Study on methods for judging different maturity of prunus domestica × armeniaca ‘Konglongdan’ fruits

doi:10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2025.06.013

Abstract

Abstract:

【Objective】 To accurately determine the grading methods and standards for different maturity levels of Prunus domestica × armeniaca ‘Konglongdan’. This finding can provide a metric basis for evaluating the maturity of Prunus domestica × armeniaca. 【Methods】 This study measured indicators such as fruit peel hardness, peel hardness, and average single fruit weight during 21 consecutive sampling periods from fruit color transition to complete fruit maturity from 2022 to 2023. Meanwhile, different maturity quality indicators and chromaticity indicators were quantified. 【Results】 Principal component screening and maturity clustering analysis were conducted on physiological indicators such as fruit hardness and single fruit weight. It was found that single fruit weight, peel hardness, peel hardness, solid acid ratio, peel yellow blue value b^*, peel color ratio a^*/b^*, flesh brightness value L^*, and flesh red green value a^* were the indicators that had a significant impact on the maturity of ‘Konglongdan’. According to different growth and development stages of the fruit, it was divided into five maturity levels, namely 60% maturity, 70% maturity, 80% maturity, 90% maturity, and 100% maturity. The cumulative contribution rate of the two was 96.30%, and the discrimination accuracy was 95.20%. 【Conclusion】 The conclusion indicates that different methods and standards for determining the maturity of ‘Konglongdan’ can be used to accurately and scientifically distinguish different ripeness levels of fruits. Firstly, referring to the ‘color chart’ of fruit appearance and the number of days after the fruit flowering period can be used to distinguish different harvest ripeness levels. Secondly, by measuring the fruit color and quality indicators and referring to the quantitative range, the fruit maturity level can be further determined. When distinguishing maturity, if there are 2-3 items in the appearance and various indicators of the fruit that cannot meet the maturity grading requirements in the table due to external and internal factors, the harvest maturity of hybrid Prunus domestica × armeniaca fruits can also be determined by referring to the remaining indicators.

Key words: Prunus domestica × armeniaca; ‘Konglongdan’; fruit color; maturity; cluster analysis; principal component analysis; gradation

摘要：

【目的】分析判定杏李‘恐龙蛋’不同成熟度分级方法和标准,为杏李成熟度的评价提供度量的依据。【方法】在2022~2023年从果实转色期至果实完全成熟连续21个采样时期测定果实带皮硬度、去皮硬度、平均单果重等指标,对不同成熟度品质指标和色度指标进行量化。【结果】单果重、去皮硬度、带皮硬度、固酸比、果皮黄蓝值b^*、果皮色泽比a^*/b^*、果肉亮度值L^*和果肉红绿值a^*为对‘恐龙蛋’成熟度影响较大的指标,根据果实不同生长发育期可分为5个成熟度,分别为六成熟、七成熟、八成熟、九成熟和十成熟。二者累计贡献率达96.30%,判别正确率达95.20%。【结论】‘恐龙蛋’不同成熟度判定方法和标准,若想准确、科学地对果实不同成熟度进行区分,首先参照果实外观颜色‘比色卡’和果实盛花期后天数区分不同采收成熟度,其次可通过测定果实色度指标和品质指标并参考量化范围,进一步判定果实成熟度。在进行成熟度区分时,若果实外观和各指标因外界和内部因素有2~3项达不到下表成熟度分级要求,参照剩余指标也可判定杂交杏李果实采收成熟度。

关键词: 杏李, ‘恐龙蛋’, 果实颜色, 成熟度, 聚类, 主成分, 等级划分

CLC Number:

S662.2

WANG Ruyue, LUO Shasha, ZHEN Ziyi, XU Yeyong, HU Haifang, WANG Junwu. Study on methods for judging different maturity of prunus domestica × armeniaca ‘Konglongdan’ fruits[J]. Xinjiang Agricultural Sciences, 2025, 62(6): 1408-1420.

王如月, 罗莎莎, 甄紫怡, 徐业勇, 虎海防, 王俊武. 杏李‘恐龙蛋’果实不同成熟度的判定方法分析[J]. 新疆农业科学, 2025, 62(6): 1408-1420.

Figures/Tables 11

References 44

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盛花期后天数 The day after the peak flowering period(d)	果皮颜色 Pericarp color				果肉颜色 Flesh color
盛花期后天数 The day after the peak flowering period(d)	L^*	a^*	b^*	a^/b^	L^*	a^*	b^*	a^/b^
102	58.483±0.914^a	1.053±1.485^h	28.917±1.675^a	0.040±0.056^g	52.083±2.770^a	4.640±0.730^g	28.930±0.979^a	0.163±0.031^j
105	57.163±1.570^ab	1.497±2.379^h	23.257±3.377^b	0.087±0.134^g	49.723±0.899^ab	9.223±2.081^fg	20.013±0.782^b	0.460±0.096^ij
108	57.253±2.206^ab	2.017±0.315^h	22.660±1.092^bc	0.090±0.017^g	47.150±1.034^bc	11.907±4.139^f	19.433±1.180^bc	0.610±0.187^hij
111	54.247±1.288^abc	2.713±2.678^gh	22.240±1.747^bc	0.137±0.165^g	46.783±1.493^bc	19.070±0.991^e	17.413±1.306^bcd	1.100±0.121^hij
114	54.323±1.645^abc	4.683±1.052^fgh	21.653±1.608^bcd	0.223±0.059^fg	43.973±2.011^c	20.083±0.495^e	16.830±0.884^cde	1.197±0.090^ghij
117	54.313±2.798^abc	6.637±1.289^efg	19.070±0.476^cde	0.350±0.072^fg	42.783±0.143^de	20.843±3.032^e	16.457±0.486^de	1.270±0.208^ghij
120	51.570±1.634^bcd	7.123±3.871^ef	18.147±1.201^def	0.430±0.236^fg	42.703±0.857^de	22.330±3.038^de	15.667±0.751^def	1.430±0.219^fghij
123	50.037±0.648^cde	6.457±2.677^efg	18.307±0.917^def	0.377±0.170^fg	42.163±2.041^def	22.443±2.798^de	15.603±2.441^def	1.447±0.116^fghij
126	49.670±1.748^cde	7.697±1.274^def	17.537±0.816^ef	0.453±0.081^efg	39.160±2.310^ef	23.557±0.694^cde	15.237±0.578^def	1.547±0.049^efghij
129	49.597±3.131^cde	9.293±0.759^cde	17.233±3.580^ef	0.800±0.459^defg	41.563±3.083^def	22.423±2.697^de	13.423±1.341^fgh	1.693±0.348^efghi
132	49.220±1.903^cde	11.437±1.307^bcd	16.207±1.182^efg	0.783±0.168^defg	38.710±1.998^fg	23.413±2.125^cde	14.630±1.164^efg	1.603±0.127^efghij
135	46.907±3.621^efg	11.730±2.668^bc	15.457±3.016^efg	0.883±0.348^defg	41.243±2.238^def	25.763±1.053^abcd	13.280±1.533^fgh	1.953±0.236^defgh
138	44.170±8.75^efg	11.593±0.801^bcd	14.773±1.134^fgh	0.833±0.133^defg	35.300±1.381^g	25.580±2.06^bcd	12.020±0.475^ghi	2.130±0.185^defg
141	43.897±4.304^def	13.623±0.477^ab	12.910±1.474^ghi	1.203±0.081^def	31.083±1.209^h	25.850±4.004^abcd	11.947±0.800^hi	2.157±0.200^defg
144	42.367±1.739^fgh	14.513±1.489^ab	12.863±2.530^ghi	1.540±0.872^bcd	29.957±1.744^hi	25.707±3.394^abcd	12.233±1.292^ghi	2.110±0.275^defg
147	39.447±2.172^gh	14.007±0.874^ab	11.333±2.481^hij	1.437±0.532^cde	28.777±1.845^hig	27.950±1.274^abc	9.607±1.721^ij	2.967±0.455^cde
150	40.267±3.865^gh	14.040±0.576^ab	10.327±1.045^ij	1.500±0.246^cd	28.427±1.272^hig	27.837±1.337^abc	9.973±1.265^ij	2.810±0.217^cdef
153	38.293±2.824^gh	14.453±0.499^ab	10.180±0.602^ij	1.617±0.146^bcd	26.887±1.294^ig	27.500±1.329^abc	8.263±0.665^jk	3.340±0.260^bcd
156	40.093±0.986^gh	15.837±4.575^a	9.043±2.441^ij	2.427±0.509^abc	26.813±1.087^ig	30.137±1.848^ab	7.833±1.27^jk	3.947±0.926^bc
159	38.123±3.369^gh	16.733±1.371^a	8.133±1.161^j	3.033±1.426^a	27.930±2.056^hig	28.993±1.453^ab	6.570±0.636^k	4.450±0.567^ab
162	37.610±0.751^h	16.023±0.788^a	8.443±1.419^j	2.500±1.012^ab	25.557±2.485^g	30.323±1.875^a	6.433±2.760^k	5.497±2.890^a

盛花期后天数 The day after the peak flowering period(d)	果皮颜色 Pericarp color				果肉颜色 Flesh color
盛花期后天数 The day after the peak flowering period(d)	L^*	a^*	b^*	a^/b^	L^*	a^*	b^*	a^/b^
102	58.483±0.914^a	1.053±1.485^h	28.917±1.675^a	0.040±0.056^g	52.083±2.770^a	4.640±0.730^g	28.930±0.979^a	0.163±0.031^j
105	57.163±1.570^ab	1.497±2.379^h	23.257±3.377^b	0.087±0.134^g	49.723±0.899^ab	9.223±2.081^fg	20.013±0.782^b	0.460±0.096^ij
108	57.253±2.206^ab	2.017±0.315^h	22.660±1.092^bc	0.090±0.017^g	47.150±1.034^bc	11.907±4.139^f	19.433±1.180^bc	0.610±0.187^hij
111	54.247±1.288^abc	2.713±2.678^gh	22.240±1.747^bc	0.137±0.165^g	46.783±1.493^bc	19.070±0.991^e	17.413±1.306^bcd	1.100±0.121^hij
114	54.323±1.645^abc	4.683±1.052^fgh	21.653±1.608^bcd	0.223±0.059^fg	43.973±2.011^c	20.083±0.495^e	16.830±0.884^cde	1.197±0.090^ghij
117	54.313±2.798^abc	6.637±1.289^efg	19.070±0.476^cde	0.350±0.072^fg	42.783±0.143^de	20.843±3.032^e	16.457±0.486^de	1.270±0.208^ghij
120	51.570±1.634^bcd	7.123±3.871^ef	18.147±1.201^def	0.430±0.236^fg	42.703±0.857^de	22.330±3.038^de	15.667±0.751^def	1.430±0.219^fghij
123	50.037±0.648^cde	6.457±2.677^efg	18.307±0.917^def	0.377±0.170^fg	42.163±2.041^def	22.443±2.798^de	15.603±2.441^def	1.447±0.116^fghij
126	49.670±1.748^cde	7.697±1.274^def	17.537±0.816^ef	0.453±0.081^efg	39.160±2.310^ef	23.557±0.694^cde	15.237±0.578^def	1.547±0.049^efghij
129	49.597±3.131^cde	9.293±0.759^cde	17.233±3.580^ef	0.800±0.459^defg	41.563±3.083^def	22.423±2.697^de	13.423±1.341^fgh	1.693±0.348^efghi
132	49.220±1.903^cde	11.437±1.307^bcd	16.207±1.182^efg	0.783±0.168^defg	38.710±1.998^fg	23.413±2.125^cde	14.630±1.164^efg	1.603±0.127^efghij
135	46.907±3.621^efg	11.730±2.668^bc	15.457±3.016^efg	0.883±0.348^defg	41.243±2.238^def	25.763±1.053^abcd	13.280±1.533^fgh	1.953±0.236^defgh
138	44.170±8.75^efg	11.593±0.801^bcd	14.773±1.134^fgh	0.833±0.133^defg	35.300±1.381^g	25.580±2.06^bcd	12.020±0.475^ghi	2.130±0.185^defg
141	43.897±4.304^def	13.623±0.477^ab	12.910±1.474^ghi	1.203±0.081^def	31.083±1.209^h	25.850±4.004^abcd	11.947±0.800^hi	2.157±0.200^defg
144	42.367±1.739^fgh	14.513±1.489^ab	12.863±2.530^ghi	1.540±0.872^bcd	29.957±1.744^hi	25.707±3.394^abcd	12.233±1.292^ghi	2.110±0.275^defg
147	39.447±2.172^gh	14.007±0.874^ab	11.333±2.481^hij	1.437±0.532^cde	28.777±1.845^hig	27.950±1.274^abc	9.607±1.721^ij	2.967±0.455^cde
150	40.267±3.865^gh	14.040±0.576^ab	10.327±1.045^ij	1.500±0.246^cd	28.427±1.272^hig	27.837±1.337^abc	9.973±1.265^ij	2.810±0.217^cdef
153	38.293±2.824^gh	14.453±0.499^ab	10.180±0.602^ij	1.617±0.146^bcd	26.887±1.294^ig	27.500±1.329^abc	8.263±0.665^jk	3.340±0.260^bcd
156	40.093±0.986^gh	15.837±4.575^a	9.043±2.441^ij	2.427±0.509^abc	26.813±1.087^ig	30.137±1.848^ab	7.833±1.27^jk	3.947±0.926^bc
159	38.123±3.369^gh	16.733±1.371^a	8.133±1.161^j	3.033±1.426^a	27.930±2.056^hig	28.993±1.453^ab	6.570±0.636^k	4.450±0.567^ab
162	37.610±0.751^h	16.023±0.788^a	8.443±1.419^j	2.500±1.012^ab	25.557±2.485^g	30.323±1.875^a	6.433±2.760^k	5.497±2.890^a

成熟度 Maturity	盛花期后天数 Days after flowering period (d)	色度指标Color index				品质指标Quality indicators
成熟度 Maturity	盛花期后天数 Days after flowering period (d)	果皮黄蓝值 Peel b^*	果皮 a^/ b^	果肉亮度值 Flesh L^*	果肉红绿值 Flesh a^*	带皮硬度 Skin hardness (N)	去皮硬度 Peeling hardness (N)	固酸比 Solid acid ratio (%)	单果重 Single fruit weight (g)
六成熟 Six mature	<102	>22.658	<0.088	>47.150	<11.907	>34.651	>30.835	<0.804	<84.200
七成熟 seven mature	111-126	17.537-22.658	0.088-0.454	39.162-47.150	11.907-23.533	28.452-34.651	17.491-30.835	0.804-1.323	84.200-104.557
八成熟 Eight mature	129-144	12.862-17.537	0.454-1.538	29.954-39.162	23.533-25.706	23.717-28.452	12.668-17.491	1.323-1.921	105.557-132.200
九成熟 Nine mature	147-156	9.042-12.862	1.538-2.426	29.954-26.812	25.706-30.138	19.081-23.717	9.017-12.668	1.921-3.818	132.200-106.290
十成熟 Ten mature	>159	<9.042	>2.426	<26.812	>30.138	<19.081	<9.017	>3.818	<106.290

成熟度 Maturity	盛花期后天数 Days after flowering period (d)	色度指标Color index				品质指标Quality indicators
成熟度 Maturity	盛花期后天数 Days after flowering period (d)	果皮黄蓝值 Peel b^*	果皮 a^/ b^	果肉亮度值 Flesh L^*	果肉红绿值 Flesh a^*	带皮硬度 Skin hardness (N)	去皮硬度 Peeling hardness (N)	固酸比 Solid acid ratio (%)	单果重 Single fruit weight (g)
六成熟 Six mature	<102	>22.658	<0.088	>47.150	<11.907	>34.651	>30.835	<0.804	<84.200
七成熟 seven mature	111-126	17.537-22.658	0.088-0.454	39.162-47.150	11.907-23.533	28.452-34.651	17.491-30.835	0.804-1.323	84.200-104.557
八成熟 Eight mature	129-144	12.862-17.537	0.454-1.538	29.954-39.162	23.533-25.706	23.717-28.452	12.668-17.491	1.323-1.921	105.557-132.200
九成熟 Nine mature	147-156	9.042-12.862	1.538-2.426	29.954-26.812	25.706-30.138	19.081-23.717	9.017-12.668	1.921-3.818	132.200-106.290
十成熟 Ten mature	>159	<9.042	>2.426	<26.812	>30.138	<19.081	<9.017	>3.818	<106.290