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20 June 2022, Volume 59 Issue 6 Previous Issue    Next Issue
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Crop Genetics and Breeding·Cultivation Physiology·Physiology and Biochemistry
Soil Fertilizer·Horiculural Special Local Products·Storage and Preservation Procssing·Germplasm Resources
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Crop Genetics and Breeding·Cultivation Physiology·Physiology and Biochemistry

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Correlation between Leaf Morphological Indexes and Defoliation Regularity of Early-maturing Upland Cotton Varieties MA Xiaomei, LI Baocheng, DONG Chengguan, ZHOU Xiaofeng, WANG Xin, TIAN Qin, ZHAO Suqing, WANG Gang 2022, 59(6): 1301-1311.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2022.06.001 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (1272KB) ( )   【Objective】 The aim of this study is to provide a theoretical basis for selecting early-maturing machine-picked cotton varieties with excellent defoliation effect.【Method】 Multiple linear regression analyses, correlation analysis, and other comparisons were executed on experimental data using EXCEL 2007, ORIGIN and SPSS21.0 software. Phenotypic traits of different types of leaves and various individual plants under different canopy conditions were studied. The relationship between the leaf shedding rate of different types of leaves was clarified by regression analysis, and the important factors affecting the leaf shedding rate of a single plant were found. 【Results】 The abscission rate of main stem leaf, fruit spur leaf and leafy shoot leaf was significantly different among different cultivars.There was a significant negative correlation between the number of main stem leaf and abscission rate, but no significant correlation between the number of other types of leaves and leaf phenotypic traits and abscission rate.The main stem leaf had the fastest response to defoliating agent, while the leaf of leafy shoot had the slowest response.The peak of defoliation of fruit spur leaf appeared in the middle defoliation, and the peak of defoliation of main stem leaf and the leaf of leafy shoot appeared in the late defoliation. The defoliation rate of main stem leaf was stable, and the fitting regression equation was Y=0.101-0.804X1-0.663X2 (R2=0.740, P < 0.01).The defoliation rate of fruit spur leaf showed a "slow-fast-slow" trend, and the fitting regression equation was Y=0.110-0.686X1-0.789 X2(R2=0.887, P < 0.01). The leaf of leafy shoot could not be fitted to the equation.【Conclusion】 The defoliation rate per plant is negatively correlated with the number of leaves in the main stem. The leaf of leafy shoot is important factors in defoliation effect.The defoliation rate of the main stem leaf and the leaf of fruit spur was greatly affected by the characteristics of the variety itself, which had predictability and could be fitted with the equation.The defoliation rate of the leaf of leafy shoot is not only affected by the variety itself, but also by other factors, so the equation cannot be fitted.

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Comparative Analysis of Gene Expression between Giza 75 and SG 747 Using Cotton Oligonucleotide Microarrays during Fiber Development SONG Jikun, XIN Yue, LI Longyun, LIU Guoyuan, PEI Wenfeng, MA Jianjiang, QU Yanying, YU Jiwen, WU Man 2022, 59(6): 1312-1330.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2022.06.002 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (1081KB) ( )   【Objective】 High-throughput gene chip analysis is performed using upland cotton with wide adaptability and high yield and sea island cotton with excellent fiber quality, aiming to screen and identify key genes involved in cotton fiber development. 【Methods】 The upland cotton SG747 (Gossypium hirsutum L.) and Egyptian cotton Giza75 (G. barbadense L.) were used as experimental materials. The Affymetrix Cotton Gene Chip was then used to perform a transcriptome analysis in developing fibers (10 Days after anthesis, DPA). 【Results】 The 3,905 transcripts obtained showed 2-fold or higher levels of expression changes between the two materials. Clustering analysis of these DE genes by Clusters of Orthologous Groups database was performed, which revealed that many genes were related to general function prediction (17.80%), translation, ribosomal structure and biogenesis (16.82%), posttranslational modification (14.32%). According to qRT-PCR analysis, it was speculated that Gra.2198.1.A1_at positively regulated cotton fiber development and Gra.85.1.S1_at, Ghi.249.1.A1_at, Ghi.8448.1.S1_x_at negatively regulated cotton fiber development, and the above genes might be involved in the development of cotton fiber. 【Conclusion】 We screened and identified four key candidate genes related to fiber development by using upland cotton and sea island cotton gene chips combined with qRT-PCR.

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Preliminary Study on the Embryogenic Callus Culture System of Xinjiang Island Cotton (G. barbadense L. ) YANG Jing, WANG Weiran, WANG Meng, ZHU Jiahui, NING Xinmin, Alifu Aierxi, MIN Ling, KONG Jie 2022, 59(6): 1321-1329.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2022.06.003 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (2227KB) ( )   【Objective】 To explore the callus culture system of different materials of Xinjiang island cotton and to select variety with strong regeneration ability.【Method】 With 105 accessions taken as research materials, hypodermal axis was cocultured with modified MS media, callus differentiation was induced in the 2,4-d-induced medium. After that, the conversion effect was verified by immersion-mediated red fluorescent protein.【Result】 The proliferation rate of the callus in island cotton was related to different genotype. The improved MS co-medium and 2,4-D induction medium could be effective for the co-culture and embryogenic callus proliferation of Xinjiang island cotton. The appropriate culture time was 4 months for callus proliferation, and long time was not benefit for proliferation. Callus proliferation speed was positively correlated with the conversion rate, showing the material had a higher conversion rate of red fluorescent protein with the fast proliferation. Altogether, two island cotton accessions with fast multiplication and good conversion rate were selected. 【Conclusion】 In this study, the embryogenic callus culture system and identification method of Xinjiang island cotton are initially established, island cotton materials that have 9 good callus proliferation are screened out and that can be effectively transformed.

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Study on the Distribution of HMW-GS in New Breeding (Lines) of Xinjiang Spring Wheat SHI Jia, WANG Zhong, LI Jianfeng, GAO xin, ZHANG Hongzhi, WANG Lihong, WANG Cunsheng, ZHANG Yueqiang, FAN Zheru, CHEN Xunji 2022, 59(6): 1330-1337.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2022.06.004 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (717KB) ( )   【Objective】 The high molecular weight wheat gluten subunite (HMW-GS) plays an important role in regulating the quality of wheat processing. This project aims to understand the difference in the composition of HMW-GS of Xinjiang spring wheat and introduced CIMMYT materials in the hope of providing a basis for spring wheat hybrid selection in Xinjiang.【Method】 SDS-PAGE electrophoresis technology was used to analyze the composition and distribution frequency of HMW-GS in 192 materials of spring wheat in Xinjiang.【Result】 The results showed that 13 HMW-GS alleles were detected in the test materials, with the highest Null subunit frequency (64.06%) of the Glu-A1 site allele, followed by 1 subunit (21.35%) and 2 subunit (14.58%). The Glu-B1 site allele variant type was the most abundant, with sub-base frequency order of 7 + 8 (39.58%) >7 (17.19%) > 7 + 9 (13.54%) > 17 + 18 (11.46%) >22 (9.38%)> 13+16 (7.29%) > 6+8 (1.04%) > 14+15 (0.52%); The Glu-D1 bit detection frequency of 2 plus 12(49.48%) and 5 plus 10(50.52%) was close. The high-quality sub-base ratio of Glu-A1, Glu-B1 and Glu-D1 sites was shown in the introduction of CIMMYT materials > spring wheat varieties (series) in Xinjiang.【Conclusion】 All HMW-GS formed a total of 32 sub-base combinations, the average quality score was divided into 7.04 points, of which the new varieties (departments) of Xinjiang spring wheat cultivated in recent years showed a higher quality score of 8.12 points, significantly higher than the introduction of CIMMYT material quality average score of 6.09 points. There were 25 materials scored at 10 and 90 materials scored above 8.

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Effects of Planting Densities on Grain Filling and Grain Yield of Uniformly Sown Winter Wheat CHEN Meng, LIANG Xueqi, LI Ling, ZHANG Li, CHEN Guodong, WU Quanzhong, ZHAI Yunlong 2022, 59(6): 1338-1346.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2022.06.005 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (942KB) ( )   【Objective】 In order to explore the effects of planting density on the grain filling characteristics and yield of evenly planted winter wheat. 【Method】 Two different panicle type varieties of multi-panicle type Xindong 22 (A1) and large-panicle type Xindong 50 (A2) were taken as materials, with the planting densities of 123×104, 156×104, 204×104, 278×104, 400×104 plant/hm2, Logistic equation was fitted to simulate the grain filling process, and the wheat grain filling parameters were analyzed.【Result】 The results showed that the fitting decision coefficients of different panicles were all above 0.996 which could accurately reflect the filling process. With the increase of planting density and the reducing of plant spacing, the grain yield and the grain filling rate of different panicle varieties at the filling stage showed a decreasing trend. The 1,000 grains weight of wheat was positively correlated with the maximum and average filling rate. The grain yield was positively correlated with the grain filling, whereas, it was not significantly correlated with the duration of grain filling. 【Conclusion】 Under the condition of uniform sowing, the suitable planting density of multi-panicle type Xindong 22 is 156×104 plants per ha, and that of large-panicle type Xindong 50 is 278×104 plants per ha.

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Analysis of Rice Quality Traits of Different Japonica Rice Varieties (Lines) Buhaliqem Abliz, YUAN Jie, ZHANG Yanhong, ZHAO Zhiqiang, WEN Xiaorong, JIA Chunping, KANG Mintai, TANG Fusen, WANG Fengbin 2022, 59(6): 1347-1355.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2022.06.006 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (796KB) ( )   【Objective】 This project aims to study the rice quality differences of different japonica rice varieties (lines), improve rice quality and screen out high-quality japonica rice varieties (lines) in Xinjiang.【Methods】 Sixteen japonica rice varieties (lines) were used as tested materials to determine the main quality traits, and the differences of quality traits among different japonica rice varieties (lines) were evaluated by correlation, principal component and cluster analysis.【Results】 Significant differences were observed in rice quality traits among the tested sixteen japonica rice varieties (lines), the variation coefficient of rice quality ranged from 1.5% to 140.0%, among which the minimum variation coefficient of brown rice rate was 1.5%, and the maximum variation coefficient of chalky degree was 140.0%. The chalkiness degree was significantly positively correlated with the chalkiness rate, and there was also significant correlation between brown rice rate and milled rice rate, and principal component analysis showed that Xindao 56 scored the highest, which was 2.233,7, and Xindao 50 the lowest, which was -1.716,5. The cluster analysis showed that the quality of japonica rice varieties (lines) of group Ⅲ was better than that of group Ⅱ, and there was a greater difference between group I and high quality rice.【Conclusion】 Among the sixteen japonica rice varieties (lines), Xindao 56 has the best quality and Xindao 50 the worst quality. Reducing the chalky degree and chalky rate may be the key research direction to improve the japonica rice quality in Xinjiang.

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Analysis on Growth and Photosynthetic Characteristics of Oil and Medicine Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) Germplasm Resources in Xinjiang HOU Xianfei, LU Min, LIANG Hong, ZHAO Runhuai, WANG Yue, JIA Donghai, GU Yuanguo, LI Qiang, MIAO Haocui, Mayila Yusuyin, WANG Shiqing 2022, 59(6): 1356-1372.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2022.06.007 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (1928KB) ( )   【Objective】 To provide to a scientific and reliable basis for the efficient utilization of Xinjiang safflower by clearly dividing the test materials through a comprehensive analysis of the growth, development and photosynthetic characteristics of 22 Xinjiang oil-medicine safflower germplasm resources in different pilots.【Methods】 Experiments were conducted in Urumqi and Qitai County in Xinjiang to record the growth and development period of safflower at the initial flowering stage, LA-S (Wanshen) plant leaf analysis system was used to determine the leaf area and leaf color of the test materials, and the SPAD502 ChlorophyⅡ Meter and Li-6400 portable photosynthesis meter were employed to determine the leaf chlorophyll and photosynthetic indicators.After maturity, the main agronomic traits were determined, and the test materials were divided by principal component analysis and cluster analysis.【Result】 The materials tested showed big differences in the different experimental growth periods, the growth period in Qitai was increased significantly, with an average growth period of 132 d, the average in Urumqi growth period was 94 d.The same test material showed the same pattern in different pilots, and the leaf shape was quite different.The average perimeter of the tested materials in Qitai was larger than that of Urumqi, and the average length/width was smaller than that of Urumqi, and the leaves were darker in color.Co-variance analysis found that, between the tested pilot plant yield materials were not significant, but the significant difference was found between varieties; There were significant differences in the interaction of other main traits among pilots, varieties, and pilot × varieties, environmental factors were also the main factors causing the variation of safflower agronomic traits, and the test results were significant.In photosynthetic characteristics, the chlorophyll contents in the leaves of the tested materials in Qitai at the initial flowering stage were higher than those of Urumqi, mainly because the temperature in Qitai was lower than that in Urumqi, which was more suitable for the growth of safflower.In Qitai the net photosynthetic rate, leaf stomatal conductance, and photosynthetic water use efficiency of leaves at the initial flowering stage were significantly higher than those in Urumqi, while the leaf transpiration rate was significantly lower.The material between different types of white flower net photosynthetic rate significantly was higher than that of the red flower, stomatal conductance of white flower material was 0.013-0.033, red flower material was 0.114-0.196, and leaf stomatal conductance of red flower was 5-8 times that white flower.Photosynthetic water use efficiency of 20B040, 20B050, 20B051 in Qitai were 50.64, 58.34, 67.67, and belonged to the white flower type, but the red flower type was lower in the two pilots, among which the Urumqi pilot was 0.67-2.37, and the Qitai was 2.03-4.71.Principal component analysis and cluster analysis found that the test materials could be divided into 4 categories, among which the third category was 20B050, 20H006, 20B007, 20H046, 20B040, 2 red flowers and 3 white flowers, this type of material had good comprehensive properties and ecological adaptability.The fourth category was 20H009, 20B051, 20B025, 20B001, 20B008, and 20B062, including 1 red flower and 5 white flowers.These materials had the highest scores for photosynthetic characteristics and better comprehensive properties.【Conclusion】 The safflower resource for both oil and medicine in Xinjiang is suitable for planting at an altitude of 600-1,600 m.The growth period is about 130 d, the plant height is 77.33-116.67 cm, and the leaves are darker at the initial flowering stage.Among the tested materials, red flower 20H009, white flower 20B051, 20B025, 20B001, 20B008, 20B062 have the highest photosynthetic characteristics factor scores and greatest comprehensive traits, which can be used as excellent breeding materials.

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Screening of High Polymorphism SSR Primers for Classification of Heterosis Group in Maize (Zea mays L.) BA Aili, YANG Jing, JIA Feiyun, FAN Miaomiao, ZHANG Ran, LI Youyong 2022, 59(6): 1373-1383.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2022.06.008 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (1742KB) ( )   【Objective】 Screening of High Polymorphism SSR Primers for Classification of Heterosis Group in Maize (Zea mays L.).【Method】 A total of 160 pairs of SSR primers, including the core primers used in the past, which evenly distributed on 10 linkaged groups in maize, were selected, and then were amplified in DNA of 104 inbred lines.And then, based on the PIC values of the primers and their distribution on chromosome, 40 pairs, 30 pairs, 20 pairs and 10 pairs of high polymorphic primers were taken to establish 4 sets of new primer systems to classify the 104 inbred lines.【Result】 (1) Of the 160 pairs of primers, 63 were highly polymorphic, in which the highest PIC value was 0.762 that were close to or higher than that of core primers used in the past.The core SSR commonly used in the past retained only about 40% of the 63 primers.(2) In the 4 sets of primer systems, the classification of 40 pairs and 30 pairs of primer system were highly consistent with the groups of inbred lines.20 pairs of system were 90.5% consistent with that of 40 pairs of primers, and the system of 10 pairs of primers were only 81.0% consistent.(3) When 40 pairs of primers were used to classify 104 inbred lines, five groups were distinguished, that is, Reid, improved Reid, Lancaster, improved Huang and Lvda-Red-Cob, respectively, which was consistent with the heterotic groups used in our country at present.In each group, the most big distantly sub-group from main group consisted of the inbred lines derived from the hybridization between different groups.(4) Population genetic structure component of representative inbred lines of each group was single structure component, and the lines of subgroup were multi structure component.【Conclusion】 The decrease of polymorphism of some SSR primers was observed in the new inbred lines. The new system established by 40 pairs of primers has accurate classification function and could be directly applied to group classification.For the system of 20 pairs of primers, its accuracy is slightly lower, but its workload is halved, which is useful in the preliminary classification of batch inbred lines.

Soil Fertilizer·Horiculural Special Local Products·Storage and Preservation Procssing·Germplasm Resources

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Effects of Nitrogen Fertilizer Distribution Ratios on Drip Irrigation Upland Rice Yield and Nitrogen Use Efficiency CHU Xuan, SUO Changkai, WANG Luxia, YE Jun, MIN Wei, HOU Zhenan 2022, 59(6): 1384-1391.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2022.06.009 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (1110KB) ( )   【Objective】 To study the effect of nitrogen fertilizer application ratios on the yield, quality and nitrogen use efficiency of upland rice in the hope of providing a theoretical basis for the rational application of nitrogen fertilizer for upland rice.【Method】 In this experiment, a plot test was carried out, and four treatments were set, respectively: (1) control (no nitrogen fertilizer was applied); (2) The distribution ratio of nitrogen fertilizer was tiller fertilizer: panicle fertilizer = 2∶8; (3) The distribution ratio of nitrogen fertilizer was tiller fertilizer: panicle fertilizer = 6∶4; (4) The distribution ratio of nitrogen fertilizer was tiller fertilizer: panicle fertilizer = 8∶2; The nitrogen application amounts were all 120 kg/hm2, respectively expressed by: CK, N (2∶8), N (6∶4) and N (8∶2).【Results】 The yield under N (6:4) treatment increased by 17.2% and 13.7%, respectively, compared with that under N (2∶8) and N (8∶2) treatment.Compared with N (2∶8) and N (8∶2) treatments, the yield of N (6∶4) treatment increased by 31.9% and 23.4%, respectively, and the yield of N (6∶4) treatment with partial productivity increased by 17.2% and 13.7%, respectively.In terms of processing quality, nitrogen application significantly reduced the white rice rate and the whole white rice rate, but increased the brown rice rate.The protein content of rice could be significantly increased by increasing the proportion of ear fertilizer, which was beneficial to the nutritional quality of rice.【Conclusion】 Under the same nitrogen application level, the yield and rice quality of upland rice can be significantly increased and the nitrogen use efficiency of upland rice can be improved when the ratio of nitrogen fertilizer is tiller fertilizer∶panicle fertilizer = 6∶4.

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Effects of Nitrogen Supply Level on Nitrogen Absorption and Distribution and Nitrogen Efficiency of Different Cotton Varieties under Hydroponic Condition LIANG Yue, QI Furong, SONG Haiying, CHEN Bolang, LIU Meijuan, TANG Xuexia, HOU Tianyu 2022, 59(6): 1392-1400.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2022.06.010 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (2011KB) ( )   【Objective】 To explore the nitrogen absorption and distribution and nitrogen efficiency in the early growth period of cotton which might be helpful to the distribution of basic and topdressing nitrogen fertilizer and the improvement of nitrogen utilization rate in cotton production.【Methods】 Xinluzao 45 and Xinluzao 48 were used as materials and cultured in nutrient solution, treatments consisted of six N levels in nutrient solution(0, 7.5, 10, 15, 17.5 and 30 mmol/L, represented by N0, N7.5, N10, N15, N17.5 and N30 respectively), plants were harvested after 43 days of growth in nutrient solution.After that, the dry matter accumulation, nitrogen concentration, accumulation and absorption efficiency, nitrogen use efficiency and phosphorus and potassium accumulation of cotton organs were measured.【Results】 The dry matter accumulation, whole plant nitrogen concentration, accumulation, shoot nitrogen concentration nitrogen absorption efficiency, phosphorus and potassium accumulation of cotton seedlings increased first and then decreased with the increase of nitrogen concentration; the root shoot ratio and nitrogen use efficiency decreased with the increase of nitrogen concentration.Nitrogen level at 17.5 mmol/L significantly increased the dry matter mass of roots and shoots, but the root shoot ratio of cotton was reduced.17.5 mmol/L of nitrogen significantly increased the nitrogen concentration, accumulation and absorption efficiency of cotton, as well as the accumulation of phosphorus and potassium, but decreased the utilization efficiency of nitrogen.The indexes of Xinluzao 48 were significantly higher than that of Xinluzao 45.【Conclusion】 The nitrogen concentration in the nutrient solution which is most helpful for the growth of cotton seedling is 17.5 mmol/L.Xinluzao 48 of type Ⅰ fruit branch grows stronger than Xinluzao 45 of type Ⅱ fruit branch.

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Study on the Supply of Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potassium Nutrients of Arable Land in Xinjiang MA Weidong, CHEN Yinghua, WANG Fei, WEI Changzhou 2022, 59(6): 1401-1408.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2022.06.011 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (1148KB) ( )   【Objective】 Through the study of soil nutrient supply in Xinjiang, this paper aims to further provide basic data for the evaluation of arable land quality.【Method】 This paper collected soil nutrient supply data documented literature from 2000 to 2019 in Xinjiang, combining data created “3414” plan by the National Soil Testing Fertilization Formula Action and “3 plots experiments”, to explore soil N, P, K supply capacity in Xinjiang.Soil nutrient supply capacity was calculated by blank treatment in “3414” plan or “3 plots experiments” because nutrient contained in crops was fully from soil in these treatments.Soil available N, P, K contents were also compared with results of the 2nd National Soil Survey.【Results】 (1) The average nitrogen (N) supply of soil at present stage was 199.50 kg/hm2, the average phosphorus (P2O5) supply was 90.33 kg/hm2, the average potassium (K2O) supply of soil was 204.34 kg/hm2, the dependence rates of crops on soil nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium were: 59.92%, 67.00%, 73.96%.In recent 20 years (2000-2019), soil nitrogen supply showed a trend of first decrease and then increase, soil phosphorus supply showed a progressively increasing trend.The potassium supply of soil showed an increasing- decreasing pattern.(2) Since the second soil census, the content of alkali-hydrolyzed nitrogen (except Tacheng Prefecture region and Ili Kazak Autonomous Prefecture) and rapidly-available phosphorus in soil have all increased and the content of available potassium in soil decreased.【Conclusion】 At present, the soil nitrogen supply in the three major areas of Xinjiang is the highest in east part, followed by northern part; The soil phosphorus supply is the highest in east part and the lowest in southern part; and the soil potassium supply is the highest in southern area and the lowest in eastern area.The contents of alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen and available phosphorus in arable soil in Xinjiang are showing an increasing trend, while the content of soil available potassium decreased obviously.In order to obtain better economic benefits, environmentally friendly agriculture and the maximum efficiency of resource utilization.

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Photosynthetic Characteristics and Yield Response to Water Content of Apple under Close Planting on Dwarf Rootstocks in Southern Xinjiang CAO Hui, WANG Hongbo, ZHANG Nan, WANG Xingpeng 2022, 59(6): 1409-1417.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2022.06.012 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (1605KB) ( )   【Objective】 To explore the influence of irrigation amount on the photosynthetic characteristics, yield and water use efficiency of southern Xinjiang short-stock dense apple.【Method】 5-year-old Royal Gala was taken as the test tree species, conventional irrigation orchard as the control treatment (CK), and the irrigation quota was 5.14 mm, a total of 5 irrigation quotas were set, namely W1 (13.5 mm), W2 (18 mm), W3 (22.5 mm), W4 (27 mm) and W5 (31.5 mm) to analyze the response mechanism of apple photosynthetic characteristics, yield and water use efficiency to water.【Result】 The daily changes of net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance and transpiration rate of apples under different irrigation amounts all showed a single-peak curve, and reached the peak at 10:00, while the intercellular CO2 concentration changed in the opposite way, showing an inverted "V" type, at the minimum at 10:00.At the same time, the daily average value of photosynthetic index showed a trend of first increasing and then decreasing with the increase of irrigation amount.The net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, and transpiration rate were all the highest in W4 treatment, followed by W3 treatment.Compared with CK, W3 treatment, and W4 treatment, the leaf instantaneous water use efficiency increased by 5.06% and 3.37% respectively; the apple yield increased first and then decreased with the increase of irrigation amount, W4 treatment had the highest yield, but it was not significantly different from W3 treatment, increased by 17.01% and 14.94%, respectively compared with CK, and the irrigation water use efficiency increased by 7.23% and 26.33% respectively compared with CK.【Conclusion】 Therefore, considering the photosynthetic characteristics, yield and water use efficiency of apples, the irrigation quota is 472.5 mm and the irrigation frequency is 21 times, the yield of apples is higher, which can save 9.06% of irrigation water compared with conventional irrigation orchards, so it can be used as an irrigation guidance scheme for 5a Royal Gala apples in southern Xinjiang.

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Screening Differentially Expressed Proteins in Response to Salt Stress of Tomato Leaves Based on TMT and PRM Techniques WANG Qiang, LIU Huifang, HAN Hongwei, ZHUANG Hongmei, WANG Baike, WANG Juan, YANG Tao, WANG Hao, QIN Yong 2022, 59(6): 1418-1428.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2022.06.013 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (1645KB) ( )   【Objective】 Salt stress is one of the key abiotic stresses that cause yield loss and quality decline of tomato.Therefore, it is of great significance to reveal the molecular mechanism of tomato salt tolerance. 【Methods】 In this study, tomato salt-tolerant introduction system IL-7-5-5 and tomato salt-sensitive M82 were used as test materials, and isotope relative labeling and absolute quantification (TMT) technology were combined with quantitative parallel reaction monitoring (PRM) technology.The proteomics of leaves of tomato seedlings under 200 mM salt stress for 12 h were studied to screen out potential target proteins with significant salt stress response.【Results】 (1)A total of 286 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) were identified.Under salt stress, 191 DEPs were identified by IL-7-5-5, of which 119 were up-regulated and 72 down-regulated.157 DEPs were identified in M82, of which 84 were up-regulated and 73 down-regulated.Venn diagram analysis showed that 129 and 95 differential proteins were specific to IL-7-5-5 and M82, respectively.There were 62 differentially expressed proteins, among which 28 were up-regulated in IL-7-5-5 and M82, and 15 were down-regulated, showing consistent response to salt stress.Among the 19 differentially expressed proteins, 5 proteins were down-regulated in ST and up-regulated in SS, and 14 differentially expressed proteins were up-regulated in ST and down-regulated in SS; (2) The proteomic analysis showed that the GO enrichment tomato had strong salt reactive protein type induction ability, mainly related to metabolic process, single-tissue processes, and cellular processes and the cellular composition mainly involved cells, organelles, molecular compounds and membrane. And gene ontology revealed that these differential proteins were mainly involved in the regulation of catalytic activity, bound with molecular function,.(3) PRM validation results of 11 significantly different proteins showed the same trend as TMT quantitative results.Differential proteins included A0A3Q7E8T9, A0A3Q7EK65, A0A3Q7FY19, A0A3Q7G430, A0A3Q7ITH0, A0A3Q7J1Y7, P05116, Q43779, A0A3Q7F8W6,A0A3Q7GKU3 and A0A3Q7J0Z4, which might be potential target proteins for salt tolerance of tomato seedlings. 【Conclusion】 In this study, TMT combined with PRM technology was used to screen out differentially expressed proteins in tomato seedlings responding to salt stress, which could lay a foundation for further understanding of the molecular regulatory mechanism of tomato seedlings responding to salt stress.

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Study of Explosion Puffing Drying Process for Xinjiang Thick-Skin Melon Chipsat Pressure Difference XU Mingqiang, MENG Yina, ZHANG Ting, MA Yan, MENG Xintao, ZOU Shuping, ZHANG Qian 2022, 59(6): 1429-1437.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2022.06.014 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (2239KB) ( )   【Objective】 To study the pressure difference puffing and drying process of Xinjiang thick-skin melon crisps to obtain better quality Xinjiang thick-skin melon chips.【Method】 A three-factor quadratic regression rotation combination design was adopted to optimize the explosion puffing drying process of Xinjiang thick-skin melon. The effects of three variables that were water content after pre-drying, puffing temperature and vacuum drying time on four indexes: water content of product, crispness, puffing rate and color. Based on the experimental data, the quadratic regression model on the above four indexes was deduced, and then the above three variables were analyzed with interaction effects and response surface methodology (RSM). 【Result】 The secondary regression model of four evaluation indicators was obtained through the response surface analysis, and the superior process parameters were determined as: water content after pre-drying was 30%, puffing temperature was 90℃ and vacuum drying time was 2 h.【Conclusion】 Under these conditions, a complete Xinjiang thick-skin melon chip with uniform color and crispness can be obtained, which can provide a theoretical reference for the development and utilization of Xinjiang thick-skin melon puffed chips and promote the marketization of Xinjiang thick-skin melon industry.

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Optimization of Salt Tolerance Identification System at Germination Stage of Flax and Comprehensive Assessment of Salt Tolerance of 150 Germplasms LI Xiao, GUO Dongliang, LI Gongze, XUE Min, JIANG Haixia, YE Jiali, XIE Liqiong 2022, 59(6): 1438-1449.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2022.06.015 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (2069KB) ( )   【Objective】 This study aims to optimize flax germination salt tolerance identification system and the comprehensive evaluation of germplasm resources of salt resistance, salt resistance for flax germplasm resources evaluation and salt-tolerant varieties to lay the relevant foundation.【Method】 This study selects the shoot long, root length and germination rate as flax germination salt resistance identification of phenotypic traits. Firstly, 30 flax germplasm were treated with 13 NaCl concentration gradients, and the stress concentration was determined by analyzing the changes of different indexes. Then, 150 flax germplasm were stressed with the determined concentration, and the relative shoot length, relative root length and relative germination rate were counted respectively. The salt tolerance of tested flax in germination stage was comprehensively evaluated by membership function method, and the salt tolerance grade was divided by cluster analysis.【Result】 The appropriate NaCl concentration is 100 mmol/L when the relative shoot length or relative root length is taken as the index, and 220 mmol/L when the relative germination rate is taken as the index; the 150 flax germplasm were divided into five salt tolerance grades: 3 high-tolerance, 36 tolerance, 67 moderate-tolerance, 33 sensitivity and 11 high-sensitivity; all indexes of oil flax subgroup were significantly higher than those of fiber flax and dual-purpose flax. 【Conclusion】 The optimum screening concentration of different salt tolerance indexes is different. Three selected flax germplasm with high tolerance can be used for salt tolerance breeding and follow-up research. Oil flax is more salt-tolerant than dual-purpose flax and fiber flax.

Plant Protection·Microbes

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Assessment of Synergism of Florasulam Halauxifen-methyl Added with Three Synergists on Controlling Broad Leaf Weeds in Spring Wheat Field WANG Yan, SHEN Yuyang, CHEN Li, MA Xiaoyan, CHEN Ruigang, HUANGFU Beijiong, KONG Depeng, GAO Haifeng 2022, 59(6): 1450-1457.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2022.06.016 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (751KB) ( )   【Objective】 To assess the synergistic effects of synergists on herbicides in spring wheat aiming to provide the basis for the safe and efficient application of herbicides.【Method】 Randomized block design was used to research the number and the fresh weight of weeds at fixed spots, and the synergism and safety of florasulam·halauxifen-methyl in controlling broad-leaved weeds in spring wheat field was evaluated.【Result】 The control effects of 20% florasulam·halauxifen-methyl WG with methylated vegetable oil, vinyltriethoxysilane or organic silicon on broadleaf weeds in spring wheat field were 95.63% - 100.00% and 96.91% - 100.00%, respectively, which were significantly higher than those of 20% florasulam·halauxifen-methyl WG.However, there was no significant difference in the control effect of different treatment added synergist.The yield increased by 5.33% - 6.29% and the benefit increased by 819.44- 964.54 yuan/hm2, but there was no significant difference among the treatments.【Conclusion】 20% florasulam·halauxifen-methyl WG 15.00 g/hm2 + methylated vegetable oil 225.00 g/hm2 or vinyltriethoxysilane 67.50 g/hm2 or organic silicon 225.00 g/hm2 can be used to control broad-leaf weeds in spring wheat field.

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Effects of Different Nitrogen Contents on Population Proliferation of Asian Corn Borer YUAN Jie, DING Xinhua, JIA Zun, FU Kaiyun, Tursun Ahemat, HE Jiang, GUO Wenchao 2022, 59(6): 1458-1465.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2022.06.017 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (728KB) ( )   【Objective】 To clarify the effects of artificial diets with different nitrogen contents on the growth, development and reproduction of the Asian corn borer (Ostrinia furnacalis), and to explore the intrinsic N factors of different nitrogen treatments on the interaction of corn and pests and the surge of corn borer populations driven nutritionally.【Method】 In the laboratory, five different nitrogen content feeds with nitrogen contents of 3.94%, 7.33%, 10.69%, 18.84%, and 30.31% were set to determine the effects of different nitrogen contents on the growth and development of the Asian corn borer.After that, the experimental population life table of the Asian corn borer was established.【Results】 At 25℃ the low nitrogen level N1 (nitrogen content 3.94%) failed to emerge normally, and the larval development period was the longest.When the nitrogen content increased to 18.84% (N4), the intrinsic growth rate (0.13) and net proliferation (66.14), weekly growth rate (1.14), hatching rate (90.06%) the highest, average generation period (30.79), population doubling time (5.17) the shortest, which significantly different from the other four nitrogen levels (P<0.05), the larval duration was significantly shortened, the N4 pupation rate (98.66%), emergence rate (95.45%), survival rate (91.33%), and average egg production per female (120.12±9.73) were the highest, but when the nitrogen content reaching 30.31%, the intrinsic growth rate (0.04), net multiplication rate (44.71), and weekly growth rate (1.04) the lowest, the average generation period (92.36), and the population doubling time (16.85) the longest, at 25 and 30℃ s close to that at 20℃.In addition, there was no significant difference in the pupal stage, adult moth lifespan, and female fecundity between the three temperature treatments (P>0.05).【Conclusion】 Nitrogen content is closely related to the individual development of the Asian corn borer and the population multiplication.In a certain interval, with the increase of nitrogen content, the growth speeds up and the population multiplication ability is enhanced.nitrogen 30.31% and low nitrogen 3.94% have a significant inhibitory effect on the growth of corn borer.

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Screening and Identification of Systemic Resistant Inducing Growth-Promoting Bacteria and Their Effects on Growth and Disease Prevention of Processing Tomatoes LIN Qing, SHI Yingwu, WANG Na, HUA Lanlan, YANG Hongmei, CHU Min, ZENG Jun, GAO Yan, HUO Xiangdong 2022, 59(6): 1466-1474.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2022.06.018 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (1744KB) ( )   【Objective】 The purpose of the research is to screen the growth-promoting bacteria that can induce tomato systemic resistance and verify its control effect against early blight and gray mold of processing tomato, so as to provide theoretical basis and bacterial resources for the biological control of processing tomato diseases in Xinjiang.【Method】 The soil bacteria were isolated by the dilution coating terile normal saline and NB medium diluted to 104 times without inoculation as blank control, the germination experiment was used to initially screen processing tomato growth-promoting bacteria.After irrigating root of tomato seedlings with strain fermentation liquid,clean water treatment as a blank jasmonic acid content in the leaves was measured to re-screen the systemic resistance inducing disease index and induced effect counted after inoculation with the pathogen of tomato early blight and gray mold 16S rDNA sequence was determined to identify the strain initially.【Results】 A total of 147 strains of bacteria were isolated, and 19 strains were screened to significantly (P<0.05) promote the germination and root growth of processed tomato seeds, and 4 strains significantly (P<0.05) increased the content of jasmonic acid in processing tomato,3 strains were obtained, which effectively control early blight and gray mold of processed tomato at the same time with the induced effect between 27.59% and 39.44%.Strain FY10, FY12, and FY93 were preliminarily identified as Bacillus atrophaeus, Pseudomonas wadenswilerensis and Bacillus pumilus.【Conclusion】 3 growth-promoting bacteria obtained with the ability to induce systemic resistance and effectively control early blight and gray mold of processed tomato.

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Study on Characteristics and Causation of Walnut Withered Leaf Symptom LI Yuan, PU Shenghai, MA Xiaopeng, ZHANG Jifeng, LI Qingjun 2022, 59(6): 1475-1481.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2022.06.019 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (1262KB) ( )   【Objective】 This project aims to study the causation of walnut wihtered leaf symptom in southern Xinjiang. 【Methods】 In this research, an inter-garden survey was carried out on walnut trees with withered leaf symptom. By collecting samples of normal and bad walnut leaves, soil samples from the root area and samples of irrigation water, element content characteristics were determined and element content differences were statistically analyzed. The causes of walnut withered leaf symptom were systematically analyzed combined with meteorological data. 【Results】 The peak period of the incidence of walnut withered leaf symptom was from the end of July to early August, mainly concentrated on both sides of the highway and young trees less than 5 years witnessed serious incidence. There were distinct differences of chlorin ion, natrium ion and magnesium ion between bad leaves and normal leaves. The content of chlorin ion magnesium ion in bad leaves was 37.54, 16.77 g/kg, remarkably higher than normal leaves. The content of magnesium ion in bad leaves was 2.27 g/kg,remarkably lower than normal leaves. The content of phosphorus ion in bad leaves was higher than normal leaves at 0-20, 20-40 cm soil layer, 17.78 and 18.47 mg/kg respectively.The enrichment of chlorin ion and calcium ion in the leaves were not from irrigation water. 【Conclusion】 From the research above, the incidence of walnut withered leaf symptom was mainly caused by the high temperature, arid air and shortage of precipitation in walnut garden. With the strong transpiration and postponed irrigation, the leaves lost water quickly. This has led to the damage of the leaves function and the imbalance of elements proportion, which ultimately caused withered leaf symptom.

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Fermentation Technology of G. resinaceum LZ02 Producing Laccase and Partial Enzymatic Properties YANG Xinping, XIE Yuqing, ZHOU Liuyang, DAI Jinping, WANG Xiaowu, ZHANG Huitao, WANG Zhifang, FENG Lei 2022, 59(6): 1482-1490.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2022.06.020 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (1461KB) ( )   【Objective】 A strain G. resinaceum LZ02 with high-yield laccase was screened from Tianshan Mountains in Xinjiang. This project aims to optimize its fermentation technology and study its partial enzymatic properties.【Method】 The single factor experiment was used to optimize the enzymatic production conditions and study the enzymatic characteristics. In the meanwhile, the protein was detected by two dimensional electrophoresis.【Result】 The optimal carbon was 2.5% wheat bran and 1% glucose, nitrogen sources was 0.5% casein. Adding Cu2+, Mg2+, Fe2+, Zn2+ and Ca2+ could promote the yield of laccase, the effect of Co2+ was adverse. Veratryl and Guaiacol delayed enzyme production peak from the second day to the ninth day, Tannic acidhad inhibiting effect to produce enzyme. The study of enzymatic properties showed optimal reaction temperature of laccase was 60℃ and there was still activity at 80℃, optimal reaction pH was 3.0 and enzyme activity was stable when pH was 4.0-5.0 and temperature was under 40℃. In addition, Co2+, Cd2+, Cr2+and Pb2+ could damage enzyme stability. Bidirectional electrophoresis was performed on the bacteria and fermentation liquid in which isoelectric point of laccase was determined to be 4.1. A pure enzyme protein sequence was obtained by mass spectrometry that showed the protein to be Laccase (Ganoderma Lucidum).【Conclusion】 The synthesis and secretion of laccase from G. sessinaceum are strictly regulated by nutrient level, culture condition, growth stage and inducers in the medium. Lignin or lignin-related aromatic compounds, N and C sources can also regulate the synthesis of laccase. The response of laccase activity to different kinds and concentrations metal ions and inducers is different, indicating that laccase activity has a more complex physiological function and regulatory mechanism.

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Screening and Identification of Lactic Acid bacteria in Traditionally Fermented and Acid Coagulated Hard Cheese and Analysis of Its in Vitro Probiotic Properties YilixiatiAireti , LI Wei, XU Yanglin, YAN Hongmeng, DAI Zhiwei, ZHOU Jianzhong 2022, 59(6): 1491-1501.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2022.06.021 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (2696KB) ( )   【Objective】 Using traditional separation and purification methods, the traditionally fermented cheese made by farmers in Zhaosu County, Yili, Xinjiang was used as the experimental raw material to try to obtain strains with relatively high acid-producing properties, and carry out in vitro probiotic properties test to screen out excellent probiotics.【Methods】 Thirty-six strains were isolated from spontaneously fermented cheese by using the method of dilution coating, scribing plate and re-screening purification, and through their colony and strain morphological features and physiological and biochemical identification, the targeted strains were selected and the molecular biology identification was conducted by analyzing 16S rDNA homologous sequence.【Results】 Six of them were lactic acid bacteria, five of which were Lactobacillus helveticus, the other one was Lactobacillus plantarum. The bile salt tolerance, acid tolerance, simulated gastrointestinal fluid tolerance and surface characteristics of these strains were verified through in vitro probiotic properties experiments, and it was known that Lactobacillus plantarum E11 had the best performance in these aspects.【Conclusion】 Its viability reached 46.42% in 0.5% bile salt medium, and its survival rate remained above 20% under the condition of pH 2, and its self-aggregation rate reached 63.6% after standing still for 5 hours and the hydrophobic rate of para-xylene is 44.26%.

Prataculture·Animal Husbandry Veterinarian

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Study on the Growth Characteristics and Water Consumption Law of Dactylisglomerata Seedling under Drought Stress LI Jiangyan, ZHANG Xianhua, YUAN Xiaoqiang, YUAN Hui, LIU Wenxin 2022, 59(6): 1502-1512.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2022.06.022 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (4056KB) ( )   【Objective】 To explore the growth characteristics and water consumption of D.glomerata under drought stress.【Method】 Seven D.glomerata materials from different sources were used as the research objects to observe their growth characteristics.The weighing method was used to study the change in water consumption.【Result】 (1) As the drought stress increases, the growth rate of each material slowed down, and the plant height, tiller number, and above-ground and above-ground biomass gradually decreased; (2) The water consumption law of the seven D.glomerata materials was basically the same and increased with the drought stress; Water consumption showed a gradual decrease trend, but there were differences in water consumption characteristics among materials; (3) Comprehensive growth and development and water consumption characteristics showed that D.glomeratas in Nilek County, Xinjiang had the best performance, followed by Dactylus Oregon in the United States and D.glomerata in Urumqi, Xinjiang.【Conclusion】 The growth characteristics and water consumption of Dactylis from different provenances show a decreasing trend with the increase of drought stress.In general, Xinjiang wild Dactylis has a certain drought resistance and is better than the two cultivated varieties, so it has important cultivation value.

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Changes in Organic Carbon Content of Different Soil Types in Northern Xinjiang and Analysis of Their Characteristics and Influencing Factors Muyinaqia Tusifuhan, WU Hongqi, HOU Yanna, FAN Yanmin 2022, 59(6): 1513-1521.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2022.06.023 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (2272KB) ( )   【Objective】 To study the change characteristics of soil organic carbon content and its influencing factors of cultivated land in northern Xinjiang in the past 40 years.【Method】 Representative data were obtained by collecting data from the second soil survey in Xinjiang in 1980 and soil series survey data in 2014, such as variance analysis, correlation analysis, and regression analysis to combine total soil nitrogen, total phosphorus, pH, and climate with influencing factors such as the amount of agricultural chemical fertilizers, the overall trend and vertical change characteristics of the organic carbon content of different soil types in the two periods were compared and analyzed, and the natural and man-made driving factors affecting this change were discussed.【Result】 (1) In 2014, the average organic carbon content of different cultivated land soil types in northern Xinjiang increased by 1.61 g/kg compared with 1980, with a change rate of 4.73%. Among them, gray desert soil and brown calcium soil had the most significant increase, with a change rate of 20.27% and 15.75%. On the contrary, the organic carbon content of swamp soil lost significantly (27.74 g/kg), and the change rate reached 81.58%. (2) According to the vertical distribution of soil organic carbon content of 0-100 cm soil in northern Xinjiang arable land during the two periods, the organic carbon content of most soil types showed a trend of decreasing with the depth of the soil layer; comparison of different soil types in the same soil layer, 2014 organic carbon content of chernozem soil, chestnut soil, meadow soil, and marsh soil surface (0-20 cm) of cultivated land was lower than the average organic carbon content in 1980, and the decline was 24.57%, 6.76%, 18.15% and 121.174%. In 2014, the average organic carbon content of brown calcium soil and gray desert soil increased compared with the 1980 average by 15.95% and 16.12%. (3) There was a significant positive correlation between soil organic carbon and total nitrogen in 1980 and 2014. The correlation coefficients were R2=0.722,1 and R2=0.116,1 respectively, which were positively correlated with total phosphorus, but slightly correlated with pH. (4) In the past 40 years, the soil organic carbon content in northern Xinjiang was on the rise. Discussing the main factors influencing the change of organic carbon content, it was concluded that it is mainly affected by soil type, climatic factors, soil physical and chemical properties, fertilizer application and human activities.【Conclusion】 In the past 40 years, the soil organic carbon content of cultivated land in northern Xinjiang has generally increased, and the soil organic carbon content of different soil types is quite different. The soil organic carbon and total nitrogen are significantly correlated, which is affected by many factors.

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Study on Community Dynamics of Iris ruthenica Ker.-Gawl.Meadow in the Middle of the Northern Slope of the Tianshan Mountains ZHANG Xianhua, LI Jiangyan, WU Yongmei, ZHU Jinzhong 2022, 59(6): 1522-1529.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2022.06.024 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (1682KB) ( )   【Objective】 Study on Community Dynamics of Iris ruthenica Ker.-Gawl. Meadow in the Middle of the Northern Slope of the Tianshan Mountains.【Method】 The plant species composition and quantitative characteristics of the community under grazing conditions were analyzed from 1985 to 2004 by a continuous positioning method.【Result】 The results showed that the community pattern of the species composition had not changed, Iris ruthenica Ker.-Gawl. always occupied the position of the dominant species, Geranium pretense, Poa pratensis and Helictrichon were always associated species in the past 20 years. The height, coverage and aboveground biomass of community were still some fluctuation state. and sometimes there would be some significant differences between inter-annual, it could be more than 2 times between the maximum and minimum amplitude, but the growth and decline of the community were all reversible. The coverage and the aboveground biomass of Iris ruthenica Ker.-Gawl in the community increased with the time growth, so the grassland was degraded from the perspective of grassland utilization.【Conclusion】 The dominance of Iris purpurea in the study area is gradually increasing, and the grassland is developing in a degraded direction. The main cause of community fluctuation is climatic factors.

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Study on the Characteristics of Wind Propagation and Dispersal of Achnatherum inebrians seeds WU Xueer, JIN Guili, GONG Ke, MA Jian, LIU Wenhao, WANFG Yujie, ZHU Keren, OUYANG Daolei 2022, 59(6): 1530-1536.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2022.06.025 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (1001KB) ( )   【Objective】 Study on the Characteristics of Wind Propagation and Dispersal of Achnatherum inebrians seeds.【Method】 Taking the poisonous grassland grass Achnatherum inebrians as the research material, the vertical settling time of seeds in still air and the horizontal moving distance under different wind speeds were measured, and the correlation between settling time and moving distance was analyzed; The seed dispersal distance under natural wind was measured and the seed dispersal distance model was established to explore the effect of wind on seed dispersal of Achnatherum inebrians.【Result】 The settling velocity of the awned seeds of Achnatherum inebrians was significantly lower than that of the no-awned seeds; The horizontal moving distance of seeds increased with the increase of wind speed, and the awned had no effect on the horizontal moving distance.Under the action of natural wind, the dispersal distance of high, middle and low plants was 0-220 cm, and the secondary dispersal distance of seeds was 0-18 cm.Among the three plants, the fitting effects of middle and high plants were the best.The model was: Ymiddle = 0.002,88+0.006,5X-0.000,042,46X2+0.000,000,062,284X3.【Conclusion】 The awned and high winds speeds promote the wind dispersal of Achnatherum inebrians seeds.Achnatherum inebrians seeds belong to short-distance dispersal in wind dispersal.

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Effects of Sowing Date and Sowing Rate on Yield and Quality of Angelica sinensis Seedlings and Medicines GE Hui, GUO Zengxiang, ZHAO Wanqian, WANG Huizhen, WANG Pan, LIU Dong, ZHAO Xin, DU Tao 2022, 59(6): 1537-1544.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2022.06.026 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (966KB) ( )   【Objective】 To clarify the appropriate sowing date and sowing amount of ripe seedling raising in Angelica sinensis producing areas by carrying out its seedling raising test in cultivated fields and comparative test of drug preparation stage.【Methods】 The experiment adopted the two-factor split zero group design by setting up different sowing dates and sowing amounts to cultivate seedlings in the cultivated fields of A.sinensis, and measured the morphological indices and calculated the survival rate, early-bolting rate, plant characteristics, yield and ferulic acid content after transplanting.【Results】 There were differences in the size, yield and survival rate after transplanting, early-bolting rate, morphological indexes, crude drug yield and ferulic acid content of A.sinensis seedlings.The root weight of A.sinensis seedlings in the first and second sowing date ranged from 0.45-0.63 g, which met the production requirements.In the second sowing date, the yield was 76.26% higher at 5 kg/667m2 than that at 7 kg/667m2 in the same sowing date and the early-bolting rate was 0.【Conclusion】 In the production area of A.sinensis, seedlings should be raised in cultivated fields in late June, the sowing amount controlled in the range of 5-6 kg/667m2, and the seedling age controlled in 110 days, which might meet the production demand for the A.sinensis seedlings.

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Study on the Changes of Body Weight and Body Size Increase of 0-12 Months Old Thoroughbred Horse Foal LI Chao, LI Xiaobin, DENG Haifeng, HUANG Xinxin, YANG Fan, LI Hai, CHEN Kaixu 2022, 59(6): 1545-1552.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2022.06.027 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (1181KB) ( )   【Objective】 This paper aims mainly to study the growth of body weight and body size of local self-propagating thoroughbred horse foals from 0 to 12 months in the hope of providing data basis for scientific breeding and scientific diet formulation of local self-propagating thoroughbred horse foals by measuring and analyzing the changes of body weight and body size growth.【Methods】 A total of 40 thoroughbred horse foals with an average body weight of (51.00±6.27) kg (20 males and 20 females) were selected and divided into male foal group and female foal group according to their gender for a 12-month feeding monitoring experiment. All the experimental stables were carried out under the same feeding conditions, the composition and nutritional level of the daily grain were consistent, the weight and body size index of the stables were determined on schedule, and the 0 to 12 month-old pure blood stables and weight data were fitted and analyzed by the Logistic nonlinear growth curve model.【Results】 (1) With the increase of month age, the weight and body size of the male foal were significantly increased by 6.59% (P<0.01), 2.62% (P<0.01) and 2.28% (P<0.01), and the body height and tube circumference of the male foal were significantly higher than those of the female foal, which increased by 1.05% (P<0.05) and 1.22% (P<0.05) compared with female foal, respectively; (2) There were no significant differences in body weight, body height, chest circumference and average daily growth between male and female foals (P>0.05). The total growth and average daily growth of male foals were significantly higher than those of female foals from 0 to 6 months of age, which were 29.02% (P<0.01) and 27.78% (P<0.01), respectively. The total growth and average daily growth of male foals were higher than those of female foals during the whole experiment period; (3) The fitting degree of body weight and body size growth curve of foals was above 0.93, especially the fitting degree of body weight, body height and chest circumference of foals was 0.973,3, 0.982,4, 0.970,2 and 0.963,3, 0.970,1, 0.981,6, respectively. The fitting degree of growth curve model was good.【Conclusion】 Under the condition of this experiment, the foal grows with the increase of month age. The weight and body size of the male foal grow faster than those of the female foal, and the increase is more obvious before weaning. The Logistic model can better fit the growth curve of 0-12 month-old pure blood stables weight and body size.

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Effects of Taishan Panshi San on Blood Physiological and Biochemical Indexes in Different Pregnant Stages of Thoroughbred Horses MAI Zhanhai, LU Yabin, LI Jianlong, LI Xiaobin, XU Wenhui, LI Hai, KUANG Ling 2022, 59(6): 1553-1560.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2022.06.028 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (851KB) ( )   【Objective】 The study is aimed to investigate the effect of TSPSS on blood indexes of British thoroughbred horses in different pregnant stages. 【Method】 The number of 19 pregnant 7 month British thoroughbred horses of 480-550 kg heavy were selected in four groups according pregnant stage. TSPSS were supplemented for 5 consecutive days at 210, 240, 270 and 300 th pregnant day. Before administration and after being administrated 12 hours, the blood samples were collected and then blood routine, blood biochemistry, progesterone, estrogen and other indicators were tested to analyze the difference of blood indicators on five stages horses. 【Result】 The results showed that WBC was significantly higher than before (P< 0.05) in the third stage, but within the normal range. MID and LYMPH phases in the fourth phase were significantly lower than those before medication and the other phases (P < 0.05); The proportion of LYM in the fourth stage was significantly lower than that before and in other stages (P< 0.01); GRAN and GRAN ratio showed a significant increase in the four stages (P< 0.05), compared to that before, especially, the fourth stage was significantly higher than the first stage (P< 0.01). ALB in the third and fourth stages were significantly lower than that before treatment (P< 0.05); TBIL in the second stage was significantly higher than that before treatment and other stages (P< 0.05). The fourth stage of Ca2+ was significantly higher than that of the second stage (P< 0.05). E2 in the fourth stage was significantly lower than that before treatment (P<0.05). 【Conclusion】 The results showed that the supplement of Chinese herbal medicine TSPSS had no effect on liver and kidney function of British thoroughbred horses aged from 7 to 10 months of gestation, which could effectively enhance the immunity and metabolism level of the body in the later period of pregnancy, promote the absorption of nutrients and have an effect on protecting fetus.