Study on Characteristics and Causation of Walnut Withered Leaf Symptom

doi:10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2022.06.019

Abstract

Abstract:

【Objective】 This project aims to study the causation of walnut wihtered leaf symptom in southern Xinjiang. 【Methods】 In this research, an inter-garden survey was carried out on walnut trees with withered leaf symptom. By collecting samples of normal and bad walnut leaves, soil samples from the root area and samples of irrigation water, element content characteristics were determined and element content differences were statistically analyzed. The causes of walnut withered leaf symptom were systematically analyzed combined with meteorological data. 【Results】 The peak period of the incidence of walnut withered leaf symptom was from the end of July to early August, mainly concentrated on both sides of the highway and young trees less than 5 years witnessed serious incidence. There were distinct differences of chlorin ion, natrium ion and magnesium ion between bad leaves and normal leaves. The content of chlorin ion magnesium ion in bad leaves was 37.54, 16.77 g/kg, remarkably higher than normal leaves. The content of magnesium ion in bad leaves was 2.27 g/kg,remarkably lower than normal leaves. The content of phosphorus ion in bad leaves was higher than normal leaves at 0-20, 20-40 cm soil layer, 17.78 and 18.47 mg/kg respectively.The enrichment of chlorin ion and calcium ion in the leaves were not from irrigation water. 【Conclusion】 From the research above, the incidence of walnut withered leaf symptom was mainly caused by the high temperature, arid air and shortage of precipitation in walnut garden. With the strong transpiration and postponed irrigation, the leaves lost water quickly. This has led to the damage of the leaves function and the imbalance of elements proportion, which ultimately caused withered leaf symptom.

Key words: walnut; element; withered; cause; soil

摘要：

【目的】 研究新疆南疆核桃叶片焦枯症特征及成因。【方法】 以叶片焦枯症核桃树为研究对象,调查园间;采集健康树与病树叶片、根区土壤样品和灌溉水样品,测定其元素含量特征,统计元素含量差异;结合气象数据,系统分析核桃叶片焦枯症成因。【结果】 核桃叶片焦枯症发病高峰期为7月底~8月初,主要集中在公路两侧,5年以下幼树发病严重。病树与健康树相比,叶片中Cl^-、Ca²⁺和Mg²⁺含量存在显著差异。病树叶片Cl^-、Ca²⁺含量分别为37.54和16.77 g/kg,显著大于健康树叶片;病树叶片Mg²⁺含量为2.27 g/kg,显著小于健康树叶片。病树土壤中速效磷含量较高,在0~20 cm、20~40 cm土层含量分别为17.78和18.47 mg/kg;叶片中较高含量的Cl^-、Ca²⁺并非来自灌溉水中。【结论】 叶片焦枯症的发病主要是核桃园在高温、干燥和降雨量小的环境下,强烈的蒸腾作用使得叶片快速失水,导致叶片功能受到破坏,元素比例失衡,造成焦枯。

关键词: 核桃, 元素, 焦枯, 成因, 土壤

CLC Number:

S436.64

LI Yuan, PU Shenghai, MA Xiaopeng, ZHANG Jifeng, LI Qingjun. Study on Characteristics and Causation of Walnut Withered Leaf Symptom[J]. Xinjiang Agricultural Sciences, 2022, 59(6): 1475-1481.

李源, 蒲胜海, 马晓鹏, 张计峰, 李青军. 核桃叶片焦枯症特征与成因分析[J]. 新疆农业科学, 2022, 59(6): 1475-1481.

Figures/Tables 8

Table 1 The leaf content of walnut

叶片健康状况 Health condition of leaf	有机质 Organic matter (g/kg)	氮 Nitrogen (g/kg)	磷 Phosphors (g/kg)	钾 Potassium (g/kg)	Cl^- (g/kg)	Ca²⁺ (g/kg)	Mg²⁺ (g/kg)	Na⁺ (g/kg)
焦枯叶片 Withered leaf	371.68^a	20.4^a	1.35^a	12.98^a	37.54^a	16.77^a	2.27^a	0.65^a
健康叶片 Leaves	390.26^a	22.87^a	1.54^a	13.09^a	20.76^b	6.86^b	4.36^b	0.64^a

Table 2 soil nutrient content

	深度 Depth (cm)	有机质 Organic matter (g/kg)	硝态氮 Nitrate nitrogen (mg/kg)	铵态氮 Ammonium nitrogen (mg/kg)	速效磷 Available phosphors (mg/kg)	速效钾 Available potassiu (mg/kg)
焦枯叶片 Withered leaf	0~20	11.84^a	15.51^a	4.73^a	17.78^a	126.55^a
健康叶片 Leaves	0~20	8.91^a	8.67^a	4.56^a	7.37^b	108.931^a
焦枯叶片 Withered leaf	0~20	8.37^a	5.13^a	6.22^a	18.47^a	130.06^a
健康叶片 Leaves	20~40	12.89^a	16.37^a	2.93^a	9.8^b	127.62^a

Table 3 The content of mineral element in soil

	深度 Depth (cm)	pH	HC $O 3 -$ (g/kg)	Cl^- (g/kg)	S $O 4 2 -$ (g/kg)	Ca²⁺ (g/kg)	Mg²⁺ (g/kg)	K⁺ (g/kg)	Na⁺ (g/kg)	总盐 Total salt (g/kg)
焦枯叶片 Withered leaf	0~20	8.42	0.256^a	0.033^a	0.084^a	0.058^a	0.036^a	0.026^a	0.038^a	0.63^a
健康叶片 Leaves	0~20	8.7	0.137^a	0.035^a	0.098^a	0.064^a	0.057^b	0.03^a	0.024^a	0.55^b
焦枯叶片 Withered leaf	20~40	8.7	0.15^a	0.056^a	0.15^a	0.064^a	0.02^a	0.028^a	0.08^a	0.83^a
健康叶片 Leaves	20~40	8.52	0.141^a	0.097^a	0.126^a	0.041^a	0.043^b	0.02^a	0.038^a	0.675^a

Table 3 The content of mineral element in soil

	深度 Depth (cm)	pH	HC $O 3 -$ (g/kg)	Cl^- (g/kg)	S $O 4 2 -$ (g/kg)	Ca²⁺ (g/kg)	Mg²⁺ (g/kg)	K⁺ (g/kg)	Na⁺ (g/kg)	总盐 Total salt (g/kg)
焦枯叶片 Withered leaf	0~20	8.42	0.256^a	0.033^a	0.084^a	0.058^a	0.036^a	0.026^a	0.038^a	0.63^a
健康叶片 Leaves	0~20	8.7	0.137^a	0.035^a	0.098^a	0.064^a	0.057^b	0.03^a	0.024^a	0.55^b
焦枯叶片 Withered leaf	20~40	8.7	0.15^a	0.056^a	0.15^a	0.064^a	0.02^a	0.028^a	0.08^a	0.83^a
健康叶片 Leaves	20~40	8.52	0.141^a	0.097^a	0.126^a	0.041^a	0.043^b	0.02^a	0.038^a	0.675^a

Table 4 The element content in irrigation water

灌溉水类型 Type of irrigation water	pH	C $O 3 2 -$ (g/L)	HC $O 3 -$ (g/L)	Cl^- (g/L)	S $O 4 2 -$ (g/L)	Ca²⁺ (g/L)	Mg²⁺ (g/L)	K⁺ (g/L)	Na⁺ (g/L)	矿化度 (g/L)
渠水 Water	7.87	0	0.06	0.075	0.136	0.058	0.023	0.005	0.06	0.46
井水 Water	7.73	0	0.062	0.044	0.06	0.056	0.009	0.004	0.029	0.247

Table 4 The element content in irrigation water

灌溉水类型 Type of irrigation water	pH	C $O 3 2 -$ (g/L)	HC $O 3 -$ (g/L)	Cl^- (g/L)	S $O 4 2 -$ (g/L)	Ca²⁺ (g/L)	Mg²⁺ (g/L)	K⁺ (g/L)	Na⁺ (g/L)	矿化度 (g/L)
渠水 Water	7.87	0	0.06	0.075	0.136	0.058	0.023	0.005	0.06	0.46
井水 Water	7.73	0	0.062	0.044	0.06	0.056	0.009	0.004	0.029	0.247

Fig.1 Characteristics of withered leaf

Fig.2 The daily in different months

Fig.3 The daily average hours of sunshine

Fig.4 Daily maximum temperatures in July

References 13

[1]	高瑞霞. 新疆沙井子垦区环境因子对核桃焦叶病的影响[D]. 阿拉尔: 塔里木大学, 2017.
	GAO Ruixia. Study on effect of environment factors on disease of walnut leaf scorch in Xinjiang Shajingzi[D]. Alar Tarim University, 2017.
[2]	梁智, 张计峰, 井然, 等. 土壤及叶面调控对核桃“叶片焦枯病”的防控效果[J]. 新疆农业科学, 2014, 51(9):1652-1657.
	LIANG Zhi, ZHANG Jifeng, JING Ran, et al. The Prevention Effect of Soil and Foliar Regulation on “Leaf Margin Scorch Disease” of Walnut[J]. Xinjiang Agricultural Sciences, 2014, 51(9): 1652-1657.
[3]	梁智, 张计峰, 井然, 等. 核桃“叶缘焦枯”生理病害调控技术[J]. 新疆农业科技, 2014,(1):19-20.
	LIANG Zhi, ZHANG Jifeng, JING Ran, et al. physiological disease adjusting technology on “Leaf Margin Scorch Disease” of Walnut[J]. Xinjiang Agricultural Science and Technology, 2014,(1):19-20.
[4]	张计峰, 梁智, 邹耀湘, 等. 新疆南疆核桃叶缘焦枯病成因分析研究[J]. 新疆农业科学, 2012, 49(7):91-95.
	ZHANG Jifeng, LIANG Zhi, ZOU Yaoxiang, et al. Study on Causation of walnut withered leaf symptom in southern Xinjiang[J]. Xinjiang Agricultural Sciences, 2012, 49(7):91-95.
[5]	周玲玲, 王晓炜, 蒋萍. 阿克苏核桃生产园链格孢菌核桃叶枯病的诊断[J]. 中国林副特产, 2015,(5):13-15.
	ZHOU Linlin, WANG Xiaowei, JIANG Pin, et al. Identification of Alternaria alternata Leaf Spot of Juglans regia L.in Aksu Orchards[J]. Forest By-Product and Specialty in China, 2015(5):13-15.
[6]	韩敏, 蒋萍. 核桃叶斑病病原菌的分子鉴定[J]. 新疆农业科学, 2015,(1):91-96.
	HAN Min, JIANG Pin. Identification of the Pathogens of Walnut Leaf Spot Disease[J]. Xinjiang Agricultural Sciences, 2015,(1):91-96.
[7]	李源, 马文强, 朱占江, 等. 新疆核桃产业发展现状及对策建议[J]. 农学学报, 2019,(7):80-86.
	LI Yuan, MA Wenqiang, ZHU Zhangjiang, et al. The Current Situation of the Walnut Industry and Development Strategies in Xinjiang[J]. Journal of Agriculture, 2019,(7):80-86.
[8]	许志刚. 普通植物病理学[M]. 北京: 中国农业出版社, 2003.
	XU Zhigang. General Plant Pathology[M]. Beijing: China Agriculture Press, 2003.
[9]	蒯传化, 刘三军, 吴国良. 葡萄日灼病阂值温度及主要影响因子分析[J]. 园艺学报, 2009, 36 (8):1093-1098.
	KUAI Chuanhua, LIU Sanjun, WU Guoliang, et al. Analysis of the Main Factors and Threshold Temperature on Vitis Berry Sunburn[J]. Acta Horticulturae Sinica, 2009, 36 (8):1093-1098.
[10]	李长存. 山楂果实日烧的发生与综合防治[J]. 河北农业科技, 1993, 1(6): 27.
	LI Changcun. Occurrence and prevention of fruit sunburn of hawthorn[J]. Hebei Agricultural Science and Technology, 1993, 1(6): 27.
[11]	刘新华, 虎胆·吐马尔白, 焦萍. 荒漠区绿洲滴灌核桃耗水规律与产量研究[J]. 水利科学与寒区工程, 2019, 2(6):31-36.
	LIU Xinhua, Hudan Tumarday, JIAO Ping. Study on water consumption and yield of adult under drip irrigation in desert oasis[J]. Hydro Science And Cold Zone Engineering, 2019, 2(6):31-36.
[12]	赵付勇. 南疆滴灌核桃树茎流变化特征及需水规律的研究[D]. 乌鲁木齐: 新疆农业大学, 2016.
	ZHAO Fuyong. Study on stew flow characteristics and the water requirement law of Walnut tree stem in Xinjiang under drip irrigation[D]. Urumqi: Xinjiang Agricultural University, 2016.
[13]	傅玉瑚, 程福厚, 陈敬谊, 等. 杏树叶片焦边病的初步研究[J]. 河北果树, 1992,(1):19-23.
	FU Yuhu, CHEN Fuhou, CHEN Jinyi, et al. Study on Causation of almond withered leaf[J]. Hebei Fruits, 1992,(1):19-23.

[1]	ZHU Yujie, LIN Ling, TANG Guangmu, ZHANG Yunshu, XU Wanli. Effect of modified cotton straw charcoal on ammonia volatilization characteristics of nitrogen fertilizer in grey desert soils of Xinjiang [J]. Xinjiang Agricultural Sciences, 2023, 60(9): 2128-2137.
[2]	XI Li, LI Siyao, XIA Xiaoying, CHEN Yuwen, LI Lin, WANG Jie, MA Xiaolong, Mierzhati Kenijialimu, Aliye Maimaiti, WANG Weixia. Study on soil nutrient characteristics of Picea schrenkiana var. Tianschanica forest with different canopy densities [J]. Xinjiang Agricultural Sciences, 2023, 60(9): 2216-2222.
[3]	MA Mingjie, ZHAO Jinghua, LI Dongmin, YANG Shengchun, WANG Kexian, LI Chi. Effects of alflfa different irrigation methods on soil moisture and irrigation water use efficiency [J]. Xinjiang Agricultural Sciences, 2023, 60(9): 2306-2313.
[4]	LI Xueling, GUO Junxian, CHEN Li, SONG Heling, ZHANG Zhong. Effects of Different Film Mulching Width on Cotton Farmland Environment [J]. Xinjiang Agricultural Sciences, 2023, 60(8): 1840-1847.
[5]	WANG Ping, KONG Na, PAN Yan, SUN Xiping, XU Bin, ZHANG Ting. Effects of chlorine dioxide fumigation treatments on the storage of fresh walnuts [J]. Xinjiang Agricultural Sciences, 2023, 60(8): 1940-1949.
[6]	PU Min, RUAN Xiangyang, XIAO Lele, SUO Changkai, CHEN Guoyong, YE Jun, GAO Bo. Effect of citric acid soluble calcium magnesium fertilizer on calcium and magnesium absorption and quality of processing tomato [J]. Xinjiang Agricultural Sciences, 2023, 60(8): 1987-1995.
[7]	WANG Yan, WU Xingbao, QIN Xinhui, ZHANG Yongjiu, YANG Li, ZHAO Halin. Ecological stoichiometry of soil carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus in farmland salinization in arid oasis [J]. Xinjiang Agricultural Sciences, 2023, 60(8): 1996-2005.
[8]	XU Jing, SHI Shubing, QIN Xiaogang, ZHU Jun. Walnut forests intercropping saffron on Its soil microorganism's dynamic change in quantity study [J]. Xinjiang Agricultural Sciences, 2023, 60(8): 2022-2027.
[9]	LI Zhiqiang, CHEN Yudong, LYU Guanghui, WANG Jinlong, JIANG Lamei, WANG Hengfang, LI Hanpeng, ZHANG Lei. Soil water-salt response characteristics and ecological strategies for functional traits of desert herbaceous plants [J]. Xinjiang Agricultural Sciences, 2023, 60(8): 2038-2045.
[10]	LIN Ling, ZHU Yujie, FENG Lei, TANG Guangmu, ZHANG Yunshu, XU Wanli. Features of aged cotton stalk charcoal and its effect on ammonia volatilization from sand soil [J]. Xinjiang Agricultural Sciences, 2023, 60(7): 1580-1588.
[11]	LIANG Zhiguo, WANG Zepeng, JIA Songnan, FAN Fengcui, LIU Shengyao, ZHANG Zhe, DU Fenghuan, QIN Yong. Effects of different soil moisture on growth, yield, quality and water use efficiency of greenhouse eggplant [J]. Xinjiang Agricultural Sciences, 2023, 60(7): 1713-1721.
[12]	CHEN Yihuang, XING Li, DONG Zhenzhen, MA Xiaomei, HUANG Jianjun, LUO Xiaoxia. Isolation and antagonistic activity screening of Actinomycetes from rhizosphere soil of Tamarix [J]. Xinjiang Agricultural Sciences, 2023, 60(7): 1790-1797.
[13]	LAI Ning, GENG Qinglong, LI Yongfu, LI Na, XIN Huinan, BU Shengbing, CHEN Shuhuang. Effects of organic manure application combined with chemical fertilizer on yield, nitrogen, phosphorus uptake and utilization, and soil fertility of the extremely-late winter sown wheat [J]. Xinjiang Agricultural Sciences, 2023, 60(6): 1335-1343.
[14]	LUO Siwei, JIA Yonghong, ZHANG Jinshan, WANG Kai, LI Dandan, WANG Runqi, DONG Yanxue, SHI Shubing. Effects of drip irrigation capillary spacing and emitter spacing on the spatial distribution of soil water, root morphology and yield of uniformly sown winter wheat [J]. Xinjiang Agricultural Sciences, 2023, 60(6): 1344-1352.
[15]	CAO Yijie, Aishajiang maimaiti, Xianmisiya Tayifu, SHI Zhiyong, Yusufu Abulitifu. Comparison of fruit stalk difference between different types of Korla fragrant pear [J]. Xinjiang Agricultural Sciences, 2023, 60(6): 1442-1450.