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20 December 2022, Volume 59 Issue 12 Previous Issue    Next Issue
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Crop Genetics and Breeding · Cultivation Physiology · Germplasm Resources


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Crop Genetics and Breeding · Cultivation Physiology · Germplasm Resources

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Evaluation on Drought Resistance of Recombinant Inbred Lines of Gossypium barbadense L. at Flowering and Boll Stages YANG Long, ZHAO Fuxiang, DUAN Yajie, CAI Yongsheng, ZHENG Kai, CHEN Qin, CHEN Quanjia, QU Yanying 2022, 59(12): 2861-2869.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2022.12.001 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (966KB) ( )   【Objective】 To provide raw materials for the improvement of drought-resistant cotton germplasm and breeding of high-quality stress-resistant varieties by constructing isolated populations of Gossypium barbadense L. and screening resistant and sensitive extreme materials,which provides a basis for future research on cotton drought resistance.【Methods】 71 strains of parents and Haihai recombinant inbred line populations were takne as experimental materials, the field was subjected to natural drought stress at the flowering and boll stage, and morphological indicators and yield-related indicators were measured. Meanwhile, variance analysis, principal component analysis, and clustering analysis were employed simultaneously to identify and evaluate the drought resistance of parents and RILs families.【Results】 Principal component analysis of 7 traits could be divided into two comprehensive factors: plant morphology, yield-related traits per plant, and fiber yield-related traits; based on the comprehensive drought resistance measure (D value) for systematic clustering, the RILs materials were divided into four groups: more drought-sensitive type (28), drought-resistant type (26), drought-sensitive type (14) and strong drought-resistant type (3). When the drought resistance coefficient of each trait was used as the independent variable and the D value as the dependent variable for regression analysis, a multivariate linear model was obtained: D value= -0.771+0.089×DC Plant height + 0.117× DC number of effective branches+0.132×DC number of bells+0.343×DC effective number of bells +0.338×DC single boll lint weight+0.230× DC Cotton yield per plant.【Conclusion】 The strong drought-resistant materials HH-16, HH-61, HH-70 and the drought-sensitive materials HH-051 and HH-05 are screened out, which can be applied to the analysis of drought-related gene expression and the innovation of stress-resistant germplasm. The results of principal component analysis and multiple regression analysis show that the effective boll number, lint weight per boll and cotton yield per plant can be used as the main indicators for the identification of drought resistance of cotton inbred lines in the field.

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Analysis of Genetic Diversity of Agronomic and Quality Traits of 189 Cotton Germplasm Resources YANG Yanlong, MA Zhigang, Wumaierjiang Kuerban, WANG Penglong, Mayila Yusuyin, LI Chunping, YANG Ni, MA Jun, SHI Weijun 2022, 59(12): 2870-2878.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2022.12.002 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (1206KB) ( )   【Objective】 Analysis of Genetic Diversity of Agronomic and Quality Traits of 189 Cotton Germplasm Resources enrich the diversity of cotton germplasm resources a certain resource base for cotton breeding and germplasm innovation in Xinjiang. 【Methods】 The genetic diversity, correlation, principal component and cluster analysis of 6 agronomic traits and 5 fiber quality traits of 189 cotton germplasm resources were carried out to identify and screen cotton germplasm resources with excellent traits.【Results】 showed that 189 cotton germplasms rich genetic diversity in both agronomic and quality traits. The variation coefficients of 6 agronomic traits ranged from 4.669% to 11.877%, with an average of 8.712%; variation of 5 quality traits range from 1.369% to 9.311%, with an average of 6.136%. The correlation and principal component analyses on agronomic and quality traits showed that the complex correlations among the traits increased the difficulty for simultaneously improving the key traits of cotton. Principal component analysis simplified 11 traits into 4 components with a cumulative contribution rate of 72.740%. These 4 principal components indicate the relationships between biological characteristics (e.g., growth period, plant height) and economic traits (e.g., single boll weight, lint, average length of the upper half, and micronaire value). Synergistic cooperation beneficial to the simultaneous improvement of all traits. The 189 cotton germplasm resources were systematically clustered. When the genetic distance was 10, all materials were divided into 7 groups, and the characteristics of each group were significantly different. 【Conclusion】 It is worth noting that the mean values of micronaires of group III, group VI and group VII 189 cotton germplasm resources are 4.17, 4.03 and 4.08 respectively, all of which have reached the A-level standard.

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Analysis of Genetic Diversity of Main Characters in 288 Upland Cotton Germplasm Resources Rebiya Yusun, Wumaier Kurban, ZHANG Zhe, Maimaiti Moming, AI Xiantao 2022, 59(12): 2879-2887.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2022.12.003 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (998KB) ( )   【Objective】 The local cotton germplasm gene bank and screen germplasm resources suitable for excellent parents.【Methods】 288 germplasm resources were taken as experimental materials and 4 agronomic traits and 5 quality traits were analyzed. Meanwhile, variation analysis, correlation analysis, principal component analysis and cluster analysis were followed.【Results】 The coefficients of variation were the weight of single boll (9.14%), the lint fraction (8.34%), the number of bolls per plant (14.03%), the number of fruit branches (6.26%), and the average length of the upper half (4.50%), uniformity index (1.56%), micronaire value (6.43%), elongation (1.99%), specific strength at break (7.26%); Correlation analysis showed that boll weight was significantly positively correlated with the average length of the upper half, uniformity index, elongation and specific strength at break; The uniformity index and the micronaire value showed a very significant positive correlation, and the average length of the upper half had a very significant positive correlation with the elongation, uniformity index and breaking strength, and a very significant negative correlation with the micronaire value; the results of principal component analysis showed that the cumulative contribution rate of the eigenvalues of the first three components reached 61.68. The first principal component was mainly related to the number of bolls per plant, the second principal component wa mainly related to fiber quality, and the third principal component was mainly related to lint; Cluster analysis divided 288 materials into 4 groups, the cotton material of group I could be used as the material for improving the micronaire value of cotton, the cotton material of group II could be used as the material of cotton clothing improvement, the cotton material of group III could be used as a material for improving the fiber quality of cotton. The sparse flocculent H10, a group IV material, belonged to the idiosyncratic germplasm resource and was classified into a separate category.【Conclusion】 The variation coefficient of 288 germplasm resources is relatively large (1.56-14.03). The coefficient of variation of boll number per plant is 14.03, which is the largest among several traits, indicating that the differences between samples are large; the coefficients of variation of other traits are all less than 10, indicating that the materials used in this study are mostly high-quality materials. There is little difference in fiber quality traits.

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Response of Canopy Characteristics of Different Cotton Varieties with Drought Tolerance to Drip Irrigation Amount in Machine-picked Model ZHANG Humei, TIAN Yu, SHI Feng, LI Junhong, HAN Huanyong, WANG Fangyong, LUO Honghai 2022, 59(12): 2888-2898.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2022.12.004 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (1735KB) ( )   【Objective】 The objective of this study is to explore the response of different canopy characteristics of drought-tolerant cotton varieties to drip water quantity and the mechanism of action under the equidistant row spacing dense machine harvesting model in the hope of providing a theoretical basis for the selection of water-saving irrigation and drought-tolerant varieties for cotton in arid areas.【Methods】 The cultivars Xinluzao 22 with drought-tolerant cultivar and Xinluzao 17 with drought sensitive cultivar were selected as test varieties and the impacts of drip irrigation treatments: deficient drip irrigation (W1), limited drip irrigation(W2) and conventional drip irrigation(W3) on cotton canopy structure, light distribution, canopy apparent photosynthetic rate, canopy respiration rate and yield of different drought-tolerant cotton varieties were studied.【Results】 With the increase of dripping water, cotton chlorophyll content(Chl), canopy apparent photosynthetic rate(CAP)and canopy respiration rate(CR)all showed a significant upward trend and maximum under W3 treatment. Among them, Xinluzao 22 was not significantly different from the above parameters under W2 and W3 conditions from peak flowering stage to later full boll stage, but both were significantly lower than W1 treatment. Difuse non-interceptance(DIFN)and transmitted PAR rate showed a decreasing trend with the increase drip water, with W1> W2,W3 among all treatments. Xinluzao 17 and Xinluzao 22 had the highest yield under W3 and W2 treatments, respectively. And the irrigation water use efficiency was highest by W2. Among the cultivars, Chl, LAI, CAP and CR of Xinluzao 22 were 0.8%~10.5%, 3.4%~15.0%, 1.3%~16.7%, 2.9%~22.9% higher than Xinluzao 17 from the peak flowering to the boll opening stage, the yield and irrigation water use efficiency were 8.9%, 9.2% higher than Xinluzao 17. Correlation analysis showed that Chl, LAI, CAP and CR were positively correlated with yield, and DIFN was negatively correlated.【Conclusion】 Under equidistant row spacing with high density conditions,depending on the moisture sensitivity of the variety, drip irrigation of 3,900-4,800 m3/hm2 could maintain higher chlorophyll content and leaf area index, which is suitable difuse non-interceptance, and uniform light distribution of cotton in the middle of reproduction, thus enhanci canopy apparent photosynthetic rate and water use efficiency without sacrificing yield.

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Effects of Planting Density and Irrigation Quota on Growth and Development and Yield Formation of 76 cm Equal Row Spacing Machine-Picked Cotton CHEN Lijun, LIN Tao, WU Fengquan, SHAO Yajie, XU Yanjun, TANG Qiuxiang 2022, 59(12): 2899-2908.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2022.12.005 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (895KB) ( )   【Objective】 In order to explore the influence of planting density and irrigation quota on the growth and development characteristics and yield formation of cotton, 76 cm isometric machine-picking cotton planting technology system will be established.【Methods】 This study adopted a split area test design, with planting density as the main area and irrigation quota as the sub-area. Planting densities of 135,000 plants/hm2 (M1), 180,000 plants/hm2 (M2) and 225.000 plants/hm2(M3) were set. The irrigation quotas were 3,150 m3/hm2 (W1), 4,050 m3/hm2 (W2) and 4950 m3/hm2 (W3). The interaction of planting density and irrigation quota on the growth and development, yield and its constituent factors of 76 cm equal-row cotton harvested was studied.【Results】 Plant height increased with the increase of density and irrigation quota. The number of leaves, fruit branches, buds, flowers and bolls per unit area were the largest under different irrigation quotas at high density. Planting density and irrigation quota had a significant interaction effect on RVR, boll number per unit area and seed cotton yield. The total plant dry matter weight showed an upward trend with the increase of density and irrigation quota, and the RVR was the largest under W1. Correlation analysis showed that BGR and CGR, BGR and CGR and boll number, boll number and boll weight were significantly positively correlated with seed cotton yield, and BGR and CGR were significantly negatively correlated with boll weight in the boll stage. M3W1, M2W2 and M1W3 treatments had the highest seed cotton yield, and there was no significant difference among the three.【Conclusion】 When the 76 cm equal row spacing is the same as the traditional (10+66) cm planting mode M3 irrigation quota, the single boll weight of the 76 cm equal row cotton planting mode is significantly lower than that of the M1 and M2 densities; Reducing the planting density can increase the single boll and reducing density and irrigation quota can help increase RVR, and increasing irrigation quota can help increase plant height and dry matter accumulation. Therefore, optimizing the planting density and irrigation quota can promote the growth of cotton plants and increase the yield. When the planting density is 225,000 plants/hm2 and the irrigation quota is 3,150 m3/hm2, 76 cm equal row spacing planting mode is conducive to the increase of the yield of machine-picked cotton.

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Effects of Long-Term Saline Water Irrigation on Soil Bacteria and Fungi Community Structure in Cotton Field GUO Xiaowen, DU Siyao, WANG Fangxia, YE Yang, YANG Maoqi, MIN Wei 2022, 59(12): 2909-2923.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2022.12.006 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (3448KB) ( )   【Objective】 Thereby adversely affecting soil microbial communities. The objective of this field experiment is to explore the effects of long-term saline water irrigation on soil physicochemical properties, bacteria and fungi communities structure in cotton field.【Methods】 The three irrigation treatments were set: fresh water [electrical conductivity (ECw) = 0.35 dS/m], brackish water (ECw = 4.61 dS/m) and saline water (ECw = 8.04 dS/m). The diversity of soil bacterial and fungal community structure was measured by high-throughput sequencing method.【Results】 Compared with fresh water irrigation, irrigation with brackish water and saline water significantly increased soil salinity and bulk density, but decreased soil pH, organic matter and total nitrogen content. Brackish and saline water irrigation significantly increased bacterial OTUs, but saline water irrigation significantly decreased fungal OTUs. Saline water irrigation significantly increased Chao1 and ACE indexes of the bacterial community, but decreased Shannon index. Moreover, saline water irrigation decreased Chao1 and ACE indexes of the fungal community, and increased Simpson index. Brackish water and saline water irrigation significantly decreased the relative abundance of RB41, H16, Haliangium, Nitrospira, Lysobacter, Bryobacter, Acidobacteria_bacterium in the bacterial community, and Mortierella, Entoloma, Tetracladium in the fungi community. However, brackish water and saline water irrigation significantly increased the relative abundance of Sphingomonas, Gemmatimonas, Gaiella, Ilumatobacter, Solirubrobacter, Nocardioidesn of the bacterial community, and Curvularia and Mycosphaerella in the fungi community. According to LEfSe analysis, with the increase of irrigation water salinity, the number of indicator species of bacterial community gradually decreased to 4, 2 and 1, respectively. In addition, the number of indicator species of fungal community reached the highest of 12 indicator species in brackish water irrigation and the lowest of 5 indicator species in saline water irrigation. Redundant analysis results showed that the change of bacterial community structure was closely related to the change of soil water content, bulk density and salinity.【Conclusion】 Salinity is the main factor driving the change of soil bacterial and fungal community composition; Soil bacterial and fungal communities adapt to salinity stress by adjusting species composition; Soil bacterial and fungal communities form significantly different species under different irrigation water salinity.

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Molecular Detection of Three Yr Genes in 153 Winter Wheat Varieties from Xinjiang LU Zifeng, SHI Xiaolei, LI Yushan, CUI Yanhua, XIAN He, YAN Yongliang, ZHANG Jinbo, GAO Haifeng, CONG Hua 2022, 59(12): 2924-2932.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2022.12.007 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (1189KB) ( )   【Objective】 To clarify the distribution of stripe rust resistant genes Yr 9, Yr 26 and Yr Tp1 in 153 winter wheat varieties from Xinjiang with a view to providing theoretical basis for resistance breeding of Xinjiang winter wheat.【Methods】 The SSR marker of stripe rust resistant genes, polymerase chain reaction and polyacrylamide Gel electrophoresis were used to detect whether the tested wheat varieties contain Yr 9, Yr 26 and Yr Tp1 genes.【Results】 The percentage of 123 winter wheat landraces and 30 cultivars from Xinjiang that carried Yr 9 was 78.86% and 63.33%, respectively; Yr 26 was 95.12% and 73.33%, respectively; Yr Tp1 was 88.62% and 60%, respectively; In 123 winter wheat landraces, we identified that all the three resistant genes in 87 varieties (70.73%), two resistant genes—the gene recombination types including Yr 9+Yr 26, Yr 9+Yr Tp1, Yr 26+Yr Tp1- in 28 varieties (22.76%), only Yr 9 in 1 variety, only Yr 26 in 5 varieties; In 30 winter wheat cultivars, we detected all the three resistant genes in 15 varieties (50%), two resistant genes—the gene recombination types including Yr 9+Yr 26andYr 26+Yr Tp1 in 7 varieties (23.33%).【Conclusion】 Above all, it is concluded that the winter wheat germplasm in Xinjiang carrying the Yr genes are abundant and these germplasms can be used as intermediate materials in disease resistant breeding.

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Genetic Diversity of 113 Hexaploid Winter Triticale Germplasms GU Haitao, WANG Shanshan, XIE Huifang, HONG Luping, KONG Guangchao 2022, 59(12): 2933-2941.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2022.12.008 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (1315KB) ( )   【Objective】 This project aims to analyze the genetic diversity relationship of phenotypic traits of winter triticale germplasm resources and screen out winter triticale germplasm with excellent comprehensive traits, which might provide theoretical basis for winter small rye breeding, parental selection and in-depth research on important traits.【Methods】 The Shannon-Wiener’s diversity index was used to analyze the genetic diversity of 8 phenotypic traits of 113 winter triticale germplasm, and the frequency distribution law of the 8 phenotypic traits of the tested winter triticale germplasm was analyzed at the Shihezi University Experimental Station for two consecutive years. Also, correlation analysis of various traits was used to clarify the intertrait relations and the comprehensive evaluation system of winter small rye germplasm was constructed using principal component analysis, and the classification of reference materials was clarified by cluster analysis.【Results】 The average coefficient of variation of 8 phenotypic traits was 13.02%, and the coefficient of variation of grain yield per plant, thousand-grain weight, number of grains per spike, number of spikes per plant, spike length, and plant height exceeded 10%, among which, the maximum of the grain yield per plant was 18.01%, and the minimum was 5.09%; the heritability of each trait was more than 85%; the genetic diversity index of each trait was between 1.33 and 2.24, the genetic diversity of single plant grain yield was the highest, and the genetic diversity of grain length was the lowest; Correlation analysis showed that there were different correlations among the various traits. The grain yield per plant was significantly positively correlated with the number of grains per spike, thousand-grain weight, spike length, grain length, and plant height. The numbers showed a very significant negative correlation. Principal component analysis extracted three principal components, with a cumulative contribution rate of 80.43%. The first principal component was the main component of grain yield, which was related to the grain yield per plant, the number of grains per ear, and the thousand-grain weight. The second principal component was the principal component of grain morphology. It was related to the grain length and grain width. The third principal component was that the main component of plant height was related to plant height and ear length; cluster analysis divided the tested materials into 4 categories. The first category contained 12 materials, belonging to high-stem materials. The second category contained 40 materials, which were multi-spike-type materials. The third category contained 30 materials, which were high-yield materials, and the fourth category contained 31 materials, which were large-grain materials.【Conclusion】 Comprehensive evaluation of winter triticale has selected 11 triticale with good grain and high yield. The tested materials have rich genetic diversity and good comprehensive evaluation, which can effectively supplement the germplasm resources of triticale.

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Analysis on Yield Potential and Harvesting Performance of Very Early Maturing Mechanically Harvesting Maize Hybrid Xinyu110 LIANG Xiaoling, Abulaiti Abra, YANG Jie, LI Yinxiu, HAN Dengxu, WANG Yejian, HAN Dengxu, XI Haojiang, LEI Zhigang, GAO Xuefei, CHEN Weilin 2022, 59(12): 2942-2947.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2022.12.009 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (566KB) ( )   【Objective】 To analyze the yield potential and mechanical harvest performance of a new maize hybrid Xinyu 110 with very early maturity in the hope of providing a scientific basis for the promotion of the new variety.【Methods】 Taking the regional trial of very early maize as second crop in southern Xinjiang as materials, the statistical analysis system of crop varieties regional trial RCT99 was used.【Results】 The output of Xinyu 110 was 522.27 kg/667m2 in the regional trial, which was 12.13% higher than that of the control Xinyu 10. The production test was 552.67 kg/667m2, which was 17.01% higher than that of the control. The growth period was 87.9 days, 2.9 days earlier than the control. The unit weight of grain was 768 g/L, the crude protein content was 9.9%, the crude starch content was 74.92%, and the crude fat content was 4.6%. It obtained lodging resistance, resistance to maize smut, head smut, and rough shrinkage. The bracts open naturally at maturity and dehydration was fast.【Conclusion】 Xinyu 110 has high output and great potential for increasing production. It belongs to strong heterosishybrid with very early maturity, good quality as well as wide adaptability. It is suitable for replanting after wheat in southern Xinjiang and spring planting in cold areas of northern Xinjiang. It requires the effective accumulated temperature 2,200℃ above 10℃ and suitable for mechanical harvesting of kernels.

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Variety Comparison Test of Silage Corn in Aral Area HE Wanrong, SUN Qiang, XI Linqiao, DUAN Zhenyu 2022, 59(12): 2948-2956.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2022.12.010 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (801KB) ( )   【Objective】 To select silage maize varieties suitable for planting in Aral region of Xinjiang.【Methods】 The nutritional components were determined in lab and the nine silage maize varieties and their nutritional quality was evaluated by RFV and grey correlation degree.【Results】 The results showed that there were significant differences in hay yield, CP (Crude protein), EE (Crude fat), ADF (Acid detergent fiber), NDF (Neutral detergent fiber), ash (Crude ash) and str (Starch) contents among nine silage maize varieties (P< 0.05); The fresh yield of Xinsiyu 12 was the highest up to 1.19×105 kg/hm2, the lowest NDF content was 51.87%. CP content of Xinwo No. 1 was the highest up to 7.60%, and the lowest ADF content was 28.53%. EE content of Jiyu 336 was the highest up to 3.16%, the lowest Ash content was to 6.06 %, and Str content was the highest up to 30.87%.【Conclusion】 According to the comprehensive evaluation of field performance and gray analysis, Huamu 3, Jiyu 336, Xinsiyu 11 and Tunyu 168 are suitable for cultivation and planting in Aral area.

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Effects of Nitrogen and Water Collaborative Supply on Accumulation and Distribution of Dry Matter and Nitrogen, Nitrogen Transport and Use Efficiency of corn XU Haitao, FENG Xiaoxi, XU Bo, GUO Haibin, ZHANG Jungang, WANG Chengye 2022, 59(12): 2957-2968.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2022.12.011 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (1690KB) ( )   【Objective】 To study the effects of nitrogen and water collaborative supply on accumulation and distribution of dry matter and nitrogen, nitrogen transport and use efficiency of maize hybrid Zhuyu 216.【Methods】 Split plots experiments on two factors of nitrogen and irrigation were designed, and there were three irrigation levels: W0 (0 m3/hm2), W1 (750 m3/hm2) and W2 (1,500 m3/hm2) and three nitrogen application levels: N0 (0 kg/hm2), N1(150 kg/hm2) and N2(300 kg/hm2).【Results】 The results showed that the accumulation of aboveground dry matter and nitrogen at maturity stage, and nitrogen absorption efficiency were the highest under nitrogen and water collaborative supply of W2 water (1,500 m3/hm2) and N1 nitrogen (150 kg/hm2), the collaborative supply of N1 nitrogen (150 kg/hm2) and W1 water (750 m3/hm2) was conducive to the accumulation of dry matter and nitrogen migration into grains, which increased the nitrogen transport amount in vegetative organs, enhanced the distribution proportion in grains, and raised nitrogen use efficiency, nitrogen transport efficiency, nitrogen transport contribution rate, nitrogen agronomic efficiency and nitrogen partial productivity.【Conclusion】 Comprehensively considering the grain yield and fertilizer and water saving factors, the combination of irrigation amount 750 m3/hm2 and nitrogen amount 150 kg/hm2 was the optimal one for maize hybrid Zhuyu 216 based on the experiment results.

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Effects of Different Nitrogen Application Rates and Planting Densities on Population Growth and Yield Components of Rice WANG Zhenyang, WANG Jichuan, YUAN Jie, WANG Fengbin 2022, 59(12): 2969-2978.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2022.12.012 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (1097KB) ( )   【Objective】 To study the effects of different nitrogen application rates and planting densities on the population growth and yield characteristics of rice in southern Xinjiang, so as to provide basis for rational close planting and optimal nitrogen management in production.【Methods】 Xindao 36 was selected to carry out a split plot field experiment with four nitrogen application rates (pure nitrogen 0, 120, 240 and 360 kg/hm2, represented by N0, N1, N2 and N3) in the main area and five planting densities (13.89, 16.67, 20.83, 27.78 and 41.67×104 holes/hm2, represented by D1, D2, D3, D4 and D5) in the sub area. The stem and tiller dynamics, dry matter accumulation, yield composition and rice quality characteristics were analyzed.【Results】 (1) Appropriately increasing planting density and nitrogen application rate was conducive to increasing the number of tillers in rice population, the number of final tillers of N2D4 was the largest, reaching 4.13×106 stems/hm2;(2) The rapid growth period of dry matter of rice population in southern Xinjiang was from jointing to the middle and late filling stage, and tended to prolong with the increase of nitrogen application. The final dry matter accumulation was manifested as N3>N2>N1>N0. Too high density was unfavorable to dry matter accumulation, and the final dry matter accumulation was D4>D5>D3>D2>D1; (3) The number of grains per panicle of N2 and D1 was the largest, and the excessive nitrogen application was unfavorable to the improvement of seed setting rate, grain weight and tillering panicle rate. With the increase of nitrogen application rate and planting densities, the number of effective panicles and yield increased first and then decreased. The number of effective panicles and yield of N2D4 were the largest, reaching 3.99×106 panicles/hm2 and 13.61 t/hm2 respectively, followed by N3D4, 3.71×106 panicles/hm2 and 12.94 t/hm2; (4) Density had little effect on rice quality, and increasing nitrogen fertilizer was beneficial to increase protein content, brown rice rate and milled rice rate, and to improve quality.【Conclusion】 The nitrogen application rate is 240-360 kg/hm2 and the planting density is 27.7878×104 holes /hm2 (30 cm × 12 cm) for higher yields.

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Response of Growth Development and Yield of Upland Rice and Paddy Rice to Irrigation Amount WANG Luxia, SUO Changkai, CHU Xuan, YE Jun, MIN Wei, HOU zhenan 2022, 59(12): 2979-2987.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2022.12.013 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (1281KB) ( )   【Objective】 To study the effects of different irrigation amounts on the yield and growth characteristics of upland rice (Hanxiang 1) and paddy rice (Liangxiang 3) by using the mulching drip irrigation mode with a view to providing a theoretical basis for the appropriate irrigation amount for upland rice cultivation in Xinjiang.【Methods】 Upland rice and paddy rice were taken as the research objects and common rice as the control, five irrigation amounts, 375 mm(W1), 525 mm(W2), 675 mm(W3), 900 mm(W4) and 1125 mm(W5) were set to study the effects of different irrigation amounts on the yield, growth and development of upland rice and paddy rice under drip irrigation and film mulching.【Results】 The results showed that under different irrigation treatments, the growth period delayed, plant height, leaf area index, dry matter weight, yield and WUE of upland rice and rice decreased with the decrease of irrigation amounts. Under 675 mm (W3) treatment, upland rice yield and WUE were significantly increased, which were 4,506 kg/hm2 and 0.67, respectively. Under 1,125 mm(W5) treatment, the highest yield of rice was 7,485 kg/hm2 and WUE was 0.67. There was no significant difference in upland rice yield when the irrigation amount was greater than 675 mm, and upland rice yield was 60.45% higher and water use efficiency was 61.19% higher when the irrigation amount was 675 mm (W3) than that of rice. The average yield, water use efficiency and water saving amount of upland rice under each irrigation were 11.24%, 10% and 22.2% higher than those of paddy rice.【Conclusion】 Planting upland rice in arid region of Xinjiang is limited by water. In addition to saving water resources and improving yield, The optimal irrigation amount for upland rice planting in Xinjiang is 675 mm.

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Effects of Exogenous Microorganisms on Growth and Yield of Rice under Different Salt Concentrations ZHANG Yanhong, DU Xiaojing, WEN Xiaorong, KANG Mintai, TANG Fusen, YUAN Jie, ZHAO Zhiqiang, Buhaliqem Abliz, GUO Hu, WANG Fengbin 2022, 59(12): 2988-2996.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2022.12.014 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (975KB) ( )   【Objective】 To clarify the influence mechanism of exogenous bacteria on salt tolerance of rice.【Methods】 Rice variety "Akita Komachi " was taken as experimental material and the experiment was conducted from April to October 2019 by pot culture to study the effects of root inoculation with microorganisms on the growth process, shoot growth index, yield and yield components of rice under different salt stress (0 g/kg, 1 g/kg, 2 g/kg, 4 g/kg).【Results】 The results showed that the survival rate of rice seedlings, leaf area per plant at booting stage, maximum tiller number, total dry matter per plant, number of grains per panicle, seed setting rate, 1,000 grain weight and yield per plant decreased with the increase of NaCl concentration after inoculation and non inoculation of exogenous microorganisms, and there was no significant difference between mild salt stress treatment (1 g / kg) and normal control treatment (0 g/kg) (P<0.05). Under moderate salt stress (2 g/kg), inoculation with exogenous microflora significantly increased rice seedling survival, leaf area per plant at gestation, tiller formation capacity, total dry matter per plant and yield per plant compared to uninoculated conditions. Under heavy salt stress (4 g/kg), rice plants were killed by salt damage and the effect of exogenous bacteria was not manifested.【Conclusion】 Through comprehensive analysis, when rice was subjected to moderate salt stress (2 g/kg), inoculation of rice roots with exogenous microbial bacteria could alleviate the inhibitory effect of salt adversity on rice growth, enhance rice survival and yield, and increase rice salt tolerance.

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Cytological Analysis of Drop Factors in Thompson Seedless and Red Globe Grapes TANG Xiantao, ZHANG Fuchun, ZHONG Haixia, ZHANG Wen, ZHOU Xiaoming, WANG Min, WU Xinyu, ZENG Bin, PAN Mingqi 2022, 59(12): 2997-3003.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2022.12.015 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (1275KB) ( )   【Objective】 In order to explore the related factors affecting Thompson Seedless grape seed-setting and provide theoretical basis for the control of the grape seed-setting in Xinjiang.【Methods】 The stem tension and the stem Lignin and cellulose contents of easy-dropping Thompson Seedless grape and resistant-dropping Red Globe grape were measured and the separation zone, the separation layer and the fruit brush of the mature Thompson Seedless and Red Globe were observed by staining section, and after that, the separation zone, the thickness of the separation layer and the cell cross section, the separation zone and the cell longitudinal and transverse diameter were measured; After 2, 4-D, PCPA and girdling treatment, the breaking rate and breaking force were measured.【Results】 The pull force of Red Globe stem was (6.7±3.2) N, the pull force of Thompson Seedless stem was (2.1±0.5) N, the Lignin and cellulose contents of Red Globe stem were higher than those of Thompson Seedless, the range of Thompson Seedless zone was larger and narrower. Red Globe had a wide brush, the cells in the abscission layer were closely arranged, the cells in the abscission layer were small and loose. There was no significant difference in the shape of the cells in the abscission zone and abscission zone between the two kinds of grapes. The vascular bundles of the fruiting pedicles of Thompson Seedless and Red Globe passed directly through the free zone and distributed radially in the free zone cells. The vascular bundle cells in the free zone of Red Globe were more and denser than those of Thompson Seedless, and had thicker vascular bundle cells than those of Thompson Seedless. the percentage of no-nucleated white and the tensile force of stem were increased, and girdling treatment was the most effective.【Conclusion】 The comprehensive comparative analysis between Red Globe and Thompson Seedless showed that the grapes with large stem pulling force has the characteristics of well-developed vascular bundles, tight connection between vascular bundles and pulp, small area away from fruit, and high content of lignin and cellulose.

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Analysis of Stone Cell Content in Different Parts of 15 Local Pear Cultivars in Xinjiang and Their Quality Characters ZHANG Shikui, LI Wenhui, Abulaike Niyazi, WANG Shaopeng, TANG Zhanghu, Amanguli Wusiman, FAN Guoquan 2022, 59(12): 3004-3012.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2022.12.016 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (1877KB) ( )   【Objective】 To understand the fruit quality traits and stone cell content of local pear varieties in Xinjiang in the hope of laying a theoretical foundation for pear breeding and popularization.【Methods】 Fifteen local pear varieties in Xinjiang were selected to determine the fruit characters, fruit quality and stone cell content during fruit ripening.【Results】 There were significant differences in fruit traits (such as shape, color, pulp texture, aroma, etc.) among different pear varieties. The fruit weight of 15 pear cultivars was 122.76-250.30 g, the soluble solid was10.28%-15.96%, the fruit hardness was 4.82-13.37 kg/cm2, the total titratable acid content was 0.59%-2.77%, and the content of stone cells in the fruits was 0.54%-3.11%. In addition, the content of stone cells in different parts of the same variety was very different: near the core > middle pulp > near the peel.【Conclusion】 There are differences and specificities in quality traits and stone cell content of different pear varieties.

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Effects of Different Plant Growth Regulators on Photosynthetic Characteristics and Fruit Quality of Jun-Jujube YUE Wanwan, Abudukayoumu Ayimait, JIN Juan, HAO Qing, FAN Dingyu, YANG Lei 2022, 59(12): 3013-3021.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2022.12.017 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (1413KB) ( )   【Objective】 To study the effects of spraying different kinds of plant growth regulators on the diurnal changes of photosynthetic physiological indexes, fruit quality and yield of Junjube jujube in the hope of providing theoretical guidance for the high-quality cultivation of Junjube jujube in Xinjiang.【Methods】 Junzao was used as the research material, and six combinations of three plant growth regulator, thiobenzon (TDZ), gibberellin (GA3) and porphin iron dihydrochloride were applied in the project. The leaf spraying of Junzao was carried out in the flowering period, and the photosynthetic characteristics, fruit quality and yield of Junzao were measured.【Results】 All the six treatments could improve photosynthetic characteristics, fruit quality and yield per plant. The net photosynthetic rate (Pn) and transpiration rate (Tr) of leaves under T1 and T2 treatments were significantly higher than those under CK, T3 treatment had the highest water use efficiency (WUE).Compared with CK, T1+T3 had extremely significant differences. Single fruit weight, vertical and horizontal diameter were 44.45%, 11.11% and 16.78% higher than those of CK, respectively. T3 had the highest drying rate of 46%. T3 treatment had the highest titratable acid content, soluble sugar content and cellulose content, which were increased by 5.56%, 60.71% and 352.77% compared with the control, respectively.T1 treatment had the best yield increase of 2.65 kg / plant, which was 194.44% higher than that of CK.【Conclusion】 Under using different plant growth regulators condition, jun jujube leaf photosynthetic diurnal variation, fruit quality and yield were significantly increased. Based on various indicators, the T3-treated photosynthesis parameters, water utilization rate and fruit quality are excellent, and T1 and T2+T3 treated fruits produce better than other treatments.

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Evaluation on Effects of Herbicide Sprayed on Cotton Fields before Sowing by UAV ZHANG Donghai, WEI Junmei, CHEN Bing, JI Guangpeng, WANG Fan, NIU Linglei 2022, 59(12): 3022-3029.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2022.12.018 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (1218KB) ( )   【Objective】 To analyze the effects of spraying 33% dimethylpropyl on weed control and cotton growth in cotton field under different spraying treatments and provide a theoretical basis for spraying herbicide in cotton field before UAV sowing.【Methods】 In this study, under the planting mode of mechanically harvested cotton in Xinjiang, the soil sealant dimetalin was selected as the test herbicide, and 5 treatments with different concentrations were designed before sowing by unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) spraying, and 5 treatments with locomotive spraying and 5 treatments without spraying to analyze the effects of different treatments on weed control efficiency and cotton growth and development in cotton fields.【Results】 In the soil treatment of cotton field before sowing, the grass control effect of treatment 2 (at the dosage of 3,450 mL/hm2) was similar to that of locomotive spraying, and the control effect reached 94.00%, which was significantly better than that of treatment without application, and the seedling emergence rate reached 59.71%, which was not significantly different from that of treatment without application. Increasing the concentration of 1,200mL /hm2 had an effect on cotton seedling emergence, and the seedling emergence rate was decreased by 7.54%, but the difference was not significant. Secondly, there were no significant differences in plant height, leaf age, aboveground dry matter weight, leaf area index (LAI) between UAV spraying treatment and locomotive spraying treatment, but significantly higher than that without spraying treatment.【Conclusion】 When the concentration of dimetalin was 3,450 mL/hm2 before spraying with UAV, it has the same effect on weed control as the growth and development of cotton, so it could be recommended to be used in the field in the future.

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Screening of Antagonistic Plants: Ragweed and Giant Ragweed FU Kaiyun, WANG Dian, DING Xinhua, JIA Zunzun, Tursun Ahmat, ZHANG Guoliang, FU Weidong, WEN Jun, Jiamaliding · Wulazahan, WANG La, GUO Wenchao 2022, 59(12): 3030-3046.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2022.12.019 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (2236KB) ( )   【Objective】 To study the effects of extracts of ragweed and giant ragweed on seed germination of common alternative forages tall fescue, Kentucky bluegrass, ryegrass and Elymus, as well as alfalfa, sunflower, corn, wheat and sugar beet in order to screen the alternative plants with control effect on ragweed and giant ragweed and the best mixed painting method.【Methods】 The effect of ragweed and giant ragweed extract on seed germination was studied by using petri dish filter paper. A pot competition experiment was conducted, and DeWit was used to replace the experimental method to set up five mixed methods of herbage and invasive weeds, whose ratios were 1:1, 1:2, 1:3, 2:1 and 3:1, respectively. The competition effects of Ryegrass, Elymus dahuricus and Festuca Elata with ragweed and giant ragweed were studied to identify the potential of the three forages for the control of ragweed and giant ragweed.【Results】 With the increase of the extract concentration of ragweed and giant ragweed, the germination rate, germination index and allelopathic index of the 4 common substitute forage seeds and the 5 common crop seeds in Xinyuan County decreased on average. Under the 5 mixed densities, when the mixed ratio of ryegrass, tall fescue and giant ragweed was 3:1, the comparison indexes of giant ragweed were (-0.505,1±0.301,5) and (-0.757,6±0.265,88) respectively, which were both significant lower than 0 (P<0.05); When the ratios of ryegrass, tall fescue and ragweed were 1:3, the ragweed competition balance index was (-0.955,8±0.518,08) and (-2.049,7±0.178,55), which were significantly lower than 0 (P<0.05); Under the mixed ratios of Elymus triloba and ragweed and giant ragweed, there was no significant difference in the comparative balance index between ragweed and giant ragweed from 0 (P<0.05).【Conclusion】 The extracts of ragweed and giant ragweed showed allelopathic inhibition on seed germination, and the higher the concentration of the extracts, the stronger the inhibition. At the same time, the allelopathic effect of leaf was greater than that of root. The allelopathic effect of giant ragweed on seed germination of four forage grasses was stronger than that of ragweed. Ryegrass and tall fescue could be used as substitutes for ragweed and giant ragweed. Ryegrass and tall fescue have a recommended ratio of 3:1 for giant ragweed and 1:3 for ragweed. Considering that when the density of ragweed and giant ragweed is higher, the allelopathic inhibitory effect will be stronger, they will affect the germination and growth of forage, so the sowing amount of substitute forage should be increased appropriately.

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Identification and Evaluation of Maize Germplasm Resistance to Pythium Stem Rot and Fusarium Stem Rot DING Xinhua, SONG Zishuo, YANG Jie, GAO Guowen, FU Kaiyun, JIA Zunzun, Tursun Ahmat, GUO Wenchao 2022, 59(12): 3047-3056.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2022.12.020 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (843KB) ( )   【Objective】 To systematically evaluate the resistance level of Xinjiang maize germplasm resources to dominant pathogens of corn stalk rot in the hope of providing scientific basis for genetic breeding and scientific control of corn stalk rot resistance.【Methods】 The level of resistance to P. inflatum stem rot of 62 maize germplasm resources and 100 maize germplasm resources to Fusarium stem rot were identified and evaluated by field artificial soil embedding method.【Results】 In 2020, 62 maize germplasm resources were identified for resistance to P. inflatum stem rot by field artificial soil embedding method. Seven highly resistant materials were identified, accounting for 11.29%, and 5, 18, 5 and 27 resistant, moderately resistant, susceptible and highly susceptible materials accounted for 8%, 29%, 8% and 24%, respectively. In 2021, 100 maize germplasm resources were artificially inoculated with F. Verticillioides to identify and evaluate its resistance to fusarium stem rot. 14, 16, 37, 15 and 18 highly resistant, moderate resistant, susceptible and highly susceptible materials were screened out, respectively. In addition, the correlation coefficients between plant rate and plant height, ear length and ear diameter were -0.333**, -0.388** and -0.283**, respectively, indicating that maize varieties with high stalk and ear thickness had a good basis for disease resistance. The correlation coefficients between dry ear weight, grain weight, 100 grain weight and the disease plant rate were -0.203*, -0.222*, -0.379**, respectively, showing significant or extremely significant negative correlation, indicating that the disease plant rate had a great influence on the yield index. The analysis of the effect of stem rot on the field characters of different maize varieties showed that the tasseling stage, silking stage and powder dispersing stage of 21KBL054 were less affected and delayed by 2, 2 and 4 days respectively, while 21KBL096 was seriously affected, and the tasseling stage, silking stage and powder dispersing stage were delayed by 13, 12 and 8 days respectively. The average plant height and ear position of 21KBL058 strains were 224.80cm and 83.09cm, respectively, increased by 22.15% and 51.76% compared with the control. The average plant height and ear position of 21KBL045 strains at the same resistance level were 186.50cm and 72.64 cm, respectively, which increased only by -0.40% and 3.04% compared with the control.【Conclusion】 In conclusion, a number of disease-resistant varieties with excellent disease resistance and stable field characters are comprehensively screened, such as 21KBL096, 21KBL030 and 21KBL033.

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Selection and Identification of a Cotton Phenol Degradation Strain and Its Detoxification Effect on Cotton Meal ZHANG Li, YANG Xiaolong, WANG Hailiang, NAN Shanshan, MA Xueer, NIE Cunxi, ZHANG Wenju, CHEN Cheng 2022, 59(12): 3057-3065.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2022.12.021 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (1403KB) ( )   【Objective】 The purpose of this experiment is to isolate and screen strains with the ability to degrade gossypol, and to explore its biological characteristics, fermentation performance and cotton meal detoxification effec in hope of providing reference data for the production and application of cotton meal detoxification.【Methods】 Xinjiang cottonseed meal and gossypol as the sole carbon source was used to isolate and screen strains with high-efficiency degradation of gossypol, and study their biological characteristics, comprehensive morphology and 16SrDNA sequence determination were applied to identify the test strains, and then this strain was employed to ferment cottonseed meal and explore its cotton meal detoxification effect.【Results】 It was found that the optimal temperature of strain JD-1 was 37℃, and with the extension of time, the growth concentration of the strain gradually increased and stabilized in 22-24 h. However, the pH of the JD-1 strain gradually decreased with time, and finally stabilized. With the increase of the salt concentration within 24 h, the growth of the strain gradually slowed down until it finally stabilized, and it had a certain salt tolerance. But too much acid or too much alkali would inhibit its growth. Under optimal conditions, the degradation rate of JD-1 fermented cottonseed meal to reduce gossypol was 40%, and its evolutionary relationship was as high as 99% homology with Pediococcus lactis. It was determined that JD-1 strain was lactic acid Pediococcus.【Conclusion】 In this paper, a strain of Lactococcus lactis with good ability to degrade gossypol was reported with 40% detoxification of cotton phenol from cotton meal, using gossypol as the sole carbon source.

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Effects of Harvest Maturity on Browning and Related Metabolic Enzymes of Green Walnut Fruits Bumareyamu Aishan, PAN Yan, SUN Xi, XU Bin, MENG Xintao, ZHANG Ting 2022, 59(12): 3066-3074.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2022.12.022 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (1560KB) ( )   【Objective】 To discuss the effects of harvest maturity on browning and related metabolic enzymes of green walnut fruits in the hope of revealing the browning mechanism of it.The result provides suitable harvest period and a theoretical basis of the directional control of browning of green walnut fruits in production.【Methods】 The 'Wen 185' green walnut fruits were studied as the test material, which were harvested respectively on August 22 (maturity Ⅰ, 125 d after flowering), August 27 (maturity Ⅱ, 130 d after flowering), and September 1 ( Maturity III, 135 d after flowering), and stored at (-1±1) ℃ and a relative humidity of 75%- 85%, and afterwards the browning index, total phenolic content and the metabolism-related enzymes of green walnut fruits were determined regularly.【Results】 If the fruit skin maturity was different, its browning index was different. The browning index of maturity II (August 27th) was significantly lower than the other two maturity levels, and the total phenols and PPO, POD, PAL, SOD, CAT and APX activities were significantly higher than those of the other twos. The correlation analysis results showed that there was a very significant negative correlation between the browning index of total phenols, PPO, POD, PAL, SOD, CAT and APX activities of the 'Wen 185' green walnut fruits.【Conclusion】 The Maturity Ⅱ (August 27) is a suitable harvest period for the 'Wen 185' green walnut fruits. Its browning is closely related to the total phenol content, PPO, POD, PAL, SOD, CAT and APX activities of green walnut fruits during storage.

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Study on the Redistribution and Numerical Simulation of Phosphorus in the Infiltration Water of Fertilizer Solution under the Condition of Single Point Source Infiltration FU Ming, XIE Fuming, LI Yan 2022, 59(12): 3075-3083.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2022.12.023 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (1975KB) ( )   【Objective】 To Study of different emitter flow rates on the distribution of water and phosphorus in aeolian sandy soil under drip irrigation.【Methods】 In this project, the distribution of soil water and available phosphorus in soil under the condition of single point source infiltration with the same irrigation amount and different emitter flow rates (0.3 L/h, 0.9 L/h, 1.2 L/h) was studied by laboratory experiment, and the numerical simulation was conducted.【Results】 When the drop flow was 0.3 L/h, the soil moisture range gradually decreased from 0-15 cm to 30-45 cm, and the distribution of available phosphorus in soil was more uniform. When the flow of the drop head was 0.9 L/h, the soil moisture range of each depth soil layer was the same, and the peak value of the soil effective phosphorus concentration in the depth of 15-30 cm under the drop head is 800 mg/kg, which was higher than that of the drop head flow of 0.3 L/h. The distribution range of available phosphorus content in horizontal direction was wider than that of 1.2 L/h flow. The results showed that the effective phosphorus content was mainly concentrated in the depth of 15-30 cm with the infiltration of water; with the increase of the drop flow, the amount of phosphorus fertilizer to the deep layer of soil increased.【Conclusion】 When irrigation amount is 225 m3/hm2 and ammonium dihydrogen phosphate application amount was 300 kg/hm2, available phosphorus concentration in soil was higher. Under the condition of different emitter discharge, the distribution of soil available phosphorus is in line with the law, that is, the concentration of soil available phosphorus is higher directly below the emitter and gradually decreased with the water diffusion.

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Optimization Research and Experimental Analysis of Apricot Fruit Cutting and De-core Mechanism Maowulan , ZHU Zhaoshuai, YANG Liling, CUI Kuanbo, ZHU Zhanjiang 2022, 59(12): 3084-3092.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2022.12.024 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (2059KB) ( )   【Objective】 To optimize the cutting mechanism of apricots according to their separation kernelcharacteristics and to determine the optimum operating parameters to reduce the pulp loss rate. 【Methods】 Asingle - factor test was carried out to analyze the effects of different types of kemel removal knives, crankmechanism speed, the distance between cutter head and blade, and apricot pulp loss rate. The optimal combi-nation of parameters was obtained by combining orthogonal tests. 【Results】 The optimum combination of pa-rameters was the circular head knives A1, a speed of 36 r/min, and a distance of 20 mm between the cutterhead and the blade. The loss rate of apricot flesh was 2.53%, which was 1% lower than that of the originaldesign of the fresh apricot cutting equipment. 【Conclusion】 The apricots with an early picking period had ahigher peak of separation force F and were poorly separated from the kemel, while those picked at the late pe-riod had a small peak F value and were better separated from the kernel. The heiye apricot had poorer separa-tion kemel characteristics than the other varieties. The operation parameters were the best, when the type ofkernel removal knives, the crank speed, distance between the head and the knife were A1, 36r/min, 20mm,respectively.

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Study on the Quality Change of Xinjiang Coregonus peled at Different Frozen Storage Temperatures XU Mingqiang, SU Wengui, CAO Shuanyu, YANG Shuaijie, MENG Xintao, ZHANG Qiamn 2022, 59(12): 3093-3103.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2022.12.025 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (1529KB) ( )   【Objective】 To explore the physical and chemical quality, sensory evaluation and microbial changes of Xinjiang Coregonus peled under refrigeration(4℃), ice temperature (0℃) and freezing (-18℃).【Methods】 The quality changes of Xinjiang Coregonus peled during refrigeration(4℃), ice temperature (0℃) and freezing (-18℃) were studied. Through the determination of physical and chemical indicators(pH value, TVB-N value, TBA value, color and texture characteristics), sensory evaluation and microbial indicators, it revealed the quality change law of Xinjiang Coregonus peled under different freezing storage temperature conditions.【Results】 With the extension of storage time, the quality index of Xinjiang Coregonus peled under different freezing temperature conditions was different. The pH value showed an obvious trend of first decreasing rapidly and then increasing slowly; the TVB-N value and TBA value increased with storage time gradually; color saturation and texture characteristic indexes showed a significant negative correlation with storage time; sensory evaluation scores gradually decreased while the total plate count continued to increase. Among them, the change rate of various indexes of refrigeration (4 ℃) was the fastest, and the quality change rate of freezing (-18℃) was the slowest with little difference; The Coregonus peled meat that was refrigerated (4℃) for 6 days and ice temperature (0℃) for 10 days was obviously corrupt and accompanied by peculiar smell. The total plate count was 5.68 lgcfu/g and 7.86 lgcfu/g, which exceeded the maximum safety limit for processing and consumption standard value; Freezing (-18℃) for 20 days was still within the acceptable harvest range and the determination result of the total plate count at the end of storage was 4.52 lgcfu/g.【Conclusion】 Through the comprehensive analysis of the change rule of various indexes of Xinjiang Coregonus peled, the quality changes during different freezing temperatures can be effectively evaluated and it provides a theoretical basis for the preservation and development of high-grade Coregonus peled Sashimi, fish balls, fish cakes and surimi products.

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Effects of Different Feeding Levels on Digestion, Metabolism and Serum Indices of 20~35kg Multifarious Suffolk Ewes ZHENG Xinxia, ZHANG Wenju, LIU Yanfeng, NIU Yujie, ZHANG Li, WANG Hailiang 2022, 59(12): 3104-3111.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2022.12.026 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (831KB) ( )   【Objective】 To study the effects of different feeding levels on the digestive metabolism and serum indexes of 20~35 kg multiparous Suffolk ewes, and provide data reference for the scientific breeding of meat sheep.【Methods】 Fifteen three-month old healthy pure-bred multifarious Suffolk ewes [(18.68±1.42) kg] were randomly allocated into three groups, namely, AL group, IR70 group and IR40 group, with 5 sheep in each group. When the body weight of experimental sheep in AL group reached 28 kg and 35 kg, two phases of digestion and metabolism tests were conducted. The diet was formulated according to the nutritional requirements of 300g/d daily gain in the "NY/ T816-2004 Mutton Sheep Feeding Standard". The effects of different feeding levels on digestion, metabolism and serum indexes of 20-35 kg multifarious Suffolk ewes were studied by combining feeding with digestion and metabolism test.【Results】 (1) Feeding level had significant effects on feed intake of DM, NDF and ADF of multifarious Suffolk ewes (P<0.05). The feed intake rules of DM, NDF and ADF were the same as those of >IR70 group and BBB>40 group in AL group, and there were significant differences among the three groups (P<0.05). There were significant differences in apparent digestibility of DM, NDF and ADF among the three groups (P<0.05). The apparent digestibility of DM, NDF and ADF was not significantly affected by feeding level (P>0.05). (2) With the increase of feeding level, the nitrogen intake, fecal nitrogen, urinary nitrogen and digestive nitrogen of experimental sheep were significantly increased (P<0.05); The apparent digestibility of nitrogen in IR40 group was significantly different from that in the other two groups (P<0.05). Different feeding level groups had significant effects on the deposition nitrogen/nitrogen intake and deposition nitrogen/digested nitrogen of experimental sheep in the first stage (P <0.05), but there was no significant difference between different feeding level groups in the second stage (P>0.05). (3) ALT, AST, GLU, TC and TG had no significant differences among different feeding level groups (P>0.05), and all other indexes were the lowest in IR40 group except ALT. GLU blood glucose increased with feeding level.【Conclusion】 (1) With the increase of feeding level, the feed intake of DM, NDF and ADF of 20-35 kg multifarious Suffolk ewes significantly increased; When the body weight of multifetal Suffolk ewes reaches 35 kg, the DM feed intake can reach 1,947.35 g/d under free feeding condition. (2) With the increase of feeding level, nitrogen intake of 20-35 kg multifarious Suffolk ewes is significantly increased, and feeding restriction has significant effects on nitrogen apparent digestibility, but no significant effects on nitrogen deposition/nitrogen intake, nitrogen deposition/nitrogen digestibility of 35 kg multifarious Suffolk ewes at later growth stage. (3) Different feeding levels have different effects on serum indexes of 20-35 kg multifarious Suffolk ewes. Feeding restriction lowers blood sugar levels.

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Research on Horizontal Integration and Vertical Integration of Tomato Market of Five Provinces and Cities in the Bohai Sea Rim YU Liyan, MU Yueying, DING Jianguo 2022, 59(12): 3112-3120.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2022.12.027 Abstract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (1010KB) ( )   【Objective】 Through the research on the horizontal and vertical integration of tomato markets in the five provinces and cities, this paper aims to reflect the efficiency of tomato price transmission between regions and provides a reference for the integration of tomato markets across regions.【Methods】 Using the wholesale price and retail price of tomato from January 1, 2018 to April 15, 2019 in five provinces and cities in the Bohai Rim region, and using co-integration test, error correction model and Granger causality test, this paper studied the horizontal integration and vertical integration of the tomato market in five provinces and cities in the Bohai Rim region.【Results】 Except the combination of Tianjin -Liaoning, Hebei -Shandong, Liaoning -Shandong, there is no co-integration relationship between the tomato wholesale price combinations, and the pair of tomato wholesale price combinations between other provinces or cities had a certain co-integration relationship; In a combination with a co-integration relationship, when tomato wholesale prices were impacted and deviated from the long-term equilibrium state, the error correction mechanism between horizontal markets could eliminate this price deviation in the main sales area. It took 10.5 days to 16.7 for Beijing to eliminate this deviation. And, it took 13.0 days to 13.5 days for Tianjin to eliminate this deviation level; except Liaoning Province, this correction mechanism was not significant in other major producing areas. There was a co-integration relationship between the retail price of tomato in Beijing and the wholesale price of tomatoes in Tianjin, Hebei, and Shandong. When the retail price of tomato in Beijing was impacted and deviated from the long-term equilibrium, the error correction mechanism between vertical markets could eliminate the price deviation. It took about from 26.3 days to 40 days for Beijing to eliminate the deviation of tomato retail prices. Except Tianjin, this correction mechanism was not significant in the other two provinces.【Conclusion】 The wholesale price of tomato is smooth, so the overall balance and linkage of tomato prices can be achieved and the horizontal integration of the tomato market is relatively high. In the process of tomato wholesale price and retail price transmission, wholesale prices are dominant in price transmission. To sum up, the vertical integration of the tomato market in the five provinces and cities is relatively high.