不同类型尿素及施用方式对滴灌冬小麦产量形成和氮肥利用效率的影响

doi:10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2025.01.007

新疆农业科学 ›› 2025, Vol. 62 ›› Issue (1): 53-59.DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2025.01.007

• 新疆主要粮食作物绿色丰产提质增效专栏 • 上一篇下一篇

不同类型尿素及施用方式对滴灌冬小麦产量形成和氮肥利用效率的影响

李杰¹^,²(), 徐其江²^,³, 张永强²^,³(), 徐文修¹(), 吕晓庆⁴, 陈传信²^,³, 聂石辉²^,³, 雷钧杰²^,³

1.新疆农业大学农学院,乌鲁木齐 830052
2.农业农村部荒漠绿洲作物生理生态与耕作重点实验室,乌鲁木齐 830091
3.新疆农业科学院粮食作物研究所,乌鲁木齐 830091
4.玛纳斯县农业技术推广中心,新疆玛纳斯 832200

收稿日期:2024-07-20 出版日期:2025-01-20 发布日期:2025-03-11
通信作者: 张永强(1988-),男,河南平舆人,副研究员,硕士,硕士生导师,研究方向为小麦高产栽培生理,(E-mail)zyq988@yeah.net；
徐文修(1962-),女,河北蠡县人,教授,博士,硕士生/博士生导师,研究方向为农作制度与农业生态,(E-mail)xjxwx@sina.com
作者简介:李杰(2000-),男,新疆哈密人,硕士研究生,研究方向为小麦高产栽培生理,(E-mail)leejie512@163.com
基金资助:
新疆维吾尔自治区重点研发计划项目(2021B02002-1);新疆维吾尔自治区重点研发计划项目(2022B02001-3);新疆维吾尔自治区“天山英才”人才培养计划(2023TSYCCX0013);新疆维吾尔自治区“天山英才”人才培养计划(2023TSYCLJ0009);国家自然科学基金项目(31960379);国家自然科学基金项目(51879267);国家小麦产业技术体系乌鲁木齐综合试验站(CARS-03-88);新疆维吾尔自治区小麦产业技术体系项目(XJARS-01-06);新疆维吾尔自治区小麦产业技术体系项目(XJARS-01-19)

Effects of different urea and application methods on photosynthetic characteristics, yield formation and nitrogen use efficiency of winter wheat under drip irrigation

LI Jie¹^,²(), XU Qijiang²^,³, ZHANG Yongqiang²^,³(), XU Wenxiu¹(), LYU Xiaoqing⁴, CHEN Chuanxin²^,³, NIE Shihui²^,³, LEI Junjie²^,³

1. College of Agronomy, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi 830052, China
2. Key Laboratory of Desert-Oasis Crop Physiology,Ecology and Cultivation,MOARA,Urumqi 830091,China
3. Research Institute of Food Crops, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Science, Urumqi 830091,China
4. Manas Agricultural Technology Extension Center,Manas Xinjiang 832200,China

Received:2024-07-20 Published:2025-01-20 Online:2025-03-11
Supported by:
Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region Key R&D Program Projects(2021B02002-1);Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region Key R&D Program Projects(2022B02001-3);Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region "Tianshan Talent" Training Program(2023TSYCCX0013);Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region "Tianshan Talent" Training Program(2023TSYCLJ0009);Natural Science Foundation of China project(31960379);Natural Science Foundation of China project(51879267);Earmarked Fund of CARS(CARS-03-88);Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region wheat industry technology system project(XJARS-01-06);Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region wheat industry technology system project(XJARS-01-19)

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】 探究不同尿素及施用方式对滴灌冬小麦光合特性、干物质生产、产量及氮肥利用效率的影响。【方法】 于2021~2022年在大田滴灌条件下,设置不施尿素(F₀)、普通尿素(F₁)、腐殖酸尿素(F₂)、控释尿素一次基施(F₃)、控释尿素分次施用(F₄)共5个处理,研究不同处理滴灌冬小麦产量形成和氮肥利用效率的变化规律。【结果】 F₄处理的冬小麦叶片SPAD值在各测定期均表现为最高,且在拔节期、开花期和灌浆期的净光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率(Tr)、气孔导度(Gs)亦均高于其它处理,其细胞间CO₂浓度则最低。各处理在开花期和灌浆期单株干物质积累量均呈F₄>F₂>F₃>F₁>F₀的变化规律。不同处理滴灌产量以F₄处理最高,为9 210.95 kg/hm²,分别较F₀、F₁、F₂、F₃处理产量提高了21.64%、12.52%、8.12%和6.52%;F₄ 处理下冬小麦的氮肥农学利用率(7.28 kg /kg)、氮肥偏生产力(40.93 kg/kg)均最大。【结论】 控释尿素分次施用F₄处理冬小麦叶片各项光合指标表现较好,籽粒产量较高。

关键词: 尿素; 冬小麦; 光合特性; 产量; 氮肥利用效率

Abstract:

【Objective】 The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of different urea and application methods on photosynthetic characteristics, dry matter production, yield and nitrogen use efficiency of winter wheat under drip irrigation. 【Methods】 From 2021 to 2022, under the conditions of drip irrigation in the field, five treatments were set up: no urea (F₀), ordinary urea (F₁), humate urea (F₂), controlled release urea single base application (F₃) and controlled release urea fractional application (F₄). The changes of yield formation and nitrogen use efficiency of winter wheat under different drip irrigation treatments were studied. 【Results】 The results showed that in the test period, the SPAD value of winter wheat leaves under F₄ treatment was the highest, and the net photosynthetic rate (Pn), transpiration rate (Tr) and stomatal conductance (Gs) were also higher than those under other treatments, while the intercellular CO₂ concentration was the lowest. Dry matter accumulation per plant of each treatment was F₄>F₂>F₃>F₁>F₀ at flowering stage and filling stage. The highest yield of drip irrigation under different treatments was 9,210.95 kg/hm² under F₄ treatment, which was 21.64%, 12.52%, 6.87% and 7.77% higher than that under F₀, F₁, F₂ and F₃ treatments, respectively. The maximum nitrogen fertilizer utilization rate (11.29 kg /kg) and nitrogen partial productivity (40.71 kg /kg) of winter wheat were obtained under F₄ treatment. 【Conclusion】 The comprehensive analysis shows that under the experimental conditions, controlled release urea fractional application F₄ treatment of winter wheat leaves has better photosynthetic indexes and higher grain yield.

Key words: urea; winter wheat; photosynthetic characteristics; yield; nitrogen use efficiency

中图分类号:

S512

李杰, 徐其江, 张永强, 徐文修, 吕晓庆, 陈传信, 聂石辉, 雷钧杰. 不同类型尿素及施用方式对滴灌冬小麦产量形成和氮肥利用效率的影响[J]. 新疆农业科学, 2025, 62(1): 53-59.

LI Jie, XU Qijiang, ZHANG Yongqiang, XU Wenxiu, LYU Xiaoqing, CHEN Chuanxin, NIE Shihui, LEI Junjie. Effects of different urea and application methods on photosynthetic characteristics, yield formation and nitrogen use efficiency of winter wheat under drip irrigation[J]. Xinjiang Agricultural Sciences, 2025, 62(1): 53-59.

图/表 5

表1 不同处理的施肥时期及比例

Tab.1 Fertilizer application periods and rates for different treatments

处理 Treatments	施肥时期及比例 Fertilization period and proportion
处理 Treatments	基肥 Base fertilizer (%)	拔节期 Elongation stage (%)	孕穗期 Booting stage (%)
F₀	0	0	0
F₁	40	40	20
F₂	40	40	20
F₃	100	0	0
F₄	40	40	20

图1 不同处理下滴灌冬小麦拔节期至灌浆期旗叶SPAD值的变化注:JS:拔节期;BS:孕穗期;AS:开花期;GS:灌浆期。图柱上的不同字母表示同一时期不同处理间差异在0.05水平显著,下同

Fig.1 Changes of SPAD values of flag leaves of winter wheat under drip irrigation under different treatments from jointing stage to filling stage Notes:JS: jointing stage; BS: gestational stage; AS: flowering stage; GS: Grouting stage.The different letters on the bars indicate that the difference between different treatments over the same period is significant at the level of 0.05,the same as below

图2 不同处理下滴灌冬小麦拔节期至灌浆期叶片光合特性的变化

Fig.2 Changes of leaf photosynthetic characteristics of winter wheat under drip irrigation under different treatments from jointing stage to filling stage

图3 不同处理下滴灌冬小麦开花期、灌浆期单株干物质积累的变化

Fig.3 Changes of dry matter accumulation per plant at flowering and filling stage of winter wheat under drip irrigation under different treatments

表2 不同处理下滴灌冬小麦产量及氮肥利用效率的变化

Tab.2 Changes in yield and nitrogen use efficiency of drip irrigated winter wheat under different treatments

处理 Treatments	有效穗数 Number of productive ear (10⁴穗/hm²)	穗粒数 Number of kernels per spike (粒/穗)	千粒重 1000-grain weight (g)	产量 Yield (kg/hm²)	氮肥农学利用率 Nitrogen agronomic efficiency (kg/kg)	氮肥偏生产力 Partial factor productivity of nitrogen (kg/kg)
F₀	718.14^c	27.34^c	33.71^c	7 572.33^c	-	-
F₁	740.06^c	35.89^b	34.24^bc	8 185.91^bc	2.72^c	36.38^c
F₂	767.27^ab	37.51^ab	35.89^ab	8 519.03^b	4.21^b	37.86^bc
F₃	750.26^ac	36.60^ab	35.44^ab	8 646.84^ab	4.78^b	38.43^ab
F₄	784.28^a	38.66^a	36.63^a	9 210.95^a	7.28^a	40.93^a

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不同类型尿素及施用方式对滴灌冬小麦产量形成和氮肥利用效率的影响

Effects of different urea and application methods on photosynthetic characteristics, yield formation and nitrogen use efficiency of winter wheat under drip irrigation

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