of middle-mature varieties was higher than that of the same parts of early-mature varieties; In terms of yield composition, the single boll weight of early-maturing varieties was significantly higher than that of middle-maturing varieties.The single boll weight of Zhongmiansuo 96A increased by 3.15% and 7.73% compared with Tahe 2 and Xinluzhong 73, respectively.The seed cotton yields of Zhongmiansuo 96A and Tahe 2 were 3.53% and 2.70% higher than that of Xinluzhong 73.【Conclusion】 This experiment shows that both the early maturing variety Zhongmiansuo 96A and the middle maturing variety Tahe 2 are suitable for planting in southern Xinjiang and can obtain higher yields.

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Effect of Densities on Flower and Pod Formation and Yield of Spring Soybean Varieties with Different Plant Types ZHANG Jianxun, REN Jintao, WU Haijun, WANG Cong, ZHANG Jianxin 2023, 60(3): 539-546.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2023.03.003 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (939KB) ( )   【Objective】 To clarify the differences of responses in flower and pod formation and yield to density between branching-type and single stem-type spring soybean varieties,【Methods】 4 planting densities of 420,000 plants/hm2 (D1), 320,000 plants/hm2 (D2), 270,000 plants/hm2 (D3), and 220,000 plants/hm2 (D4) were applied for Suinong 52, a branch-type variety, and Xindadou 27, a single-stem variety, in a field experiment in 2020.【Results】 The results showed that the number of flowers per plant of Suinong 52 and Xindadou 27 decreased by 42.04% and 18.81%, respectively, at D1 when compared with D4, among which the number of main stem and branches decreased by 9.78% and 80.59% for Suinong 52.The decreases of flowers number in Suinong 52 were mainly found in the middle and upper parts of the main stem as well as in the first and second basal branches, whereas Xindadou 27 mainly reduced the flowers number in the middle and lower parts of the plant.In addition, the flowering period of Xindadou 27 ended early.Compared with D4, the total number of flowers per unit area at D1 increased by 6.60% for Suinong 52 (among which, the number increased by 65.94% in the main stem and decreased by 64.30% in branches) and 55.89% for Xindadou 27.The pod cavity number of single plant at D1 decreased by 44.87% and 35.27% for Suinong 52 (decreased respectively by 17.90% and 74.82% in the main stem and branch) and Xindadou 27, respectively, when compared with D4.The total number of pod cavity per unit area of Suinong 52 increased by 6.47% at D3 compared with D4 (among which, the number of main stem increased by 14.11% and decreased by 2.0% for branches), and Xindadou 27 increased the number by 24.32% at D1 compared with D4.The yield of Suinong 52 was found highest at D2 (5,931.90 kg/hm2, among which branches accounted for 19.96%), while D1 was the highest one for Xindadou 27 (6,469.23 kg/hm2).【Conclusion】 Higher total number of flowers, pod cavity and seed per unit area are the reasons for increasing yield under higher planting density.However, increasing the density seriously inhibits the formation of branched flowers, pods and seeds for Suinong 52, which leads to the increase in the total number of flowers, pod cavity and seed and yield smaller than that of Xindadou 27.The high-yield density of Suinong 52 (270,000~320,000 plants/hm2) is lower than that of Xindadou 27 (320,000~420,000 plants/hm2).

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Laboratory Insecticides Screening and Field Efficacy Evaluation against Myzus persicae on Broccoli Field ZHAO Binrong, TIAN Xiaoxi, CHAI Junfa, JING Liangliang, ZHANG Hongyan, HONG Bo, JIA Yanxia 2023, 60(3): 547-554.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2023.03.004 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (809KB) ( )   【Objective】 To screen the effective insecticides against Myzus persicae on Broccoli field.【Methods】 The toxicity bioassay and field efficacy tests were carried out by dipping method and spraying. 【Results】 The laboratory toxicity test results showed that the LC50 of flupyradifurone had the highest toxicity, which was 7.67 mg/L at 48 h. The LC50 of ambda-cyhalothrin showed the lowest toxicity, which was 1,011.03 mg/L at 48 h. The order of the toxicity of the eighteen insecticides from high to low was as follows: flupyradifurone﹥ sulfoxaflor ﹥ abamectin ﹥ciprofloxacin﹥ thiamethoxam ﹥chlorfenapyr﹥ veratrine﹥ imidacloprid ﹥emamectinbencoate ﹥ clothianidin ﹥acetamiprid ﹥cyantraniliprole﹥ matrine ﹥spirotetramat ﹥flonicamid﹥ tolfenpyrad ﹥spinetoram﹥ ambda-cyhalothrin. Five highly toxicity insecticides were selected for field trials on this basis. The results showed that treatment of five kinds of insecticides at different concentrations had a higher control effect on Myzus persicae. The field control efficacies of five kinds of insecticides were 70.10% 90.11% after seven days of application; The field control efficacies of five kinds insecticides were 56.93% 82.55% after fourteen days of application. 【Conclusion】 Therefore, it was suggested sulfoxaflor and flupyradifurone should be used in the production to ensure the sensitivity of pests to insecticides so as to delay the resistance of pests.

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Effects of Different Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potassium Treatments on Yield, Agronomic Traits and Economic Benefit of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) HAO Xiyu, YANG Tao, ZHANG Junjie, LI Xue, ZHANG Zhongjuan, WU Chenqing, ZONG Xuxiao, LENG Youbin, CHEN Bo, GUO Laichun 2023, 60(3): 555-566.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2023.03.005 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (1923KB) ( )   【Objective】 Chickpea is suitable to be planted in arid and semi-arid areas with poor soil in China.The variation regularities of chickpea applied with different fertilizations is in urgent need of research.It is important for integrating high-yield cultivation technique of chickpea to explore effects of different nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium treatments on yield on yield, agronomic traits and economic benefit of chickpea, establish the fertilizer response model, and find out the optimal fertilizer rate.【Methods】 Baiying 1 was used in a field experiment designed “3414” incomplete orthogonal regression during 2019 and 2020.The conventional fertilizer rates were N: 58 kg/hm2, P2O5: 69 kg/hm2, K2O: 60 kg/hm2, and four levels of N, P2O5 and K2O in the treatments included 0 (no fertilization), 1(half conventional), 2(conventional) and 3(1.5 folds of conventional).The growth period, plant height, branches, pods per plant, seeds per pod, 100-seed weight, dry matter, root length and yield of chickpea were measured to study the variation of yield and agronomic traits of chickpea at different nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium treatments, and empirical models were established for analyzing the single factor and interaction effects to achieve the optimum rate of fertilizer application.【Results】 The effects of growth period, branches and seeds per pod showed less variation at different fertilization treatments, and the yield was affected by pods per plant and 100-seed weight.The highest value of plant height, pods per plant and 100-seed weight was at N2P2K3, where the root length was longer.The yield of the nitrogen and the potassium deficiency treatments were significantly lower than that of the phosphorus deficiency treatment, and the effects on the yield was N>K2O>P2O5.The single factor and interaction effects of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium were obvious to the yield and agronomic traits, and the economic benefit was consistent with the yield of chickpea.The corresponding regression equation was acquired by fitting analysis of the yield and agronomic traits at different nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium treatments.The fertilizer rates of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium at maximum value of each indexes were as below: yield(Y1): 3,801 kg/hm2, N: 75.8 kg/hm2, P2O5: 82.5 kg/hm2, K2O: 90 kg/hm2; plant height(Y2): 84 cm, N: 74.1 kg/hm2, P2O5: 80.1 kg/hm2, K2O: 90 kg/hm2; pods per plant(Y3): 164.9 pods, N: 72.7 kg/hm2, P2O5: 83.7 kg/hm2, K2O: 90 kg/hm2; 100-seed weight(Y4): 38.7 g, shoot dry matter(Y5): 147.6 g, root dry matter(Y6): 6.3 g, root length(Y7): 19.1 cm, N: 87 kg/hm2, P2O5: 103.5 kg/hm2, K2O: 90 kg/hm2.【Conclusion】 The effects of growth period, branches and seeds per pod showed less variation at different fertilization treatments.Under the condition of this experiment, the yield, pods per plant, 100-seed weight, shoot dry matter, root dry matter and root length of chickpea were increased first and then decreased.In the range of this experiment, the shoot dry matter, root dry matter and root length were continuously promoted by the interaction effects of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium.The highest yield was 3801 kg/hm2 with the optimal fertilizer rates N: 75.8 kg/hm2, P2O5: 82.5 kg/hm2, K2O: 90 kg/hm2.The best economic benefits was 36,853.6 yuan/hm2 with the fertilizer rates N: 74.6 kg/hm2, P2O5: 81.2 kg/hm2, K2O: 90 kg/hm2.

Horticultural Special Local Products·Physiology and Biochemistry

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Effect Evaluation of Mixed Storage of Different Proportions of Seed Pumpkin Waste and Corn Straw HOU Liangzhong, GUO Tongjun, ZHANG Junyu, SU Lingling, Guzalnur Amat, WEN Xiaoyan, ZHU Xiaofang, YANG Jianzhong, WANG Wenqi 2023, 60(3): 567-573.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2023.03.006 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (762KB) ( )   【Objective】 In this experiment, different proportions of Seed Pumpkin waste and corn straw were mixed for storage.Through sensory evaluation of mixed storage, the changes of pH value, VFA and nutrient content were determined to explore the appropriate proportion.【Methods】 The control group (DM 51.32) was treated with 0∶1 of Seed Pumpkin waste and corn straw, and the mixture ratio of 1∶1, 1∶2 and 2∶1 was used as group A (DM 40.32), group B (DM 37.56) and group C (DM 47.70), respectively.After the two were mixed in proportion, they were put into an 800 mL space cup, sealed after compaction to ensure no air circulation, and kept away from light at room temperature.Six treatment groups were set up in each group.The sensory indexes of silage were evaluated at 60 d, and the changes of pH, VFA and nutritional components of silage were determined.【Results】 The control group and group B had good micro storage, while group A and group C had excellent sensory evaluation.The pH value of control group was significantly higher than those of A, B and C groups (P<0.01); Group B was significantly higher than those of group A and group C (P<0.01).The content of acetic in control group was significantly different from those in group B and group C (P<0.05); There was significant difference among group A, group B and group C (P<0.05); There was no significant difference among other groups (P>0.05).The content of isobutyric in control group was significantly different from that those in group A and group C (P<0.05), and significantly different from that in group B (P<0.01).The TVFA in control group were significantly higher than those in group A, B and C (P<0.01); Group C was significantly higher than that of group B (P<0.05); There was no significant difference among other groups (P>0.05).The contents of DM, ADF and NDF decreased, but the content of CP increased.【Conclusion】 It is recommended that the seed be mixed with 1∶1 corn straw.

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Effects of Biochar on Biomass, Chlorophyll Fluorescence Parameters and Ion Distribution of FIG under Salt Stress LYU Qi, JIANG Yu, ZHAO Fengyun, LEI Ye, YU Kun, YAO Dongdong, LI Xujiao, SHA Riye, WANG Fangxia 2023, 60(3): 574-581.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2023.03.007 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (852KB) ( )   【Objective】 To investigate the effects of biochar on the biomass, chlorophyll fluorescence parameters and ion distribution of FIG plants under simulated salt stress with 0.6% (102 mmol/L) NaCl solution.【Method】 The biomass, chlorophyll fluorescence parameters, element and ion contents of 2-year old figs Brunswick and Violette Solise were measured under 0.6% (102 mmol/L) NaCl stress at two biochar levels (non-biochar as control and 50 g/kg biochar soil).【Result】 The dry weight of leaf, petiole, fine root and thick root of Brunswick and Violette Solise treated by biochar increased significantly compared with the control.The maximum chlorophyll fluorescence parameters of the third true leaf of Brunswick and Violette Soliseon on the 6th day decreased by 34.0%, 14.5% and 52.7%, 43.8%, respectively, and the maximum chlorophyll fluorescence parameters of Brunswick and Violette Solis were higher than those of Violette Solise.The maximum photochemical efficiency (Fv/Fm) of PS Ⅱ decreased by 30.3%, 21.9% and 31.6%, 28.0%, respectively.In terms of ion distribution, the content of toxic ions Na+ and Cl- in leaves and roots of plants treated by biochar significantly decreased compared with the control, while K+ and Ca2+ showed a significant increase trend.【Conclusion】 Applying biological carbon reduces the absorption of toxic ions and the decline of chlorophyll fluorescence parameters in FIG plants under salt stress and a higher value and the balance of ion distribution maintain, the biomass of roots and leaves significantly increases, and their absorption of nutrients and minerals is significantly increased.

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Prediction Model of Nitrogen Content in Walnut Leaves Based on Spectrum MA Wenqiang, LIU Jia, SHEN Xiaohe, CHEN Zhongyuan, YANG Liling, ZHANG Man 2023, 60(3): 582-589.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2023.03.008 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (1098KB) ( )   【Objective】 This project aims to study the correlation between the walnut leaves spectrum of 325-1,075 nm and the content of nitrogen in walnut leaves and explore the walnut leaf spectral data pretreatment and characteristic band screening methods, and establish a prediction model for the nitrogen content of walnut leaves.In order to realize rapid fertilization guidance in walnut production.【Method】 First, a combined pretreatment method of multivariate scattering correction,Savitzky-Golay convolution smoothing filter and wavelet denoising were explored and established; then the feature bands were screened by the continuous projection algorithm; finally the predictive model of the nitrogen content in feature bands of walnut leaves were established by least squares regression.【Results】 The results showed that the established combined pretreatment method had a better denoising effect on walnut leaf spectrum; Using the predictive model of nitrogen content in walnut leaves established in feature bands, the model's validation set determination coefficient R2 reached 0.875, and the root mean square error RMSEP reached to 0.697,3 mg/g.【Conclusion】 Compared with the full spectrum data, this established model reduces the influence of redundant data and noise, extracts the spectral information related to the effective components, and improves the quality of modeling.

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Effects of Nitrogen Exponential Fertilization on the Nutrient Loading and the Nitrogen Absorption and Utilization of Oriental Melon YANG Jianchao, XU Cheng, YANG Ping, YANG Hongji, ZHANG Kaihao, MA Xinchao, GAO Yaning, CHEN Youfu, FU Xiang, XUAN Zhengying 2023, 60(3): 590-600.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2023.03.009 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (1260KB) ( )   【Objective】 To study the effects of different nitrogen application methods on the nutrient carrying and nitrogen absorption and utilization of melon plants, to find more reasonable fertilization methods and concentrations, to explore the applicability of exponential fertilization to melons, and to reduce fertilizer waste and soil pollution in the hope of saving cost and increase efficiency of melon cultivation in facilities.【Methods】 Baishami melon was selectedas the research object and no fertilization treatment CK, exponential fertilization treatment (E2, E4, E6, E8, E10) and average fertilization treatment (C2, C4, C6, C8) were set for analyzing nutrient carrying capacity and nitrogen absorption and utilization.【Results】 The nutrient content and accumulation of each organ in the two fertilization methods showed the same trend. The nutrient concentration of each organ was E4 (4 g/plant) and the aboveground nutrient accumulation E6 (6 g/plant) had the best performance. The nutrient content of the whole plant was potassium>nitrogen>phosphorus, and each nutrient was the highest in the exponential fertilization treatment E4 (4 g/plant). The distribution of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium nutrients in the roots, stems, leaves and fruits of the melon plant was inclined to move to the leaves and fruits with the increase of nitrogen application rate. Under the treatment of exponential fertilization E6 (6 g/plant), the fruit nitrogen absorption could reach 107.88 kg/hm2, the NHI: 68.16%, the NRE: 21.43%, NAE: 9.65 kg/kg, and NPE: 46.29 kg/kg.【Conclusion】 Compared with average fertilization, exponential fertilization can more effectively promote the nutrient carrying capacity of N, P and K, and achieve higher N absorption and utilization efficiency with lower N application rate. Exponential fertilization E6 (6 g/plant) can significantly improve the performance of melon plants in terms of nutrient carrying capacity, which is suitable for actual production.

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Study on the Changes of Physiological and Biochemical Indexes in the Development of Munake Grape Seeds ZHONG Haixia, MENG Ajing, ZHOU Xiaoming, JI Jiahui, QIAO Jiangxia, PAN Mingqi, ZHANG Fuchun, WU Xinyu 2023, 60(3): 601-607.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2023.03.010 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (1061KB) ( )   【Objective】 To determine the physiological and biochemical indexes related to the abortion of white Munake grape.【Methods】 In this experiment, the characteristics of the size and appearance, soluble sugar content and soluble protein of the growth and development of the fruits and seeds of the two grapes were mainly based on the seeds of the mahogany, and the normal development seeds and the abortive seeds of the white Munake grapes were used as research objects.The six physiological indexes of content, MDA content, POD activity, SOD activity and CAT activity were studied, and the period of seed abortion and related factors of white Munake grape were comprehensively analyzed.【Results】 The seed abortion of white Munake grape began to appear before 43 days, and the soluble protein content was significantly negatively correlated with seed abortion.Soluble sugar content, MDA content, POD activity, SOD activity and CAT activity and seed abortion.The correlation did not reach a significant level.【Conclusion】 The abortive period of white Munake grape was from 37 days to 43 days after flowering and soluble protein content is the main physical and chemical index that affects the development of Munake grape seed.

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TPA Method was Used to Analyze the Texture and Split of F1 Fruit of Jujube Hybrid YANG ZHi, DONG Mengyi, WANG Zhenlei, YAN Fenfen, WU Cuiyun, WANG Jiurui, LIU Mengjun, LIN Minjuan 2023, 60(3): 608-615.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2023.03.011 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (1630KB) ( )   【Objective】 To evaluate the texture diversity of F1 hybrid fruit between jujube and jujube and reveal the relationship between different texture fruit and split fruit. 【Methods】 Correlation analysis, principal component analysis and cluster analysis were used to conduct TPA analysis on fruit of F1 generation and its parents of jujube male sterility JMS2 (Z.jujuba JMS2)× jujube Xing16 (Z.acidojujuba) and to compare Dehiscent fruit rate. By analyzing the stress curve, 7 fruit texture parameters including hardness, adhesion, cohesiveness, elasticity, breaking force, adhesiveness and chew ability were obtained. 【Results】 The results showed that the indexes of fruit texture were separated to different degrees, and the coefficient of variation was 17.79%-52.43%. Correlation analysis found that elasticity, rupture strength, adhesiveness and chewiness were extremely positively correlated, correlation coefficients were distributed between 0.33-0.94, and hardness, adhesiveness and chewiness had strong correlation with other indicators and cohesion were very negatively correlated with hardness, fracture force, and the adhesive. Using principal component analysis, the seven texture parameters were transformed into four principal components contributing to 96.47%, which were hardness factor, cohesion factor, adhesion factor and elastic factor. According to the four fruit essence landlord component cluster analysis, the hybrid group different fruit quality was divided into three groups, which were dense soft group, high elastic hard maternal group and median paternal group. Median paternal group is the largest among the three groups, accounting for 76.56% of the total.【Conclusion】 It is found that the group with high hardness, viscosity and elasticity parameters or high pulp cohesiveness has lower Dehiscent fruit rate.

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Prediction of SPAD Value in Melon Leaves by Characteristic Wavelength Screening Combined with PCA-LSSVM GUO Yang, GUO Junxian, SHI Yong, LIU Li, FANG Wenyan, LIU Yancen 2023, 60(3): 616-623.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2023.03.012 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (1257KB) ( )   【Objective】 This project aims to use quantitative estimation of chlorophyll content in cantaloupe canopy leaves by spectral technique to provide theoretical basis for water and fertilizer control and field management. 【Methods】 The first derivative was used to preprocess the visible and near infrared reflectance spectra of chlorophyll in the range of 400 to 1,100 nm. Firstly, competitive adaptive weighted sampling (CARS), genetic Algorithm (GA) and Monte Carlo information-free variable elimination (MC-UVE) were used in feature selection, and then they were fused with Principal Component Analysis (PCA) at the same time. Considering that different models might produce different prediction results, the limit learning machine (ELM), the support vector machine and the least square support vector machine (LSSVM) were established to predict SPAD of muskmelon leaves quantitatively.【Results】 The results showed that the optimal prediction model was CARS+SVM, correlation coefficient of correction set was 0.903,5, correlation coefficient of prediction set was 0.893,1 under the single feature selection and fusion of feature selection and feature extraction. The optimal prediction model was GA+PCA+LSSVM, the correlation coefficient of calibration set was 0.955,8, and the correlation coefficient of prediction set was 0.939,7.【Conclusion】 The optimized model can be used for the quantitative analysis to achieve the accurate determination of chlorophyll content in muskmelon leaves.

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Morphological Observation and Physio-Biochemical Characteristics of Hot Pepper Genic Male - Sterile Line pby-1 PEI Hongxia, LI Shengmei, WU Xuxia, GENG Shiwei, LAI Lili, GAO Jingxia, DONG Xinjiu 2023, 60(3): 624-632.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2023.03.013 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (1217KB) ( )   【Objective】 This project aims to explore the morphological, physio-biochemical characteristics of male sterile lines of pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) in the hope of providing a theoretical reference for revealing the genetic mechanism of male sterility of hot pepper.【Methods】 The pepper nuclear male sterility line pby-1 and the maintainer line PBY-1 were used as test materials.The development of flower buds at 7 stages and the flower organs in the full blooming period were observed, and the viability of the pollen in the full blooming period was measured.The contents of superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT) and malondialdehyde (MDA) in flower buds at the three stages of meiosis number, tetrad and mononuclear were analyzed.The contents of gibberelli cacid (GA3), acetic acid (IAA), zeatin riboside (ZR), jasmonic acid (JA) and abscisic acid (ABA) and the balance relationship between different endogenous hormones were compared.【Results】 Compared with the wild-type PBY-1, the sterile line only differed from its floral organ structure, the anthers were shriveled, and the pollen had no viability.In the three stages of flower bud development of hot pepper, there were differences in protective enzyme activity and endogenous hormone content between the sterile line and the maintainer line.Among them, the SOD activity of the sterile line was always significantly lower than that of the maintainer line, while the CAT activity was always significantly higher than that of the maintainer line, POD activity was significantly lower than that of the maintainer line during the meiotic and tetrad period, and the MDA content was significantly higher than that of the maintainer line only in the mononuclear period.In the three periods, there were differences in protective enzyme activity and endogenous hormone content between the sterile line and the maintainer line in the development of hot pepper.Among them, the SOD activity of the sterile line was always significantly lower than that of the maintainer line, while the CAT activity was significantly higher than that of the maintainer line.The POD activity was significantly lower than that of the maintainer line during the meiotic and tetrad period, and the MDA content was only significantly higher than maintainer in the mononuclear period.Content GA3 and IAA in tetrad and mononuclear period in sterile line were higher than that of the maintainer, ZR content was always higher than that of the maintainer, JA content in meiosis stage was significantly lower than that of the maintainer, IAA content in tetrad period was significantly higher in the maintainer line.The change trends of IAA/ABA, IAA/GA3, IAA/JA, IAA/ZR, ABA/GA3, ABA/ZR between sterile line and the maintainer line were inconsistent.The ratio content of IAA/ABA was higher than those of other endogenous hormones.【Conclusion】 Therefore, it is speculated that the changes of the protective enzyme activity, the abnormalcontent of endogenous hormone and the change in the hormone ratio in sterile line may affect anther endogenous substances and pollen vitality in the three stages of meiosis, tetrad, and mononucleus, resulting in the development of pollen in the anthers of the male sterile line in croissant pepper is hindered and the cause of abortion is formed.

Plant Protection·Facility Agriculture·Agricultural Product Processing Engineering·Microbes

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Effects of Thermal Insulation Cover Methods on Internal Temperature of Chinese Solar Greenhouse LIU Kai, WU Xiao, SANG Siyu, XU Hongjun, GAO Jie 2023, 60(3): 633-642.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2023.03.014 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (2022KB) ( )   【Objective】 Effects of thermal insulation cover methods on internal temperature of Chinese solar greenhouse.This project established a model of the precise uncovering position of the insulation based on the demand of light at different locations inside the greenhouse.【Method】 Proposes a new method of uncovering and covering the insulation on a time-by-time basis.At the same time, a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) transient model was used to analyze the change of air temperature inside the greenhouse under different uncovering methods in the Major Cold and spring equinox.【Result】 In this project, the CFD model of Chinese solar greenhouse was established according to the greenhouse specification 1∶1, and the coefficient of determination of the established model was between 0.91-0.92.Two Solar Terms were selected for analysis, namely the cold and the equinox.When the light completely irradiated the wall, the time-by-time uncovering increases the internal temperature of the greenhouse by 0.03℃ and 2.49℃, respectively compared with the traditional one-time uncovering and covering; when the light completely irradiated the ground, the time-by-time uncovering and covering increases the temperature by 0.55℃ and 0.9℃, respectively compared with the traditional one-time uncovering and covering; when the light completely irradiated the crop layer, the time-by-time uncovering and covering increased the temperature by 0.53℃ and 0.62℃, respectively compared with the traditional one-time uncovering.【Conclusion】 The increase in temperature of time by time uncovering and covering on the more severe cold days during the Major Cold period was not obvious, the maximum increase in the average temperature of the whole 0.56℃; around the vernal equinox time by time uncovering and covering way all day average temperature can be increased by a maximum of 2.49℃.In the cold season, the uncovering and covering methods have little effect on the temperature, and the opening angle of the insulation can be increased to obtain more solar radiation.In the spring equinox, the opening angle can be reduced to increase the temperature inside the greenhouse.

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Design of Multi-feature Apple Online Grading System Based on K-means and KNN WANG Yingchao, ZHANG Jingjing, DA Xinmin, GENG Xinxue 2023, 60(3): 643-650.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2023.03.015 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (1252KB) ( )   【Objective】 To study the automatic classification method based on the combination of K-means clustering and KNN nearest neighbor classification with a view to providing basis for accurately obtaining the classification index of Red Fuji apple and realizing multi feature fusion apple classification.【Methods】 The apple images needed in the experiment were preprocessed by means of mean filtering, global brightness equalization and image clipping; K-means clustering algorithm and OTSU maximum interclass variance method were used to convert apple gray image into binary image; Using the XOR operation between the binary graph and the original apple graph, the apple contour is extracted; The area size of apple fruit was calculated by using the binary map of apple; The H-channel in RGB-HSV was transformed into red region of fruit by color space; The construction of mask and morphological operation was applied to judge whether the fruit body contained defects and calculate its area; The minimum circumscribed rectangle was constructed to calculate the fruit diameter and shape of apple; KNN classification algorithm was used to realize on-line automatic classification of apple with multi feature fusion. 【Results】 The experimental results show that the automatic Apple classification system based on K-means clustering and KNN classification has a classification accuracy of 97% without reducing the effect of traditional image threshold segmentation. 【Conclusion】 Through testing 100 apples,the accuracy reached 97%,which verified the feasibility and accuracy of the grading method.

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Analyses of Parameter Sensitivity and Yield Uncertainty of Jujube Growth Simulation Based on DNDC Model WANG Dejuan, WANG Jianping, FENG Jianzhong, JING Shuangquan, XU Shidong, SUI Lichun, HUANG Guanghui 2023, 60(3): 651-663.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2023.03.016 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (2153KB) ( )   【Objective】 Analyses of input-parameters sensitivity and yield uncertainty of jujube growth simulation are very significant steps in the hope of providing suggestions for localization and regionalization of jujube growth model to serve as improving the accuracy and efficiency of model simulation prediction.【Methods】 In this paper, the Extended Fourier Amplitude Sensitivity Test (EFAST) and Monte Carlo (MC) method were used to analyze the input-parameter sensitivity and output-parameter uncertainty of a new jujube-yield prediction Denitrification-Decomposition (DNDC) model, which was generated by the crop-type generator of the DNDC model system, in a modern-agriculture demonstration area located in Kunyu city, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region.【Results】 The results showed that the jujube-crop parameters including grain fraction of total biomass (Gfra), maximum grain yield (MaxY), thermal degree days (TDD) and water requirement (WaterR), the soil parameters including field capacity (FC) and porosity (POR), and the field management parameters including Irrigation (IrrAm), Fertilizing amount (FerAm) and Manure amount (ManAm) were the most sensitive to modeling output (i.e., jujube yields), respectively.According to the simulation of jujube yields in a typical year of 2018, when the fluctuation ranges of input-parameters were extended from ±5% to ±10%, the correlation consistency coefficients of jujube-yield prediction with the corresponding normal distribution increased, respectively, which showed the stability of the jujube-yield model increasing.【Conclusion】 Based on the sensitivity and uncertainty analysis of the jujube-yield model parameters, the model parameters were adjusted and optimized, and then, the model was tested and verified to jujube yields from 2015 to 2019.The relative errors of the prediction yields, compared with the in situ data, were controlled within ± 8% (and the minimum error reached -1.99%), which presented a great improvement of the accuracy of the prediction yields and meant that the optimization and adjustment of the model parameters were toward reasonability.

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Construction of Apple Leaf Area Estimation Model WANG Kai, LI Xiuling, Fazal Haider, BAI Ru, FENG Jianrong, YANG Weiwei 2023, 60(3): 664-674.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2023.03.017 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (1452KB) ( )   【Objective】 This study aims to establish an accurate and non-destructive model for apple leaf area estimation.【Methods】 Leaves were collect from vegetative and bourse shoots considering their length for Fuji and Gala apple trees.Leaf morphological parameters, such as leaf length (LL), leaf width (LW) and leaf area (LA), were obtained by digital scanner.17 candidate models with or without constant were evaluated by determination coefficient (R2), root mean square error (RMSE) and Akakchi Information Criterion (AIC).【Results】 Leaf morphological characteristics of 5,207 leaves were obtained, and among those leaf are had the highest coefficient of variation by 51.59%.Leaf morphologies were significantly affected by shoot types and cultivars The LL, LW and LA of long shoots were significantly larger than those of short shoot, and those were significantly higher in vegetative shoot than bourse shoot when the shoots belong to same category determined by shoot length.Leaves in Gala were more slender than those in Fuji.The accuracies of following selected models where LL and LW were used as independent variables can meet the requirements for leaf area estimation in apple trees, including model 5: LA = a(LL×LW), model 6: LA = a(LL+LW)2, model 9: LA = aLL2+bLW2, model 16: LA = a(LL×LW)b, and model 17: LA = (LL×LW)b., but model need to be established for each shoot type and cultivar.Those models had both LL and LW variables were more reliable than those models only had LL or LW solely.Among shoot types, regarding the accuracy of selected models, bourse was the highest, short shoot was higher than that of long shoot, and vegetative long shoot was the lowest.The all-data model 5 (R2= 97.72%, RMSE = 1.756,6 cm2) and 17 (R2= 97.37%, RMSE =1.831,9 cm2) were available to estimate the leaf area no matter of cultivars or shoot types with same model coefficients.The accuracies of the models 5 and 17 were not improved by adding constant.The model coefficients for model 5 and 17 were 0.712,3 and 0.910,8, respectively.The minimum number of samples was 241 and 3,939 for model 7 and 17, respectively; to have relative errors lower than 5%.【Conclusion】 The selected models in current study can be used for leaf area estimation irrespective of cultivars and shoot types, without the need of establishing model for each type of shoot and cultivar.The addition constant had no effect on selected model accuracy, and there is a minimum number of samples for model were required to have lower relative error.

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Preliminary Screening of Control Agents and Exploration of Optimum Fire Blight Control Period in Korla BAI Jiang, ZHU Haihan, ZHANG Guoqiang 2023, 60(3): 675-682.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2023.03.018 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (1024KB) ( )   【Objective】 In this experiment, the aim is to screen out chemical agents and suitable period for controlling fire blight in the hope of providing a basis for the prevention and control of the disease.【Method】 The field efficacy trials of 14 kinds of commercial fungicides were carried out, the chemical control agents were screened by conventional spray, and the best prevention and treatment period was given in different periods, and the targeted smear method was used to treat the severely diseased parts.【Result】 The control effects of copper preparations were better than agricultural antibiotics. The control effects of copper hydroxide, thiamethoxam copper and copper abietate were 96.2%, 68.5% and 66.7%, respectively. The efficiency at the early flowering stage was significantly better than that at the full flowering stage and fruit enlargement stage, the control effect of copper preparation was higher than that of other agents, and the efficiency of copper hydroxide at the early flowering stage was 96.2%.For the onset pear branches, the expansion of lesions were effectively inhibited by applying the plant heterogenous polyphenols, and inhibition ratio reached 92.1%.【Conclusion】 Copper preparations could be sprayed at the early flowering stage to resist pathogen invasion. Non-copper preparations can be used to prevent and cure this disease in flowering period, avoiding drug damage, during the fruit enlargement period, plant miscellaneous polyphenols or thiamphenone can be used for directional application.

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Evaluation of Rapid Detection Method for Carbofuran Residues in Apples TIAN Feng, BAO Dongdong, XU Zhiming, YANG Jing, LI Juan, LIU Xiaohong, TAN Huilin, ZHANG Zhidong 2023, 60(3): 683-688.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2023.03.019 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (627KB) ( )   【Objective】 To evaluate the adaptability of different rapid detection kits in detecting carbofuran residues in apples, improve the sensitivity and accuracy of the methods and ensure the efficiency and accuracy of selective check in apple products.【Methods】 In this study, apples from six local markets in Aksu were taken as test samples, and the liquid chromatography of industry standard NY/T 761-2008 Part 3 was used as reference method.Three rapid detection kits were selected respectively, and their adaptability for rapid detection was evaluated according to Technical Specifications for Evaluation of Rapid Detection Methods of Food.【Results】 None of carbofuran residues in all samples was detected by the reference method and rapid detection kits.Results in different spiked levels showed that positive color could be observed above 0.01 mg/kg, which was lower than the maximum residue limits for pesticides in food listed in GB/T 2763-2019.All rapid detection kits displayed that the sensitivity was 100%, and specificity for carbofuran residues in apples was 50%.Compared with instructions, false negative rate was 0, false positive rates were 50% and relative accuracy was 90%.【Conclusion】 The rapid detection kits can be used in fast testing and screening of carbofuran residues in apples.

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Effects of Different Carbohydrates on the Predation and Flight on Behavior and Ability of Hippodamia variegata LI Hui, DAI Changchun, LIU Bing, LIU Jiamei, WANG Peiling, LU Yanhui 2023, 60(3): 689-697.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2023.03.020 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (1108KB) ( )   【Objective】 To evaluate the effects of different carbohydrates on the predation and flight ability of Hippodamia variegata with a view to providing a theoretical basis for better exerting the pest control efficiency of H.variegata.【Method】 After supplementing with different carbohydrates, the predation of H.variegata under different densities ofAphis gossypii was measured indoors, and the flight parameters of H.variegata under different treatments were measured by an indoor flying mill system.【Results】 The predatory functional response of H.variegata adults to the fourth instar nymphs of A.gossypii after supplementing with different carbohydrates was Holling-Ⅱ. After supplementing carbohydrates nutrition, as the density of the prey gradually increases, the predation ability of H.variegata increases, and the searching ability gradually decreases. Compared with the treatment of water, the predation and searching ability of H.variegata under the treatment of glucose and sucrose have both increased, The daily maximum number of scales preyed theoretic by female H.variegata adults was 675.68 and 757.58 respectively, and The daily maximum number of scales preyed theoretic by male H.variegata adults was 374.53 and 609.76 respectively; after supplementing glucose, fructose, sucrose, maltoseand raffinose, the cumulative flight time and cumulative flight distance of H.variegata prolonged significantly; the accumulate flight time was 7.78, 6.17, 7.58, 6.80 and 6.63 h respectively, and the accumulate flight distance was 9.51, 7.70, 8.46, 6.94 and 7.12 km respectively of female H.variegata adults; the accumulate flight time was 4.69, 4.99, 5.17, 5.09 and 5.20 h respectively, and the accumulated flight distance was 4.53, 5.41, 5.28, 4.72 and 5.52 km respectively of male H.variegata adults; after supplementing glucose and maltose, the maximum flight time and flight distance of female H.variegata was significantly extended, the maximum flight time is 1.99 and 2.88 h respectively, and the maximum flight distance is 2.90 and 2.83 km respectively; supplementation of different carbohydrate nutrients had no significant effect on the flight speed of adult H.variegata.【Conclusion】 Supplementation of glucose and sucrose can improve the predation and searching ability of H.variegata, and supplementation of glucose and maltose can improve the flight ability of H.variegata.

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Effects of Spraying Brassinolide and Spermidine on Growth and Yield of Sugarbeet CHEN Yinghua, BAI Ruxiao, WANG Juan, FAN Shoujie, ZHANG Xinjiang, WEI Changzhou 2023, 60(3): 698-705.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2023.03.021 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (976KB) ( )   【Objective】 To explore the effects of different concentrations of brassinolide and spermidine on the growth and yield of sugarbeet.【Method】 Under the condition of drip irrigation and fertilization in Ta'e area, the field spraying experiment was carried out with sugarbeet Beta 796 as experimental material, and eight spraying treatments were set up (CK: clear water control;BR:0.1 mg/L, 0.2 mg/L, 0.3 mg/L;SP:35 mg/L, 70 mg/L, 105 mg/L;BR+SP:0.2 mg/L+70 mg/L) to study the effects of different concentrations of brassinolide and spermidine on plant height, leaf photosynthetic performance, chlorophyll content, dry matter accumulation and yield of sugarbeet.【Results】 The results showed that the leaf number, plant height and chlorophyll content of 0.2 mg/LBR compared with CK increased by 20.7%, 25.72% and 39.13% respectively, net photosynthetic rate and transpiration rate increased by 33.88% and 71.03%, total dry matter accumulation increased by 61.27%, yield and sugar yield increased by 32.31% and 23.82%, respectively.The plant height of 105 mg/L SP treatment increased by 9.53%, the beet top ratio at harvest decreased by 11.45%, the yield increased by 12.71%, the sugar content increased by 0.98%, and the sugar yield increased by 13.78%.【Conclusion】 Spraying 0.2 mg/L brassinolide can promote sugarbeet growth and increase sugar yield and sugar yield and spraying 105 mg/L spermidine can increase sugar content and sugar yield of root tuber.Under the experimental conditions, the compound combination does not have a better effect.

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Determination of Residual Degradation of S-Metolachor Residue in Soil and Sugar Beet by QuEChERS-GC/MS CHENG Wenliang, SONG Wenyu, WANG Haodong, XU Tongxin, WU Cailan, WANG Chunjuan, YANG Desong 2023, 60(3): 706-714.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2023.03.022 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (1088KB) ( )   【Objective】 This project aims to clarify the residual degradation dynamics of metolachlor in sugar beet and planting soil.【Method】 QuEChERS-GC/MS method was used to study the effects of different concentrations of S-Metolachor in different soil depths and sugarbeet.【Results】 The results showed that the S-Metolachorresidue was linear in the concentration range of 0.01-1.0 mg/L with a correlation coefficient of 0.999 4.The minimum detection limit was 0.001 mg/kg; the average recovery was 84.81-110.45%, relative standard deviation (RSD, n=3) was between 1.36% and 9.0%.The degradation of S-Metolachorresidue in 0-5, 5-10, 10-15 cm soil and sugar beet in 1,296, 1,944, 3,888 g.a.i/hm2, following the first-order kinetic equation.The residue in different depth soil increased with the increase of concentration, and decreased with the extension of time.The half-life of different application concentration in different depth soil was 9.12-17.77 d.The higher the application concentration, the slower the degradation rate.The residual amount and degradation rate in sugar beet were lower than that in soil, and the half-life was slightly higher than that in soil.The half-lives of three concentrations in sugar beet were 19.25 d, 26.65 d and 32.85 d, respectively.【Conclusion】 The degradation rate of S-Metolachlor in soil and sugar beet can reach 90% when 1,296 g.a.i/hm2 and 1,944 g.a.i/hm2 are applied, and is lower than 80% when the dosage of S-Metolachlor is 3,888 g.a.i/hm2.From the perspective of degradation rate, S-Metolachlor is easy to degrade in soil and sugar beet, which belongs a kind of degradable pesticide.

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Effects of Adding Molasses on the Micro-Storage Quality and Aerobic Stability of Cotton Stalks XU Pengfei, WANG Xuzhe, YANG Hanjun, HUANG Xingyu, FU Dongqing, $\boxed{\hbox{LU Weihua}}$, SUN Xinwen 2023, 60(3): 715-726.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2023.03.023 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (1229KB) ( )   【Objective】 This study aims to analyze the effects of adding different levels of molasses on the fermentation quality and aerobic stability of cotton stalk micro-storage with a view to providing reference for production practice.【Methods】 The experiment was performed using a single factor experimental design with a total of 6 treatments, namely molasses added to 0% (control group), 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, and the added ratio was based on fresh weight.When sampled at the 0 th, 7 th, 15 th, 30 th and 60 th d of fermentation, the fermentation quality and nutritional quality of each treatment were analyzed, and the aerobic stability of each treatment was determined after 60 d of opening the pit.【Results】 Research showed that after 60 days of fermentation, the pH values of 5% and 6% molasses were 4.2 and 4.18, ammonia nitrogen/total nitrogen was 68.99, 71.40 g/kg TN, which were significantly lower than other treatments (P<0.05), and the difference between the two was not significant (P>0.05); The content of WSC treated with 5% and 6% molasses was 21.51 and 23.47 g/kg DM, the lactic acid content was 29.19, 30.37 g/kg FM, significantly higher than other treatments (P<0.05), and the difference between the two was not significant (P>0.05); The aerobic stability of adding 5% molasses was significantly higher than other treatments (P<0.05), up to 80 h.【Conclusion】 Adding molasses can effectively increase fermentation quality and improve fermentation characteristics.The ecommended amount of molasses is 5%.

Prataculture·Agricultural Eeconomy

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Seed Morphology and Germination Characteristics of Bromus inermis at Different Seed Shattering Times LIU Wenhao, JIN Guili, WU Xueer, GONG Ke, HAN Wanqiang 2023, 60(3): 727-734.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2023.03.024 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (925KB) ( )   【Objective】 Seed morphology and germination characteristics of Bromus inermis at different seed shattering times.【Method】 In this project, the seeds of wild Bromus inermis populations in the middle part of the northern slope of Tianshan Mountain were used as research materials.The length, width, thickness, appendages (lemma length, palea length, awn length), seed weight, germination rate, germination potential, germination index and average germination rate of seeds with different natural falling time were studied to explore the effects of different natural falling time on seed morphology and germination characteristics.【Result】 The seed shattering rate reached 2.42%, 2.45%, 2.95% and 3.82% respectively in the four collection times; with the lapse of abscission time, the seed morphological characteristics showed that the seed length, width, thickness and seed weight increased, the lemma length and palea length decreased first and then increased, and the awn length decreased, and the seeds with longer awn length were most likely to fall off; with the lapse of abscission time, the seed with longer awn length was more likely to fall off, the germination rate, germination energy and germination index increased, but the germination velocity decreased; there was a significant positive correlation between the seed shattering rate and awn length, and the correlation coefficient was 1.000.【Conclusion】 It can be seen that under the condition of natural abscission, the seed shattering rate of wild B.inermis reaches the maximum of 3.82% in the yellow withered stage.The delay of abscission time not only makes the seed volume larger, but also increases the weight of the seed, thus improving the germination ability of the seed.

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Fermention Process of Two Kinds of Spice Plant Waste Stalk and Evaluation on the Effect of Compound Seeling Substrate YU Xiuzhen, MU Xiaolu, ZHANG Jie, ZHAO Chao, LI Hao, FENG Bin 2023, 60(3): 735-741.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2023.03.025 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (909KB) ( )   【Objective】 To explore the feasibility of lavender and mint stalks with vegetable seedling substrates as the testing materials.【Methods】 The crushing and fermentation experiments were carried out on two kinds of spice plant waste stalks and the two plant stalks after fermentation were compounded separately with tomato as a test crop to carry out a seedling experiment. 【Results】 The fermentation of the two kinds of stalk at a high temperature above 45℃ lasted for more than 36 days, which showed that the two kinds of stalk were rich in easily degradable organic matter. After fermentation, the content of organic matter and nutrients was high, reaching 709.8 and 688.4 g/kg, and the total content of total nitrogen, total phosphorus, and total potassium reached 3.60% and 5.33%. The contents of available phosphorus increased by 15.57% and 19.72%, respectively, the contents of available potassium increased by 55.10% and 123.50% respectively. The physical and chemical properties of the two stalk substrates after being mixed with perlite and vermiculite were within the range of suitable soilless culture substrates. Compared to the peat substrate after the compound, there was no significant difference in the emergence rate, growth indicators and seedling quality of the two kinds of stalk substrates after the compounding. Of the two stalk substrates, the mint stalk substrate performed better in tomato seedling cultivation. 【Conclusion】 The two kinds of spice plant stalks can be used in production as organic raw materials for vegetable seedling substrates.

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Study on Fermentation Quality and Bitterness Masking Effect of Mixed Storage of Artemisia Sericea and Stevia Rebaudiana HUANG Xingyu, SUN Hairong, YANG Hanjun, ZHANG Fanfan, $\boxed{\hbox{LU Weihua}}$ 2023, 60(3): 742-749.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2023.03.026 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (975KB) ( )   【Objective】 The purpose of this study is to analyze the fermentation quality of different proportions of mixed storage and the drinking water quantity of each treatment extract in mice with Seriphidium Yili and inulins as raw materials with a view to providing a theoretical basis for the full utilization of Seriphidium resources on the northern slope of Tianshan Mountain in Xinjiang.【Method】 The silage was fermented for 60 days according to the fresh weight ratio of 10∶0 (CK treatment), 9∶1 (T1 treatment), 8∶2 (T2 treatment) and 7∶3 (T3 treatment) and then the nutritional components, organic acid content, fermentation quality and drinking water data of mice (drinking water quantity and extract consumption) were analyzed.【Results】 Compared with the control group, the pH value, ammonia nitrogen / total nitrogen and propionic acid content of silage with different proportions were significantly decreased (P< 0.05); with the increase of the proportion of Stevia rebaudiana, the crude fat and neutral detergent fiber of silage with different proportions were significantly lower than those of the control group (P< 0.05), and the soluble carbohydrate, lactic acid content and crude ash content of silage with T2 treatment were significantly higher than those of the control group (P< 0.05).The crude protein content of T2 treatment was significantly higher than that of other treatments (P< 0.05); the acetic acid and propionic acid content of T2 and T3 treatment had no significant difference (P>0.05); except for the control group, the acid detergent fiber content of each treatment had no significant difference (P< 0.05); the total water consumption of male and female rats with T2 treatment was significantly higher than that of other treatments (P < 0.05), and the total water consumption of mice with T2 treatment was significantly increased (P<0.05).【Conclusion】 The best mixed storage ratio is 7∶3 and the water content is 64.95%.

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Effects of Phosphorus Levels on Root Morphology and Plant Growth of Alfalfa Seedlings MA Hong, MENG Jie, LI Ning 2023, 60(3): 750-756.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2023.03.027 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (1456KB) ( )   【Objective】 Low soil available phosphorus content is one of the main factors restricting crop growth. This project aims to clarify the effect of phosphorus level on alfalfa root morphology and plant growth in the hope of providing a theoretical basis for the study of alfalfa tolerant mechanisms. 【Methods】 In this experiment, under hydroponic conditions, six kinds of phosphorus were analyzed, which were 0 umol/L (P1), 50 umol/L (P2), 100 umol/L (P3), 250 umol/L (P4), 500 umol/L (P5), 1000 umol/L (P6) levels affecting the root characteristics, plant growth and nutrient accumulation of Xinmu 1 alfalfa at the seedling stage.【Results】 With the increase of phosphorus level, the root-to-shoot ratio decreased significantly (P<0.05), and the biomass first increased and then decreased. Except for the P4 and P5 treatments, there was no significant difference in plant height (P<0.05), and there was no significant difference among other treatments (P<0.05). The plant height was the highest under P4 treatment, which was 9.37 cm; the total root length, root surface area and root-to-shoot ratio reached the maximum under P2 phosphorus supply level, which were 281.75 cm, 20.78 cm2, and 1.13; 6 species, under the phosphorus level, the accumulation of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium in the ground were greater than the accumulation in the ground, and comprehensive comparison showed that the P5 treatment was more conducive to alfalfa growth. 【Conclusion】 Low phosphorus concentration can promote the growth of alfalfa roots, while excessively high phosphorus concentration inhibits its growth, reduces plant height, total root length, root surface area and root-to-shoot ratio.

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Analysis on Green Production and Management Behavior of Cotton Farmers in Main Cotton Production Areas ZHAO Chenxiao, CHEN Yulan, ZHAO Dajun 2023, 60(3): 757-765.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2023.03.028 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (964KB) ( )   【Objective】 In this paper, the structural equation model is used to clarify the response mechanism of cotton farmers ' integration into green production behavior in the main cotton producing areas of Xinjiang. 【Methods】 Taking 296 cotton farmers as the research object, this paper combs the research progress of cotton green production and management through literature analysis, and conducts field research on Shaya County, Bachu County, Yuli County in southern Xinjiang and Changji, Manas County, Shawan County in northern Xinjiang. Based on the theory of planned behavior, the structural equation model of the response path of cotton farmers ' green production and management behavior is constructed. 【Results】 The overall Cronbach 's coefficient of the questionnaire was 0.903, the maximum value was 0.841, the minimum value was 0.740, and the reliability of the results was high. The p-value was < 0.001. The reliability values of behavioral attitude, subjective norm, perceived behavioral control, behavioral intention and behavioral response were 0.944,0.741,0.796,0.847 and 0.793, respectively. The convergent validity was 0.653,0.488,0.566,0.652 and 0.563, respectively. The convergent validity greater than 0.5 was an idealized state. The maximum value was 0.653 for behavioral attitude and the minimum value was 0.488 for subjective norm. The discriminant validity was 0.808, 0.699, 0.752, 0.807 and 0.750, respectively. 【Conclusion】 The explanatory degree of subjective norm, behavioral attitude and perceived behavioral control to the willingness of cotton farmers ' green production and operation was 0.44, 0.40 and 0.24, respectively. The explanatory degree of the willingness of cotton farmers ' green production and operation to their green production and operation behavior was 0.63.

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Analysis on the Spatial and Temporal Pattern of Cotton Production in Xinjiang and its Influencing Factors ZHANG Hong, Turxunjiang·Maimaiti, Zhang Shaomin, ZHANG Jungao, ZHOU Xiaoyun 2023, 60(3): 766-780.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2023.03.029 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (1523KB) ( )   【Objective】 To study the spatio-temporal pattern change of cotton production in Xinjiang, analyze the characteristics of spatio-temporal change of cotton production and the important causes of its influencing factors. 【Methods】 Based on the panel data of cotton production in Xinjiang from 1991 to 2020, this paper selected cotton regions in Xinjiang as the research object, took Xinjiang regions and major cotton producing counties and cities as the basic research unit, combined time series and space, comprehensively used statistical tools to analyze the cotton planting area, total output and unit output, and analyzed the space-time and regional characteristics of cotton production in Xinjiang, as well as the impact of various factors on cotton production in Xinjiang. 【Results】 The results showed that: (1) The annual changes of cotton planting area and total yield in Xinjiang since 1990 were similar, showing two stages: the period of increasing in fluctuation (1993-2010) and the period of leaping growth (2010-2020). During this period, the cotton areas in northern and southern Xinjiang continued to increase while the cotton areas in eastern Xinjiang decreased, showing a trend of "shrinking in the east, expanding in the south, and increasing in the north" in space. (2) In recent 30 years, the unit cotton yield in Xinjiang has increased significantly, from 0.81 × 103 kg/hm2 increased to 1.85 × 103 kg/hm2, an increase of nearly 1.28 times over the same period, with an average annual increase of 34.66 kg/hm2, showing a rapid growth rate, which is the main contributing factor to promote the sustainable growth of cotton output. (3) The change of total cotton output in Xinjiang is generally dominated by the contribution of area, followed by the unit area, and the interaction is the lowest. The dominant production area of cotton in Xinjiang is South Xinjiang. 【Conclusion】 Over the past 30 years, the cotton planting area in Xinjiang has continued to increase, the production concentration has continued to increase, the dominant production areas have tended to stabilize, and the unit yield has gradually increased; The cotton production layout shows that the cotton production center has shifted from Kashgar to Aksu.