玉米果穗性状及其抗旱性随灌水量的变化规律

doi:10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2023.10.009

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】 研究玉米受旱前后的果穗性状变化与产量及抗旱性的关系,为玉米耐旱性精准鉴定和玉米抗旱育种供理论依据。【方法】 在大田滴灌条件下,设置6个欠量灌水处理,各处理首次灌水均为675 m³/hm²,以确保出苗。拔节-成熟期间灌水7次, 6个处理每次的灌水量分别为675(100%)、540(80%)、405(60%)、270(40%)、135(20%)、0(0%)m³/hm²。测定不同水分处理下12个玉米杂交种的单穗重、总穗数、穗粒数、百粒重、行粒数、穗长、穗粗、秃尖、穗行数等9个果穗性状,分析果穗性状随灌水量的变化趋势。【结果】 灌水量540 m³/hm²(80%)处理与充分灌溉675 m³/hm²(100%)相比,12个品种的单穗重增减幅度为-7.0%~3.1%,平均增减1.8%;随着灌水量进一步减少,玉米的单穗重、总穗数、穗粒数、百粒重、行粒数、穗长、穗粗呈现递减趋势,秃尖呈增加趋势,而穗行数的变化趋势不明显;干旱的敏感程度从大到小顺序为单穗重、秃尖、穗粒数、行粒数、穗长、总穗数、百粒重、穗粗和穗行数。【结论】 在轻度干旱(缺水20%以内)条件下,玉米杂交种产量轻微下降;在中度干旱(节水40%~60%)条件下,单穗重、秃尖、穗粒数和行粒数可作为抗旱性鉴定的重要指标;在重度干旱条件下(缺水80%以上),穗长、百粒重、总穗数和穗粗可作为玉米极端抗旱性鉴定的辅助指标。

关键词: 玉米; 欠量灌水; 果穗性状; 抗旱鉴定

Abstract:

【Objective】 To study the relationship between corn ear traits before and after drought, yield and drought resistance in the hope of providing theoretical basis for accurate identification of corn drought tolerance and corn drought resistance breeding.【Methods】 Under the field drip irrigation conditions, six undervolume irrigation treatments were set up and the first irrigation for each treatment was 675 m³/hm² to ensure the emergence of seedlings. Water was irrigated 7 times from jointing to maturity, and the irrigation volume for each of the 6 treatments was 675(100%), 540(80%), 405(60%), 270(40%), 135(20% and 0(0%) m³/hm². 9 ear traits of 12 maize hybrids under different water treatments were measured, and the change trend of ear traits with irrigation amount was studied.【Results】 Treatment with irrigation of 540 m³/hm² (80%) compared with full irrigation of 675 m³/hm²(100%), the single ear weight(SEW) of 12 hybrids increased or decreased from -7.0% to 3.1%, with an average increase or decrease of 1.8%, indicating that a 20% reduction in irrigation volume has little effect on yield; as the irrigation volume further decreased, corn single ear weight(SEW), total number of ears(TNE), grain number per ear(GNE), hundred grain weight(GHW), kernel numbers per row(KNR), ear length(EL), and ear diameter(ED) showed a decreasing trend, the bare tip length(BTL) showed an increasing trend, while the change trend of kernel rows per ear(KRE) was not obvious; the order of sensitivity to drought was as follows: SEW, BTL, GNE, KNR, EL, TNE, GHW, ED and KRE.【Conclusion】 Under mild drought conditions (within 20% water shortage), the yield of corn hybrids decrease slightly; under moderate drought conditions (water saving 40%-60%), SEW, BTL, GNE and KNR can be used as important indexes for drought resistance identification; under severe drought conditions (more than 80% water shortage), EL, HGW, TNE and ED can be used as auxiliary indicators for the identification of extreme drought resistance of maize.

Key words: maize; shortage irrigation; ear traits; drought resistance identification

中图分类号:

S513

谢小清, 唐怀君, 张磊, 孙宝成, 刘成. 玉米果穗性状及其抗旱性随灌水量的变化规律[J]. 新疆农业科学, 2023, 60(10): 2412-2418.

XIE Xiaoqing, TANG Huaijun, ZHANG Lei, SUN Baocheng, LIU Cheng. Changes of maize ear traits and drought resistance with irrigation amount[J]. Xinjiang Agricultural Sciences, 2023, 60(10): 2412-2418.

图/表 5

参考文献 18

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杂交种 Hybrids	单穗重 Single spike weight(g)		增/减 Increased/ Decreased ±%
杂交种 Hybrids	灌水100% Irrigation 100%	灌水80% Irrigation 80%	增/减 Increased/ Decreased ±%
先玉335 Xianyu335	257.1	265.1	3.1
KWS1553	234.2	227.6	-2.8
新引M753 XinyinM753	234.0	236.5	1.1
新玉9号Xinyu9	160.4	163.5	1.9
新玉23号Xinyu23	259.4	265.2	2.2
新玉24号Xinyu24	269.5	264.1	-2.0
新玉38号Xinyu38	267.1	256.6	-3.9
新玉46号Xinyu46	246.6	229.3	-7.0
新玉59号Xinyu59	243.0	236.1	-2.8
新玉60号Xinyu60	287.0	274.7	-4.3
新玉90号Xinyu90	285.2	282.4	-1.0
郑单958 Zhengdan958	248.7	234.3	-5.8
平均Mean	249.3	244.6	-1.8

杂交种 Hybrids	单穗重 Single spike weight(g)		增/减 Increased/ Decreased ±%
杂交种 Hybrids	灌水100% Irrigation 100%	灌水80% Irrigation 80%	增/减 Increased/ Decreased ±%
先玉335 Xianyu335	257.1	265.1	3.1
KWS1553	234.2	227.6	-2.8
新引M753 XinyinM753	234.0	236.5	1.1
新玉9号Xinyu9	160.4	163.5	1.9
新玉23号Xinyu23	259.4	265.2	2.2
新玉24号Xinyu24	269.5	264.1	-2.0
新玉38号Xinyu38	267.1	256.6	-3.9
新玉46号Xinyu46	246.6	229.3	-7.0
新玉59号Xinyu59	243.0	236.1	-2.8
新玉60号Xinyu60	287.0	274.7	-4.3
新玉90号Xinyu90	285.2	282.4	-1.0
郑单958 Zhengdan958	248.7	234.3	-5.8
平均Mean	249.3	244.6	-1.8

水分处理 Water treat- ment (%)	单穗重 Single ear weight (g)	总穗数 Total number of ears (个)	穗粒数 Grain number per ear (粒)	百粒重 Hundred grain weight (g)	穗行数 Kernel rows per ear (行)	行粒数 kernel numbers per row (粒)	穗长 Ear length (mm)	穗粗 Ear diameter (mm)	秃尖 Bare tip length (mm)
100	248.6	25.1	740.9	34.6	16.5	40.3	208.2	56.4	11.7
80	244.6	24.7	723.9	34.0	16.7	39.4	206.2	56.1	12.3
60	204.8	24.3	680.5	32.2	16.6	37.6	195.5	54.7	13.7
40	165.7	23.3	614.8	30.5	16.7	34.7	185.2	52.6	14.0
20	105.9	18.2	451.5	28.3	16.2	27.3	154.2	48.9	14.7
0	61.9	11.9	264.3	26.8	15.1	17.8	117.6	44.5	16.5

水分处理 Water treat- ment (%)	单穗重 Single ear weight (g)	总穗数 Total number of ears (个)	穗粒数 Grain number per ear (粒)	百粒重 Hundred grain weight (g)	穗行数 Kernel rows per ear (行)	行粒数 kernel numbers per row (粒)	穗长 Ear length (mm)	穗粗 Ear diameter (mm)	秃尖 Bare tip length (mm)
100	248.6	25.1	740.9	34.6	16.5	40.3	208.2	56.4	11.7
80	244.6	24.7	723.9	34.0	16.7	39.4	206.2	56.1	12.3
60	204.8	24.3	680.5	32.2	16.6	37.6	195.5	54.7	13.7
40	165.7	23.3	614.8	30.5	16.7	34.7	185.2	52.6	14.0
20	105.9	18.2	451.5	28.3	16.2	27.3	154.2	48.9	14.7
0	61.9	11.9	264.3	26.8	15.1	17.8	117.6	44.5	16.5