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20 April 2023, Volume 60 Issue 4 Previous Issue    Next Issue
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Cotton regulation technology special column
Crop Genetics and Breeding·Cultivation Physiology·Germplasm Resources
Horticultural Special Local Products·Forestry·Facility Agriculture
Prataculture·Plant Protection·Animal Husbandry Veterinarian·Agricultural Eeconomy


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Cotton regulation technology special column

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Effects of nitrogen fertilizer and DPC on the growth and nitrogen distribution of machine-picked cotton PENG Zengying, ZHANG Jusong, Kadiliya Abudukelimu, HE Hongwei, LIU Qun, GUO Rensong 2023, 60(4): 781-789.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2023.04.001 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (1233KB) ( )   【Objective】In order to explore reasonable fertilization and chemical control supporting technologies for Xinjiang mechanically harvested cotton fields.【Methods】This experiment adopted a two-factor split zone test design, using Xinluzhong No. 88 as the material, and setting 3 levels of pure nitrogen (160, 320, 480 kg/hm2) and three doses of DPC (189, 280.5, 372 g/hm2) were used to study the effects of nitrogen fertilizer and DPC on the agronomic characteristics, dry matter accumulation and distribution, nitrogen absorption and yield of machine-harvested cotton.【Results】The test results showed that with the increase of nitrogen application rate, the growth period of cotton lagged behind, and DPC could advance the growth period of cotton; with the increase of nitrogen application rate, cotton plant height, reciprocal fourth leaf width, stem thickness, daily increment of plant height, and total dry matter increased. Spraying DPC could reduce the daily increment of plant height, the width of the reciprocal fourth leaf and the number of fruit branches, and increased the proportion of dry matter in the reproductive organs. The total amount of nitrogen accumulation under each nitrogen application rate was significantly different. N2 was 66.4% higher than N1 and 12.3% higher than N3; nitrogen fertilizer and DPC had a very significant interaction effect on seed cotton yield. Under the N2 level, the yield of seed cotton increased by 21.6% compared with N1 and 14.8% compared with N3. Compared with N2H1 and N2H3, the number of bolls per plant in N2H2 treatment increased by 5.6% and 3.6%, and the single boll weight increased by 5.6% and 11.8%.【Conclusion】In summary, N2H2 treatment accounts for the most reasonable proportion of dry matter in reproductive organs, and bud and boll nitrogen absorption occupies a high proportion, so flowers and bolls are high, thus leading the highest yield of cotton seeds, suggesting it is the most suitable combination of nitrogen fertilizer and DPC in southern Xinjiang.

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The effect of the compound topping agent of DPC on the plant shape and boll distribution of machine-picked cotton SHEN Yingying, ZHANG Jusong, PENG Zengying, LI Zongrun, DUAN Songjiang, WU Yifan, GUO Rensong 2023, 60(4): 790-797.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2023.04.002 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (1066KB) ( )   【Objective】To reveal the effect of DPC compound topping agent on machine-picked cotton plant shape shaping and cotton boll distribution.【Methods】In 2021, Xinluzhong No. 88 was used as the material, and a two-factor split zone test design was adopted, which were amine and topping treatment. The amine included two levels: spraying amine (H1) and amine without sparing (H0); topping included 3 levels: topping agent spray (D1), artificial topping (D2) and no topping (D3). In the experiments, the effects of the compound topping agent of methyramine were studied such as on cotton plant height, main stem daily growth, stem thickness, number of main stem nodes, internode length, fruit branch number, fruit branch length, dry matter accumulation and distribution, and yield composition. 【Results】With the spraying of methenamine, the cotton plant height, main stem daily growth, fruit branch length, fruit branch angle and plant width showed a decreasing trend. The spraying of topping agent could inhibit the growth of the top of the cotton and avoid topping treatment. The compound topping agent of methenamine could shape the cotton plant type suitable for machine harvesting. Methionin compound topping agent could better transfer the reproductive growth of cotton to vegetative growth, increase the weight of cotton vegetative organs, thus increasing the yield of cotton. The number of peaches before the treatment with benzalkonium spray was significantly higher than that without the treatment with benzalkonium spray, with an increase of 43.3%. There was no significant difference in the number of peaches before the topping treatment. The number of peaches in each treatment reached the highest by spraying with topping agent and lowest without topping. The number of autumn peaches in cotton was lowest by non-topping treatment and highest by artificial topping. Both spraying amine and topping agent could significantly increase the number of cotton bolls, thereby increasing cotton yield. 【Conclusion】The spraying of methyramine and topping agent will significantly affect the agronomic characteristics of cotton suitable for machine harvesting, and affect the shape of cotton plant type and the distribution of cotton bolls. In production, it is recommended to use methyramine and topping agent in combination, which can not only increase cotton production.

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Effect of nitrogen fertilizer management on the growth characteristics and yield of drought cotton after hail reseeding DAI Jianmin, ZHANG Jusong, XU Xinlong, LI Shixin, ZHAI Menghua, SUN Minghui 2023, 60(4): 798-809.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2023.04.003 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (1519KB) ( )   【Objective】To study the effect of nitrogen fertilizer management on the growth characteristics and yield of drought-affected cotton after hail reseeding. 【Methods】The main area was normal bud stage irrigation treatment (CK), bud stage moderate water stress treatment, and the sub-area was 4 kinds of nitrogen application ratios (N0). The boundary was divided into: bud stage + flowering stage. Fertilizer:Boll stage fertilizer 3:7 (N37), Bud stage + Flowering stage:Boll stage fertilizer 5:5 (N55), Bud stage + Flowering stage:Bell stage fertilizer 7:3 (N73). The purpose was to study the best nitrogen fertilizer management for the drought cotton. 【Results】Under the same nitrogen fertilizer treatment, the moderate water stress at the bud stage was earlier than the CK treatment. The stem thickness, effective branches, first fourth leaf width, double boll rate, LAI and Pn were all reduced, and the maximum dry matter accumulation rate was as low as the emergence time and the turning point was advanced; the maximum accumulation of dry matter, the distribution ratio of dry matter to the reproductive organs, the number of bolls per plant and the yield of seed cotton declined, and there was no significant difference in single boll weight and lint; under the same water treatment, the boll stage when the fertilizer ratio increased, the growth process was delayed, and the width of the top four leaves increased; different topdressing ratios were better than the N0 treatment in terms of stem thickness, number of effective branches, width of the top four leaves, double boll rate, LAI, and Pn. The maximum dry matter accumulation rate, the number of bolls per plant, and the yield of seed cotton were all higher than those of N0 treatment; N55 treatment performed best under normal bud stage irrigation treatment (CK), which increased 37.58%, 13.89%, and 12.85% compared with N0, N37, and N73 treatments; Under moderate water stress in the bud stage, the stem thickness, effective shoots, double boll rate LAI and Pn of N37 treatment were better than CK treatment, and the increase effect was significant; the dry matter accumulation was 1-7 days shorter than the rapid growth period of CK treatment; the dry matter accumulation of vegetative organs and reproductive organs decreased by 8.63% and 54.83% on average, and the rapid accumulation rate increased by 49.6%. The maximum accumulation amount, duration and maximum accumulation rate of dry matter were optimal with N37 and the increase effect was most obvious. The number of single plant knot and seed cotton yield was that treated with N37, which increased by 57.33%, 34.01% and 18.35% than N0, N55 and N73, respectively.【Conclusion】Under the condition of reseeding and drought (moderate water stress in bud stage) after hail, the ratio of topdressing fertilizer in growth period and fertilizer in flowering period: 3:7 in boll period did not decrease but increased the yield of seed cotton compared with CK. In the case of cotton reseeding and drought, the topdressing ratio is set to bud stage + flowering stage fertilizer:boll stage fertilizer 3:7 is the best.

Crop Genetics and Breeding·Cultivation Physiology·Germplasm Resources

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Effects of different dry sowing and wet-out water treatments on cotton physiology, growth characteristics and yield under double film conditions DING Yu, ZHANG Jianghui, BAI Yungang, LIU Hongbo, ZHENG Ming, ZHAO Jinghua, XIAO Jun, HAN Zhengyu 2023, 60(4): 810-822.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2023.04.004 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (2171KB) ( )   【Objective】This project aims to study the influence of different irrigation quota and drip irrigation frequency on cotton physiology. 【Methods】Growth characteristics and yield by performing field experiments in Shaya County, Aksu Prefecture, Xinjiang. Five different irrigation quota and drip irrigation frequency treatments (S1:675 m3/hm2, S2:900 m3/hm2, S3:1,125 m3/hm2, S4:675 m3/hm2+450 m3/hm2, S5:675 m3/hm2+300 m3/hm2+150 m3/hm2) and one winter irrigation control treatment (CK:2,700 m3/hm2) were designed to analyze the effects of different water treatments on cotton physiology, growth and yield.【Results】(1) As for the performance of plant height and dry matter quality, with the increase of irrigation quota, it first decreased and then increased from seedling stage to boll opening stage. There was no significant difference between CK and S1 treatment at seedling stage, and there was little difference between CK and S3 treatment from bud stage to boll opening stage. With the increase of drip frequency, it increased significantly from seedling stage to boll opening stage, and the difference between CK and S5 was small. (2) In the performance of chlorophyll fluorescence, the chlorophyll fluorescence parameters decreased significantly with the increase of irrigation quota, and CK was significantly greater than that of each irrigation quota treatment. Chlorophyll fluorescence parameters increased with the increase of dripping frequency, and the difference between CK and S5 was small. The chlorophyll fluorescence parameter Fm' had a good linear relationship with the cotton population leaf area index, and the correlation model between Fo' and dry matter accumulation had a high determination coefficient. (3) In terms of population physiological indexes and yield performance, the population physiological indexes of cotton showed a gradually increasing trend with the increase of irrigation quota and drip frequency, and there was little difference between CK and S5. In each dry sowing and wet-out treatment, S5 treatment had significantly higher cotton yield and irrigation water production efficiency. Compared with CK treatment, there was no significant difference in yield, and the irrigation water production efficiency increased by 26.7%.【Conclusion】Comprehensive analysis shows that the treatment of low seedling emergence water volume and high dripping frequency (S5) has a stronger promoting effect on cotton growth, higher crop yield, higher irrigation water production efficiency, and can achieve the purpose of water saving and yield increasing.

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Effects of nitrogen forms and varieties on root morphology and nitrogen accumulation of cotton ZHANG Chen, LIANG Yue, YIN Hao, ZHANG Yingrong, CHEN Bolang 2023, 60(4): 823-831.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2023.04.005 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (1316KB) ( )   【Objective】To study the effects of nitrogen forms and variety on root morphology and nitrogen accumulation of cotton, and explore the interaction mechanism between variety and nitrogen forms in the hope of providing a theoretical basis for the rational selection of nitrogen fertilizer form and variety in cotton.【Methods】The experiment was conducted in the incubation room of the Agricultural Science Building of Xinjiang Agricultural University in 2020. Two varieties (Xinluzao 45 and Xinluzao 48 ) and four fertilization treatments ( no nitrogen fertilizer (CK), urea (N1 ), ammonium sulfate (N2), and calcium nitrate (N3) ) were set in the completely randomized root-box culture experiment. The nitrogen fertilizer application rate was 300 kg/hm2. Samples were collected 90 days after sowing to determine the root morphological parameters and nitrogen accumulation.【Results】The order of cotton root morphology and nitrogen accumulation was N3 > N1 > N2 > CK. The root morphology parameters (total root length, dry matter weight (P<0.05), surface area, volume), root, stem, leaf (P<0.05) and plant nitrogen accumulation of N3 treatment were significantly higher than those of N2 and CK treatment (P<0.01), which increased by 24.66%, 33.93%, 19.61%, 18.57% and 52.64%, 50.95%, 16.20%, 28.09%, respectively. Compared with CK treatment, the average increase was 40.57%, 61.09%, 38.65%, 33.31% and 103.02%, 119.59%, 57.40%, 76.12%, respectively, and there was no significant difference between processing ways of N1 and N3. There were no remarkable differences between interactive function of root forms and nitrogen accumulation which are acted by cotton variety and nitrogen form. The total root length and root volume of Xinluzao 48 were significantly higher than those of Xinluzao 45 (P<0.01), with an average increase of 9.16% and 7.01%, respectively. The nitrogen accumulation in roots, stems (P<0.05), leaves and plants was also significantly higher than that of Xinluzao 45 (P<0.01), with an average increase of 15.28%, 7.75%, 9.55% and 9.86%, respectively. Xinluzao 45 root-shoot ratio of CK treatment and specific root length of N2 treatment, was significantly lower than other treatments, Xinluzao 48 root-shoot ratio and specific root length were not significantly different between the treatments.【Conclusion】Nitrate nitrogen fertilizer is more conducive to cotton root morphological development and nitrogen accumulation than urea and ammonium nitrogen fertilizer. The total root length, root volume and plant nitrogen accumulation of Xinluzao 48 are significantly higher than those of Xinluzao 45, and there is no significant difference in root-shoot ratio and specific root length among different treatments, indicating that the variety had obvious advantages.

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Comprehensive evaluation of lodging resistance of NCII maize combinations YANG Minghua, LIU Qiang, LIAO Biyong, PEN Yuncheng, Buayxam Namat, Dawulai Jiekeshan 2023, 60(4): 832-840.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2023.04.006 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (928KB) ( )   【Objective】In this study, 36maize combinations were used to study yield characters and stem mechanical lodging, so as to select of lodging resistant varieties.【Methods】With four inbred lines were used as the test species and nine high-generation lines to be tested, NC II incomplete diallel cross design was used to perform comprehensively evaluation of the correlation and yield traits, principal component, membership function, yield factor and cluster analysis of the 36 yield components.【Results】Correlation analysis showed that grain weight per plant was significantly positively correlated with puncture strength at basal level 3, puncture strength at subear level 1, bending strength at basal level 4, bending strength at subear level 1 and stem thrust resistance, which were 0.451**, 0.588**, 0.459**, 0.422** and 0.490**, respectively. The grain weight per plant was negatively correlated with stem diameter. Plant height, grain number in rows and grain weight per plant were significantly positively correlated with stem thrust resistances, which were 0.388, 0.387 and 0.490, respectively. Panicle position, bald tip, panicle diameter, shaft diameter and growth period were negatively correlated with stem thrust resistance. Through principal component analysis, eight traits were analyzed. The cumulative contribution rate of the first five principal components reached 89.98%.【Conclusion】Combined with membership function, contribution rate calculation weight and comprehensive evaluation D value of lodging resistance and adaptive recovery ability of 36 maize hybrid combinations, cluster analysis was carried out to divide them into three types, 9 combinations with strong comprehensive indexes,14 combinations with weak comprehensive indexes and 13 combinations with moderate comprehensive indexes. This analysis method made the evaluation of hybrid combinations more intuitive and simplified, and laid a certain foundation for the comprehensive evaluation of lodging resistant adaptive hybrid combinations.

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Study on the relationship between auxin and sorghum heterosis SHANG Jing, PANG Hongbo, WANG Lanlan, LI Xuemei, WANG Yanqiu, LI Yueying 2023, 60(4): 841-846.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2023.04.007 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (1706KB) ( )   【Objective】In To explore the potential relationship between sorghum auxin (IAA) and heterosis, and provide an important theoretical basis for the utilization of heterosis in sorghum breeding in the future.【Methods】With 11 parents and 11 hybrids as research materials, the content of auxin in the hybrids and their parents at the heading and maturity stages was determined by high performance liquid chromatography, and the heading dates were compared by real-time fluorescent quantitative PCR technology, which was used again to compare the differences in auxin gene expression of different varieties of sorghum at the heading and maturity stages.【Results】The results showed that the auxin content of the 11 hybrids at the mature stage was higher than that at the heading stage. The auxin content of Liaoning 3, Liaoza 19, Liaoza 35, Liaoza 36, Liao 2297, Liao 2697, Liao 5397, Liaonuo 7, Liaonuo 11, Liaoxialiang 1 and their parents in mature period. In contrast, the progeny had higher auxin content, and only Liaoning 6 had lower auxin content than its parents at maturity. When the corresponding female parent or male parent was taken as the control, the auxin gene expression levels of Liaoning 3 and Liaoza 19 were lower than their parents during the heading stage. At the maturity stage, the auxin gene expression levels of Liaoning 3, Liaoning 6 and Liaoza 36 were lower than their parents. The expression levels of auxin genes in other hybrids were higher than their parents.【Conclusion】The finding shows that endogenous auxin is a factor that regulates the heterosis of sorghum growth, but not the only one.

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Screening of spring maize genotypes tolerant to low-phosphorus and their phosphorus efficiency in Xinjiang ZHOU Guangwei, HAN Dengxu, ZHU Qi, ZHANG Shaomin 2023, 60(4): 847-856.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2023.04.008 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (1110KB) ( )   【Objective】The selection of maize varieties with low-P tolerance and P-high-efficiency is of great significance for improving the phosphate utilization efficiency and decreasing the phosphate fertilizer input by excess phosphate application, so this project aims to explore the biological potential of maize utilization of soil phosphorus in the hope of providing theoretical basis for cultivating phosphorus efficient maize varieties. 【Methods】Under the conditions of low-P(P2O5:20 mg/kg) and normal-P(P2O5:100 mg/kg), pot experiments were carried out with 8 spring maize cultivars and 1 control cultivars (Zhengdan 958) from Xinjiang as test materials. At the mature stage, the upper part of the maize was collected, the shoot dry matter weight, yield, accumulation of nitrogen and phosphorus were measured, the low-P tolerance were screened, the P efficiency of genotypes were classified, and the maize varieties with high phosphorus efficiency were identified. 【Results】Application of phosphate fertilizer had obvious effect on maize growth. Four maize genotypes (Xinyu 29, Xinyu 47, Xinyu 54 and Xinyu 69 ) with low P tolerance were identified by cluster analysis of relative shoot dry matter weight, yield and accumulation of nitrogen and phosphorus. Meanwhile, According to the comprehensive value of P efficiency, P efficiency types of maize genotypes were classified. 【Conclusion】We primarily concluded that the Xinyu 47, Xinyu 54 and Xinyu 69 are identified to be the low-P tolerant, low phosphorus and high efficiency genotypes. Zhengdan 958 is a high efficient variety of normal phosphorus which is not tolerant to low phosphorus. Xinyu 110 is a variety of low phosphorus tolerance and low phosphorus efficiency. Xinyu 24, Xinyu 29, Xinyu 80 and Xinyu 102 were all low phosphorus varieties.

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Genome-wide identification of the maize calcium-dependent protein kinase and drought expression analysis of the CDPK gene family in maize Chen Guo, Hao Xiaoyan, Gao Shengqi, Hu Wenran, Zhao Zhun, Huang Quansheng 2023, 60(4): 857-864.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2023.04.009 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (1337KB) ( )   【Objective】Genome-wide identification of the maize calcium-dependent protein kinase and drought expression analysis of the CDPK gene family in maize.【Methods】NCBI Blast, DNAMAN and MotifScan were used to analyze the protein domains and phylogeny of CDPK in maize by genome-wide analysis. Real-time RT-PCR was performed to analyze the expression of CDPK gene in maize seedlings under drought stress, and to evaluate the effect of CDPK gene on maize response to drought stress.【Results】Through bioinformatics analysis of the whole genome of maize, 39 CDPK genes were identified in maize. According to phylogenetic analysis of CDPKs in maize, rice and Arabidopsis thaliana, these CDPK genes were divided into four groups. The members of each group share a common protein motif and exon and intron structure, suggesting that they may have a common evolutionary origin. The 39 maize CDPK genes are grouped according to their phylogenetic relationships and are anchored to specific maize chromosomes. It was found that the expression levels of most CDPK genes changed in maize under drought stress, indicating the response of these CDPK genes to drought stress.【Conclusion】39 CDPK genes were identified from maize genome database. Most of the CDPK genes in maize showed different expression levels in different tissues and different development stages, indicating that CDPK genes play different roles in maize development. At the same time, the expression levels of most CDPK genes changed under drought stress, which laid a foundation for further screening and studying the function of CDPK gene family under drought stress.

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Comprehensive analysis of main agronomic traits of maize DONG Xiuli, HAN Dengxu, YANG Jie, Abuleti Abula, DAI Aimei, LI Junjie, WANG Yejian, LIU Jun, XI Haojiang, LIANG Xiaoling, LI Mingdong 2023, 60(4): 865-871.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2023.04.010 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (720KB) ( )   【Objective】This project aims to find out the main factor under the condition of dense planting corn in the hope of providing a scientific basis for screening out the corn varieties with density resistance, high yield and good quality suitable for planting in northern Xinjiang through comprehensive analysis of major agronomic traits and yield, such as plant height, ear height, spike length, the number of ear, spike grain weight and threshing moisture of maize varieties in northern Xinjiang. 【Methods】The yield and main agronomic traits of 18 medium-maturity maize varieties in northern Xinjiang were analyzed under the density of 105,000 plants/hm2.【Results】Under the condition of close planting, the yield of the tested varieties was significantly different. There was significant positive correlation between grain yield and row number (r=0.565*) and 100-grain weight (r=0.485*). Nine agronomic traits of 18 maize varieties could explain 85.6% of yield variation. The optimized linear regression equation was Y=-16.391+0.469X6+0.33X8.【Conclusion】When selecting maize varieties under dense planting conditions in Bozhou area of northern Xinjiang, the varieties with slightly longer ear length, larger grain weight per ear, heavier 100-grain weight and fast dehydration should be selected. There are other agronomic traits that need to be considered as they interact, among them, Huaxi 704, Denghai 1707 and Huaxi 917 can be used as medium maturity spring sowing mulch maize cultivars in Bozhou, Xinjiang.

Horticultural Special Local Products·Forestry·Facility Agriculture

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Genetic analysis of nuclear characters of hybrids of ruby seedless and hongqitezao grape WANG Yong, Sulaiman Aizezi, LI Yuling, SUN Feng, WU Guohong, YANG Tao, GUO Pingfeng 2023, 60(4): 872-879.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2023.04.011 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (1284KB) ( )   【Objective】This study aims to explore the inheritance of nuclear characters in hybrid progenies of Ruby Seedless and Hongqi tezao grapes.【Methods】135 F1 generation plants of Ruby seedless and Hongqi Special early hybrid population were taken as the test material, the nuclear status was identified, and the nuclear related indicators such as single grain weight, single core weight, single core number, and vertical and horizontal diameter product were determined, and the genetic tendency of population nuclear traits was analyzed.【Results】The abortion rate was 59.26% in hybrid population of Ruby Seedless×Hongqi tezao. Fruit single grain weight manifested as continuous distribution, low genetic transmission power, and a lessening trend. Fruit mononuclear weight was polarized between the nucleated and seedless nucleated populations with no clear boundaries, whose fruit single nuclei was low with a trend of less development.However, it showed an increasing trend in the nuclear single plants. The hereditary capacity of single grain nuclear number was low, showing a trend of decrease, and 91.85% of the single strains in the whole combination had defective nuclei. The vertical and horizontal diameter product were polarized between nucleated and seedless nucleated populations, with obvious boundaries and low genetic transmission, but increased in nucleated single strains.【Conclusion】It can obtain a higher proportion of the nuclear offspring using Ruby Seedless hybridizing with Hongqi tezao which is nucleated and have a seedless tendency. The index of the fruit mass, nuclear mass, nuclear quantity and vertical and horizontal diameter product are of a degradation trend, but there are certain differences between seedless plants and nuclear plants populations. Fruit mass, nuclear mass, quantity and vertical and horizontal diameter is positively associated with nuclear traits.

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Effects of NaCl stress on antioxidant enzyme content and malondialdehyde content in grape cultivars leaves CHEN Liliang, LU Qianjun, MA Yuanyuan, LIU Ying, ZHAO Baolong, SUN Junli 2023, 60(4): 880-888.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2023.04.012 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (1105KB) ( )   【Objective】To compare grape cultivars salt tolerance in the hope of providing theoretical support for the selection of salt-tolerant grape varieties by using ten grape varieties.【Methods】The experimental materials were cultured by pot irrigation with salt by adopting potted salt irrigation method cultivate to study the effects of 100 mmol/L NaCl stress on the salt damage index, photosynthesis, antioxidant enzyme content and malondialdehyde content of different grape varieties. Meanwhile, salt tolerance was compared through principal component analysis.【Results】Under 100 mmol/L NaCl stress, the activities of SOD, CAT, POD, net photosynthetic rate (Pn), stomatal conductance (Gs) and transpiration of Kashhar,Munage,Hetian Red,Summer Black the rate (Tr) had the largest increase compared to the control. The content of intercellular carbon dioxide (Ci) and malondialdehyde decreased the least.The SOD, CAT, POD activities, net photosynthetic rate (Pn), stomatal conductance (Gs) and transpiration rate (Tr) of 101-14,Beda,Kangzhen 3 increased significantly compared with the control. The content of intercellular carbon dioxide (Ci) and malondialdehyde decreased slightly. The SOD, CAT, POD activities, net photosynthetic rate (Pn), stomatal conductance (Gs) and transpiration rate (Tr) of 5BB, SO4,3309M had the smallest increase compared with the control, and the increase of intercellular carbon dioxide (Ci) and The content of malondialdehyde decreased the least.【Conclusion】Kashhar,Munage,Hetian Red and Summer Black are salt-tolerant varieties, 101-14,Beda and Kangzhen 3 are moderately salt-tolerant varieties, and 5BB,SO4 and 3309M are salt intolerant varieties.

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Study on the induction of rough-skinned fruit formation in Korla fragrant pear SHI Zhiyong, Aisajan Mamat, Xianmisiya Tayifu, CAO Yijie, Yusuf Ablitif 2023, 60(4): 889-896.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2023.04.013 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (1637KB) ( )   【Objective】This project aims to explore the stress factors that may induce the formation of rough-skinned fruits on Korla fragrant pear. 【Methods】Based on the previous analysis on the formation of rough-skinned fruits, through two artificial stress treatments (leaf picking and exogenous H2O2 spraying) were performed on the bearing shoots of Korla fragrant pear in the growth period; The rates of rough-skinned fruits, the tissue section staining and the physiological indexes testing were carried out at the maturity stage. 【Results】The ratio of rough-skinned fruit in the control group, H2O2 spraying group and the leaf picking group were 18.10%, 51.93% and 29.52%, respectively. In the three groups, the lignin contents in pericarp were 3.4%, 4.9% and 3.9% respectively, and the lignin contents in pulp were 1.5%, 1.7% and 2.0% respectively. Leaf picking and H2O2 spraying increased the rates of rough-skinned fruits and lignin content. In addition, malondialdehyde (MDA) and reactive oxygen species(H2O2 and $O^{-}_{2}$)increased significantly after H2O2 spraying, which were 1.7 and 2.9 times of those in the control, respectively. Corresponding to it, the contents of osmoregulation substances such as soluble sugar and soluble starch in the pericarp were 1.3-fold and 1.4-fold higher than those in control group. After leaf picking, the content of soluble sugar, starch and other osmotic regulatory substances in the pear pulp were also significantly increased, which were 1.2 and 2.0 times higher than those in the control group, respectively. 【Conclusion】Both leaf picking and H2O2 spraying can effectively induce the formation of rough-skinned fruits by increasing the number of stone cells and lignin content in the fruit. Among them, H2O2 spraying group mainly affects the peel part of Korla fragrant pear while leaf picking mainly affects the pulp part.

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Response of root anatomical structure of different rootstock resources of almond to drought stress TANG Xixi, Mubarek Ayup, XU Panyun, YU Qiuhong, GUO Chunmiao, ZHANG Ping, GONG Peng 2023, 60(4): 897-907.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2023.04.014 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (1887KB) ( )   【Objective】To study the response of root anatomical structure characteristics of current year seedlings of 6 different rootstock resources of almond to moderate soil drought stress with a cycle of 60 days through water control pot experiment, so as to provide morphological and anatomical basis for the study of drought resistance mechanism of almond rootstock. 【Methods】12 indexes related to the anatomical structure of root tissue and xylem were obtained by optical microscope, and biological statistical analysis was carried out. 【Results】The index values of root cork layer, cork layer number, xylem proportion and vascular bundle proportion of Dabadan and Shitou almond were higher than those of other rootstock resources (P< 0.05), and the cork layer and cork layer number increased after drought stress (P > 0.05); Four structural indexes related to drought resistance were selected by principal component analysis, such as the thickness of cork layer of coarse root (D ≥ 5 mm), the thickness of cork layer of fine root (2<D< 4 mm), the proportion of xylem of coarse root and the diameter of lateral root canal; Through the method of membership function analysis, the drought resistance of almond rootstock resources at seedling stage were ranked from the perspective of root anatomical structure. The results were as follows: Babadan > Shitou almond > Bitter almond > Taobadan 2 > Taobadan 1 > peach.【Conclusion】Almond rootstock resources have a higher degree of root lignification, and have better adaptability to drought stress environment than other rootstock resources.

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Effects of different packaging treatments combined with cold storage agent on shelf life quality of flat peach after storage XIE Xiaoyan, GUO Huijing, ZHAO Zhiyong, LI Ziqin, SONG Fangyuan 2023, 60(4): 908-915.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2023.04.015 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (1707KB) ( )   【Objective】To screen suitable packaging and cool-storage agent for flat peach logistics, and find the best packaging combination and apply it to the preservation of flat peach to maintain the logistics quality of flat peach. 【Methods】The “Yinggeer” flat peach was taken as the test material, and the peach was pre-cooled for 18 h at 0℃, using turnover box + ice bag (Zhou bag), turnover box + ice film (Zhou film), foam box + ice bag (bubble bag) and foam box + ice film (bubble film), and the control group was stored in natural environment for 24 h and 48 h. The temperature of the box, fruit firmness, soluble solids, titratable acid, decay rate, malondialdehyde content and sucrose content were determined. 【Results】The results showed that in the experiment of flat peach shelf life of 1-2 days after 24 hours of storage, the flat peach fruit treated with Zhou bag group could better maintain its shelf-life quality, reduce the decay rate, delay the reduction of fruit firmness, maintain moderate sugar and acid, and have a good taste. The fresh-keeping effects of the other groups treated with precooling were Zhou film group, bubble bag group and bubble film group. In the experiment of flat peach stored for 48 hours, the temperature of each group was above 15℃, and the combination with good fresh-keeping effect was consistent with that stored for 24 hours. 【Conclusion】The fresh-keeping effect of turnover box is better than that of foam box. The fresh-keeping effect of ice bag is better than that of ice film, and the fruit quality of flat peach stored in Zhou bag group for 24 hours is the best.

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Evaluation of cold resistance of three fresh edible jujube cultivars in Xinjiang LIU Min, JIN Juan, Abudoukayoumu Ayimaiti, FAN Dingyu, HAO Qing, YANG Lei, ZHAO Xiaomei, GENG Wenjuan 2023, 60(4): 916-924.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2023.04.016 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (1467KB) ( )   【Objective】To clarify the cold resistance of 3 fresh jujube varieties with great development potential and provide a basis for the regional cultivation layout of Xinjiang fresh jujube varieties. 【Methods】In January, 2020, the annual shoots of Fucuimi, Jingcang 1 and Dongzao were collected, and the shoots were processed in an ultra-low temperature refrigerator to artificially simulate a low temperature environment (-10—-35℃) to determine the germination rate, the relative conductivity, osmotic adjustment substance, and malondialdehyde content. The semi-lethal temperature (LT50) of the three varieties were obtained from their respective relative conductivity and Logistic equation, and then combined with the principal component analysis and the membership function to comprehensively evaluate the cold resistance of the three fresh jujube varieties. 【Results】With the decrease of the treatment temperature, the germination rate of the branches of the three jujube varieties decreased to varying degrees, but all fell to 0 at -25℃; the relative conductivity value, soluble sugar content, and malondialdehyde content basically increased the soluble protein content and the free proline content showed a trend of "rising-falling-rising"; the semi-lethal temperature of Fucuimi, Jingcang 1 and Dongzao were -20.44, -19.91, -19.53℃, respectively. Principal component analysis showed that two principal components could represent 71.189% of the information of each index of the three varieties. Principal component 1 mainly contained information on soluble sugar, germination rate, malondialdehyde, soluble protein, and relative conductivity. Principal component 2 contained information on amino acids. The scores of principal component analysis and membership function of Fucuimi were the highest, followed by Dongzao, and the lowest in Jingcang 1.【Conclusion】The cold resistance of the branches of the three varieties were Fuqiuanmi, Dongzao and Jingcang 1. Therefore, in the areas where winter jujube is planted in southern Xinjiang, Fubrittle honey with strong cold resistance is suggested to be promoted, while Jingcang 1 is relatively weak in cold resistance, so timely anti-freezing protection measures should be taken in winter.

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Effects of model transformation on canopy characteristics and mechanical adaptability of individual and community of Ziziphus Jujuba cv. Huizao tree WANG Wenjun, CHEN Qiling, ZHENG Qiangqing, WANG Jingjing, ZHANG Guibing, LI Haixia 2023, 60(4): 925-934.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2023.04.017 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (2776KB) ( )   【Objective】To explore the canopy characteristics of different cultivation modes of jujube and analyze the differences and correlation of canopy characteristics of jujube individuals and populations between different models in the hope of seeking a suitable cultivation mode for intensive, mechanized and standardized production of jujube.【Methods】3-4-year-old Ziziphus Jujuba cv. Huizao trees were used as research materials to set the plant row spacing 1.0×1.5 (m), and the tree shape was the original cultivation mode (CK) of evacuation and stratification. Some of them were transformed into plant row spacing of 1.0×4.5 (m) fence shape, trunk shape and "Y" shape, and three new models with crown height were controlled at about 2.5 m. M1, M2, M3. In this experiment, the new model after transformation was used as the experimental group and the original planting model as the control (CK). The plant height, crown width, operation spacing, individual and population canopy characteristics of jujube trees in each model from May to July were analyzed and studied.【Results】The plant height of M2 was the highest and that of M1 was the lowest. There was no significant difference between M1 and M3 and CK in June and July. The plant height of each model was about 2.5 m and grew well; From May to July, M1 crown width was significantly the smallest, M1 was 89.1 cm, 13.1% smaller than CK; There was no significant difference between M2 and CK, M2 was 99.0 cm; The crown width of M3 was significantly the largest, and M3 was 139.0 cm; The new mode greatly improved the operation spacing of jujube garden, M1 and M2 exceeded 3.0 m, which was convenient for all kinds of agricultural machinery to enter the garden for operation, and M3 was about 2.7 m; The model transformation significantly reduced the leaf area index (LAI) of individual and population, and significantly increased the non interception scattering (DIFN), transmittance (TRANS) and leaf inclination (MTA) of canopy. Among them, CK had the largest individual and group leaf area index, the smallest non intercepted scattering, transmittance and leaf inclination, M1 had the smallest individual and group leaf area index, the largest non intercepted scattering and transmittance, M2 had the largest individual and group leaf area index in the new model, the most intercepted light radiation energy, M3 has the largest non intercepted scattering and transmittance, and the largest individual and group leaf inclination; LAI, DIFN, trans and MTA of grey jujube individuals were significantly positively correlated with the population (P<0.000,1), and the relationship between LAI, DIFN and trans of M3 individuals and the population was the smallest (R2 value was the smallest). The improvement of photosynthetic benefit of jujube garden population by individual regulation was lower than that of M1 and M2.【Conclusion】Models Hedgerow shape(M1) and Trunk shape(M2) are more suitable for mechanized, intensive and standardized production of local Ziziphus Jujuba cv. Huizao.

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Comparison of main functional components and antioxidant activity of jujube Ruoqiang by different processing methods LI Shuang, XIE Danlu, WU Jizhou, MA Rui, XIE Aidi, SHAO Lei, GAO Juanjuan, HAN Haixia 2023, 60(4): 935-942.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2023.04.018 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (1347KB) ( )   【Objective】To compare the component of total flavonoids, total polyphenols and total triterpenoids and antioxidant activities of Ruoqiang Jujube after being steamed, boiled and fried in the hope of providing reference for the development and utilization of Ruoqiang Jujube,this study provides theoretical reference for further development and utilization of Ruoqiang Jujube.【Methods】The contents of total flavonoids, total polyphenols and total triterpenoids were determined by spectrophotometry, and the antioxidant activities were evaluated by DPPH scavenging ability, ABTS scavenging ability and total reducing power.【Results】The total flavonoid contents of raw, steamed, boiled and fried jujube were (2.15±0.09), (2.56±0.07), (1.7±0.08), (2.02±0.04) mg/g, respectively; The total polyphenol contents were (66.73±1.22), (46±0.97), (52.98±0.58), (47.62±0.35), respectively; The total triterpenoid contents were (35.86±0.49), (46.56±1.62), (27.01±0.71), (22.35±0.43) mg/g, respectively. In the concentration range of 0.1-25.6 mg/mL, the IC50 of DPPH free radical scavenging rate of VC, raw, steamed, boiled and fried jujube were 0.04, 2.03, 1.36, 4.97 and 2.42 mg/mL, respectively. In the concentration range of 0.125-2 mg/mL, the IC50 of ABTS free radical scavenging rate of VC, raw, steamed, boiled and fried jujube were 0.09, 0.21, 0.27, 0.52 and 0.38 mg/mL, respectively. With the increasing of concentration, the total reducing power by different processing methods also increased, and the total reducing power of steamed jujube was the highest.【Conclusion】After steaming, boiling and frying processing, the contents of total polyphenol, total flavonoids and total triterpenoid in Ruoqiang Jujube have changed. In addition to the low total polyphenol content, the contents of total flavonoids in steamed products are the highest. Steamed products also have the best antioxidant activity.

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Correlation and path analysis of agronomic traits of processing tomato early maturity mutants DU Hongyan, PANG Shengqun, MA Haixiang, JI Xuehua 2023, 60(4): 943-950.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2023.04.019 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (781KB) ( )   【Objective】To determine the direct, indirect and determination coefficients of the main agronomic traits of processing tomato early-maturing mutants on early yield traits, and to provide a theoretical basis for the selection and breeding of excellent early-maturing tomato varieties. 【Methods】Correlation, regression and path analysis were performed on 11 main agronomic traits of 4 processing tomato early-maturing mutants. The larger the single fruit weight, the more the number of the first and the second ears, the higher the early yield; the earlier the budding period, the early flowering period, and the shorter the number of days from flowering to maturity, the higher the premature index. 【Results】The coefficients of variation of plant height, first flower node position, fruit transverse diameter, fruit longitudinal diameter, single fruit weight and number of the first and second ears were relatively large, which were 18.1%, 12.1%, 12.9%, 13.9%, 29.1% and 22.7%, respectively, showing that there was strong selectivity and was not difficult to be increased or improved to a large extent through breeding and cultivation. The results of correlation and variability analysis showed that the weight of a single fruit in the control group was significantly positively correlated with the previous yield, with a correlation coefficient of 0.892; the number of the first or the second ears was significantly positively correlated with the previous yield, with a correlation coefficient of 0.822; the weight of a single fruit in the treatment group, the number of the first and second ears were significantly positively correlated with the previous yield, the correlation coefficients were 0.770 and 0.958; The path analysis showed that the direct effect of single fruit weight and one and two ears results was positive on the early yield. The coefficient was a very significant positive correlation. In the selection of early maturity varieties of processing tomato, the selection should be built on the direct and indirect effects of the weight of single fruit and the number of the first and second ears. Among them, the number of the first and second ears was the decisive factor. 【Conclusion】In the process of breeding early maturity varieties of processing tomato, it is necessary to increase the early maturity index and the early yield, mainly considering the agronomic traits such as single fruit weight, number of the first and second ears, budding period, initial flowering period, and flowering to maturity days, focusing on the agronomic traits such as number of ears and fruit and weight of single fruit.

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Effects of different nitrogen application rates on the yield, quality and nutrient accumulation of greenhouse eggplant WANG Zepeng, LIANG Zhiguo, LIU Shengyao, JIA Songnan, FAN Fengcui, ZHANG Zhe, DU Fenghuan, QIN Yong 2023, 60(4): 951-957.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2023.04.020 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (908KB) ( )   【Objective】To study the effects of different nitrogen fertilizer rates on the yield, quality and nutrient accumulation of eggplant in greenhouses.【Methods】In this experiment, the eggplant variety Qieza 2 was used as the test object, and a field trial was used. Four nitrogen treatments were set up, and no fertilizer treatment was used as a control to determine the yield, nutritional quality and dry matter accumulation of eggplant under different nitrogen treatments in the hope of providng a theoretical basis for precise fertilization of eggplant in facility.【Results】The yield of eggplant showed a trend of first increasing and then decreasing with the increase of nitrogen fertilizer rate. Appropriate amount of nitrogen was helpful to increase eggplant yield; the F3 treatment in this experiment had the highest yield, which was 62,839 kg/hm2, 36.05% higher than the treatment without fertilization. In each nitrogen application treatment, the contents of soluble solids, soluble sugars and soluble proteins all showed a trend of first increasing and then decreasing with the increase of the amount of nitrogen fertilizer, and the F3 treatment’s contents were the highest, respectively 1.83%, 52.59 mg/g and 1.8 mg/g. Vitamin C content was the highest in F4 treatment, which was 7.44 mg/100g. The nitrate content of each nitrogen application treatment decreased with the decrease of nitrogen application rate, and the F5 treatment’s was the lowest, which was 654.56 mg/kg. The accumulation of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium of eggplant plants showed a trend of first increasing and then decreasing with the increase of nitrogen fertilizer application, and the F3 treatment’s were the highest, which were 232.67 kg/hm2, 34.32 kg/hm2, and 304.99 kg/hm2, respectively.【Conclusion】A scientific and reasonable amount of nitrogen fertilizer can not only significantly increase the yield of eggplant and improve the nutritional quality of the fruit, but also increase the nutrient accumulation of the plant. Under the experimental conditions, F3 treatment (eggplant seedling stage nitrogen 108 kg/hm2, phosphorus 49.2 kg/hm2, potassium 176.7 kg/hm2, result stage nitrogen 421.5 kg/hm2, phosphorus 174.9 kg/hm2, potassium 540.2 kg/hm2) is a kind of an eggplant which is suitable for facility eggplant fertilization, high yield, good quality, plant nutrient accumulation.

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Extraction of the height of Picea schrenkiana var. tianshanica and inversion of accumulation volume based on airborne lidar images QU Yanbin, WANG Zhenxi, HU Tianqi, DONG Wei, CHEN Zhe 2023, 60(4): 958-964.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2023.04.021 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (1124KB) ( )   【Objective】The data that will be obtained is for building model to invert the accumulation of Picea schrenkiana var. tianshanica in the hope of providing a reference for the ecological restoration and scientific management of Picea schrenkiana var. tianshanica after the implementation of the natural forest protection project.【Methods】To extract the image elevation by using Picea schrenkiana var. tianshanica in the Tiangeer Forest Park on the northern slope of the central Tianshan Mountains in Xinjiang as the research object, and the airborne lidar aerial image and each wooden ruler of the sample plot as the data source. Point cloud classification and Kriging interpolation method were used to extract the height data of the UAV image to obtain the height of the Picea schrenkiana var.tianshanica, and at the same time to establish the DBH tree height model based on the measured data of the sample site, and finally the Picea schrenkiana var. tianshanica was inverted according to the DBH tree height model forest stand volume. 【Results】The UAV image had a high resolution. After point cloud classification, the average accuracy of the tree height extracted by the Kriging interpolation method reached 88.42%. By constructing the DBH tree height model, the power function curve model fit was obtained. The highest, R2 was 0.730, combined with the binary volume formula, based on the comparison of the estimated volume of the UAV image with the measured volume of the sample site, the accuracy reached 87.66%.【Conclusion】The Kriging interpolation method has a good effect on the extraction of the height information of the Tianshan spruce forest. The establishment of the model of diameter of DBH makes up for the defect that the UAV cannot directly measure the diameter of the tree, and then inverts the accumulation of the Picea schrenkiana var. tianshanica. This provides a good reference for the restoration of natural forests in Xinjiang after the implementation of the “Natural Forest Protection” project.

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Effects of topographic factors on soil organic carbon in Picea schrenkiana forest on the northern slope of Tianshan Mountain XIA Xiaoying, LI Siyao, WANG Jie, MA Xiaolong, XI Li, Mierzhati Kenijialimu, Aliye Maimaiti, WANG Weixia 2023, 60(4): 965-973.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2023.04.022 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (1177KB) ( )   【Objective】To reveal the effects of topographic factors on soil organic carbon in Picea schrenkiana var. Tianschanica forest on the northern slope of Tianshan Mountains.【Methods】Soil samples were collected from plots with different altitudes, slopes and directions in the Internship forest farm of Xinjiang Agricultural University, and the content of soil organic carbon was measured and its carbon density was calculated.【Results】Under different elevation gradients, the soil organic carbon content ranged from 41.65 g/kg to 77.67 g/kg, and soil organic carbon density ranged from 9.47 kg/m2 to 14.27 kg/m2 in P. schrenkiana var. tianschanica forest. The organic carbon content and density of the soil tended to decrease with increasing altitude. The soil organic carbon content was the highest (105.08 g/kg) when the slope was less than 15° at 0-20 cm soil layer, while the soil organic carbon content was the lowest when the slope reached 30°-35°. The order of soil organic carbon content on different slope directions was: shady slope > semi shady slope > semi sunny slope > sunny slope. The soil organic carbon content on the shady slope was significantly higher than that on the sunny slope at 0-20 cm soil layer (P<0.05), but the soil organic carbon content showed no significant difference among different slope directions at 20-60 cm soil layer. 【Conclusion】The distribution of soil organic carbon content in the whole profile of P. schrenkiana var. tianschanica forest on the northern slope of Tianshan mountains is relatively uniform in the high altitude area compared with that in the low altitude area, thus making it difficult to play role in terms of the effect of slope aspect on the redistribution of soil organic carbon in 20-60 cm soil layer.

Prataculture·Plant Protection·Animal Husbandry Veterinarian·Agricultural Eeconomy

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Effects of different utilization methods on the biomass distribution of mountain meadows in the middle of northern slope of Tianshan Mountain XIA Tingting, Subinuer Wumaierjiang, YU Zhaowen, LI Hong, LYU Wenjun, Tuerxunnayi Reyimu 2023, 60(4): 974-981.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2023.04.023 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (1256KB) ( )   【Objective】To study the changes law of above-ground biomass and underground biomass of mountain meadow grassland in different utilization modes of nomadic grazing and settlement grazing in the hope of providing the basis for improving the productivity of mountain meadow grassland and determining the reasonable grazing methods.【Methods】Using the method of field survey and sampling, taking the mountain meadow grassland on the northern slope of Tianshan Mountain as the research object, two types of grazing intensities, light grazing and heavy grazing were set in the nomadic grazing and residential grazing areas respectively, and the no grazing area (fenced grazing field) was used as the control (Check test) to analyze the distribution of above-ground biomass and underground biomass of plant communities under two grazing methods.【Results】(1) Under LG and HG, there was a significant difference in the total biomass of plant communities under different utilization methods (P<0.05). Under Nomadic grazing and residential grazing of different grazing intensities, the total biomass of the plant community on the landing was CK>LG>HG; in addition to forbs, the aboveground biomass of functional groups of perennial grasses, perennial legumes and perennial sedges showed a gradual decrease with the increase of grazing intensity. The aboveground biomass of functional groups of perennial sedges and forbs in nomadic and settled grazing areas was significantly different under LG (P<0.05), the aboveground biomass of perennial legumes had significant differences under HG (P<0.05). (2) Under CK and LG, there were significant differences in the biomass of plant communities in the soil layer of 0~10, 10-20, and 20-30 cm under different grazing modes (P<0.05). In addition, the below-ground biomass of the flora in the settled grazing area was 36.79%, 31.55%, and 27.38% higher than that of the nomadic grazing area, respectively. The below-ground biomass of nomadic grazing area plants ranged between 743.99-1,229.83 g/m2; the distribution range of below-ground biomass of the flora in the settled grazing area was between 864.33-1,550.95 g/m2. (3) Under LG and HG, there was a significant difference in plant root-to-shoot ratio under different utilization modes (P<0.05); the roots and shoots of plant communities in settled grazing areas were 19.38% and 9.91% higher than those in nomadic grazing areas, respectively. Under different grazing intensities, the root-to-shoot ratio of plant communities in nomadic grazing and settled grazing areas was HG>CK>LG in descending order.【Conclusion】The different utilization methods of mountain meadow grass change the distribution of the above-ground and underground biomass of the flora, the total biomass of the above-ground and underground plant communities under the settled grazing method is significantly higher than that of the nomadic grazing method (P<0.05).

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Effects of intercrop forages on weed control, soil and tree nutrients in orchards FENG Fan, XIE Kaiyun, Aibibula Yimamu, WAN Jiangchun 2023, 60(4): 982-991.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2023.04.024 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (1094KB) ( )   【Objective】To ascertain the effects of intercrop forages in apple orchards on weed control, soil and fruit tree nutrients by evaluating the three treatments by principal component factor score, and finally select the optimal treatment in the hope of providing theoretical basis and technical guidance for soil management and planting mode for grass orchard in Aksu area.【Methods】Four treatments were set in an apple orchard, the clean tillage, Trifolium repens, Lolium perenne and Brassica rapa var. oleifera, with three replicates in each treatment. The factor analysis module of SPSS 22.0 software was used to conduct principal component analysis on weed biomass, soil index and fruit tree nutritional index factors under different grass growing systems with a view to determining the dimension of weed biomass, soil nutrient and fruit tree nutritional index, and calculate principal component scores and comprehensive scores for evaluation.【Results】The above-ground biomass of weeds and forages was determined in each year from 2017 to 2019, the soil and apple trees nutrients were determined in 2019. The results showed that the above-ground biomass of weeds in the T. repens showed the highest decrease (59.3%) by the end of 2019. The contents of soil organic matter (23.90 g/kg), Alkeline-N (89.77 mg/kg), and Olsen-K (164.37 mg/kg) reached the highest levels in the B. rapavar. oleifera. Compared with clear tillage, three interplanting orchard significantly increased soil water content, organic matter, available phosphorus, alkali-hydrolyzed nitrogen, decreased soil bulk density and pH, and significantly increased chlorophyll, phosphorus, nitrogen, magnesium and sodium in leaves.【Conclusion】The results of comprehensive evaluation based on principal component analysis showed that the B. rapa var. oleifera interplanting was the best plant in orchard.

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Physiological identification and analysis of Verticillium wilt resistance of 10 foreign cotton germplasm resources CHENG Lihua, YANG Honglan, MA Qingqian, SHI Ying, ZHANG Dawei, Alisher A. Abdullaev, ZHANG Daoyuan 2023, 60(4): 992-1002.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2023.04.025 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (2298KB) ( )   【Objective】Physiological identification and analysis of Verticillium wilt resistance of 10 foreign cotton germplasm resources, and provide data support for the breeding of Verticillium wilt resistance in China.【Methods】To study the Verticillium wilt resistance of 10 foreign cotton varieties (Gossypium hirsutum),The concentration of Verticillium dahliae Kleb infecting cotton seedling was 107 spores /mL. After 14 days of inoculation, the morphology and phenotype were observed and photographed. Real-time PCR was used to determine the pathogene content in cotton leaves. The physiological and biochemical indexes (lignin, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL), malondialdehyde (MDA) and proline (PRO) in cotton leaves were determined. Correlation analysis, principal component analysis, subordinate function analysis and cluster analysis were conducted to evaluate the cotton resistance. 【Results】Phenotypic results showed that 03804, A-6, 04841 and 05189 had mild incidence. The results of qPCR showed that the 03804 and A-6 contained the least pathogene. In the course of pathogen infection, these varieties had different dependence on PAL, Proline, lignin, etc., indicating different characteristics of varieties. Correlation analysis showed that MDA was significantly positively correlated with H2O2 and negatively correlated with PAL and Proline after V. dahliae infection in cotton. Principal component analysis showed that two principal components were obtained from the five resistance indexes, and their contribution rates covered 64.951% and 20.38%, respectively. Analyzed by subordinate function and hierarchical cluster of comprehensive index of cotton disease resistance, 10 cotton cultivars could be divided into three categories, including one resistance, five tolerance and four susceptible cultivars. 【Conclusion】H2O2, PAL, MDA, PRO and lignin content can be used as physiological indexes for the identification of Verticillium wilt resistance in cotton.In this study, one disease-resistant, five disease-tolerant and four susceptible foreign land cotton germplasm are identified by morphological and physiological index after Verticillium dahliae Kleb infection.

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Research and optimization of feed preparation system based on neural network PID algorithm FANG Jie, ZHANG Jie, MA Juan, TIAN Xiang, YU Xiuzhen, FENG Bin 2023, 60(4): 1003-1010.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2023.04.026 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (1448KB) ( )   【Objective】To design a feed preparation control system in view of the operation requirements of feed weighing and batching in small and medium-sized pastures and the weighing error of feed dynamic weighing by using the neural network PID optimization algorithm to improve the batching accuracy. 【Methods】Siemens S-200 smart PLC was taken as the main control, the feed preparation control system was designed, which led to summary that the control strategy of the existing conventional PID algorithm had the defects of large overshoot and slow convergence, and the local minimization problem was easy to occur in the gradient descent process of BP neural network. A BP neural network PID algorithm with additional momentum term was proposed to reduce the weighing error. 【Results】The BP neural network PID algorithm model based on the gradient descent method of momentum term solved the problem of parameter self-learning tuning, and had more efficient performance in convergence speed and improving overshoot.【Conclusion】The actual verification shows that the batching error is effectively controlled.

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Effects of fermented cotton meal fiber on growth performance, slaughter performance and intestinal morphology of yellow feather broilers YANG Mengqi, NAN Shanshan, ZHANG Xiaoyang, WANG Hailiang, LI Jiacheng, NIU Junli, NIE Cunxi, ZHANG Wenju 2023, 60(4): 1011-1019.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2023.04.027 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (1476KB) ( )   【Objective】This experiment aims to study the effects of adding fermented cottonseed meal fiber (FCMF) to broiler diets on growth performance, slaughter performance and intestinal morphology. 【Methods】120 1-day-old healthy yellow feather broilers were taken and randomly divided them into two groups, namely the control group (CON group) and the test group (FCMF group). They were fed with 1.2% unfermented cottonseed meal dietary fiber and 1.2% fermentation. The diet of dietary fiber from cottonseed meal, 6 replicates in each group, and 10 chickens in each replicate, were kept in separate cages. 【Results】There was no significant difference in the growth performance of the two groups of broilers at each stage (P>0.05). At the age of 35 days, the half evisceration rate of the FCMF group was significantly higher than that of the CON group (P<0.01), and the full evisceration rate increased by 3.63% (P<0.05). At 35 days of age, the duodenal villus hidden ratio (VH/CD) and ileal villi height (VH) of the FCMF group were significantly different from those of the CON group (P<0.05), and the duodenal villus height (VH) was extremely different (P<0.01). At 56 days of age, the ileal VH of the FCMF group was significantly different (P<0.01). 【Conclusion】There are not significant effects on on the growth performance of yellow-finned broiler chickens, but FCMF could improve the full-cleaning and half-cleaning rates of yellow-finned broilers. Meanwhile, they could improve duodenal villus height, duodenal villus crypt ratio and ileal villus height, and promote intestinal morphology development in yellow-feathered broiler chickens.

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Effects of different proportion of grape seeds in diet on intestinal bacterial flora structure of Duolang sheep GAO Fan, MA Zhongjie, XU Guishan, WANG Yan, PENG Wanwan, FENG Xinwei, YUAN Guohong 2023, 60(4): 1020-1027.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2023.04.028 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (1053KB) ( )   【Objective】To explore the effects on the structure of intestinal bacterial flora by adding different ratios of grape seeds to the diet of Duolang sheep. 【Methods】25 Duolang lambs aged (20±1.5) kg at the age of 3 months were selected as experimental animals. According to the experimental requirements, they were randomly divided into 5 groups, 5 in each group in parallel, all of which were fed in a single column. The addition of grape seeds was 0% (control group, group A), 4% (group B), 8% (Group C), 12% (Group D) and 16% (Group E).Pre feeding lasted for 15 days and trial feeding for 90 days. Duodenal chyme was collected after slaughter and the structure of intestinal bacterial flora was analyzed by 16S rRNA sequencing. 【Results】(1)The sequencing coverage of 25 samples was 98.22%-98.82%. There was no significant difference in alpha diversity among groups (P > 0.05).There were 1,038 OTUs in 25 samples. Statistical analysis showed that there was no significant difference between the experimental group and the control group (P > 0.05); (2) The dominant phyla at phylum level were Firmicutes and actinomycetes. The relative abundance of bacteroidetes in group A and group B was significantly higher than those in group C, group D and group E (P < 0.05).(3) Aeriscardovia was the first dominant flora in group A, B, C and E, accounting for the highest proportion, while the first dominant flora in group D was NK3A20 genus of spirillaceae. 【Conclusion】In conclusion, the addition of different proportions of grape seeds in the diet do not affect the intestinal bacterial diversity of Duolang sheep, but affect the abundance of some flora.

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Spatio-temporal variation and regional advantages of cotton production in recent 30 years in China ZHANG Hong, Turxujiang Maimait, ZHANG Shaomin, ZHANG Jungao, ZHOU Xiaoyun 2023, 60(4): 1028-1040.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2023.04.029 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (1651KB) ( )   【Objective】To study the changes of cotton production distribution in China and analyze the characteristics of spatial and temporal changes and regional advantages of cotton production, which will be of important practical significance for more rational allocation of agricultural production resources and formulation of scientific and effective cotton production policies.【Methods】Based on China's total cotton output, sown area, unit yield and other indicators in recent 30 years, this study took the whole country and provinces as research units, comprehensively used statistical tools to analyze the spatial-temporal changes and regional advantages of China's cotton production, and revealed the overall characteristics and regional pattern evolution characteristics of China's cotton production changes.【Results】The results showed that: (1) the interannual variation of total cotton yield since 1990 showed two stages: fluctuating upward period (1991-2007), except for Xinjiang, which increased significantly, most provinces and regions decreased slowly; During the period of fluctuating decline (2008-2020), the cotton areas in the Yellow River Basin and the Yangtze River Basin declined rapidly, and the cotton areas in the northwest inland, especially Xinjiang, increased significantly. (2) China's total cotton output has increased significantly in the past 30 years, from 5.09 × 109 kg to 5.91 × 109 kg, an increase of 16.11%, forming a "southeast→northwest" pattern in space; The change of yield per unit area is similar to that of total yield, and continued to increase nationwide; however, the sown area was different, and the production center of gravity showed a trend of "shifting from east to west" and gradually concentrating to the northwest. (3) In general, the change of the total cotton output in China was dominated by the contribution of the sown area, followed by the interaction, and the yield per unit area was the lowest. Since then, Xinjiang has become the dominant region of cotton production in China.【Conclusion】Over the past 30 years, the sown area of cotton in China has decreased first and then increased, the degree of production concentration has been increasing, the dominant production areas have tended to be stable, and the unit yield has gradually increased. The national production layout of cotton shows that the center of cotton production in China has changed from south to north, and then from north to Northwest (Xinjiang).