Xinjiang Agricultural Sciences

Study on the Performance of Quality-related Characters of Main Spring Wheat Planted in Xinjiang

LI Jianfeng, FAN Zheru, ZHANG Yueqiang, WANG Zhong, GAO Xin, SHI Jia, ZHANG Hongzhi, WANG Lihong, ZHAO Qi

2021, 58(12): 2157-2168. DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2021.12.001

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【Objective】 To study the performance and stability of quality-related characters of the major varieties of Xinjiang spring wheat in four different ecological regions. 【Methods】 In the four different ecological regions, eight major cultivars of Xinjiang spring wheat with different gluten strengths were taken as research object and based on the quality-related characters of the wheat, ten quality indexes, including grain protein content, were determined with the aid of PertenDA7200 near-infrared analyzer and with the method of AACC39-10 under different ecological conditions. 【Results】 Content of the grain protein14.28%, degree of gluten strength31.21g/100 g, dough stabilization time: 8.41min, water absorption58.53%, sedimentation value 31.27 mL, flour yield 74.40%, maximum tensile resistance Rm 716.25EU, extension E 165.70 mm, stretching area 119.33 cm ², volume weight793.97 g/L. Among the ten quality characters, flour yield (%), water absorption (%) and volume weight (g/L) of the four varieties in strong gluten strength group were lower than those in middle gluten strength group. The average performance of the other seven quality characters, including content of the grain protein, degree of gluten strength, dough stabilization time, sedimentation value, maximum tensile resistance, extension and stretching area of the four varieties in strong gluten strength group were higher than those in middle gluten strength group. The character and stability of Xinchun No. 26 and Xinchun No. 44 in strong gluten strength group tested and that of Xinchun No. 6 and Xinchun No. 40 in middle gluten strength group tested all had good performance in four different ecological regions. According to the quality-related characters F test, three characters of content of the grain protein, degree of gluten strength and water absorption had the largest genotype effect in strong gluten strength group and the largest environmental effect in middle gluten strength group, and the other seven characters had the largest environmental effect both in strong gluten strength group and middle gluten strengthgroup. 【Conclusion】 Referring to the review and approval standards for national-level wheat variety, overall quality of the eight varieties tested is evaluated as moderately strong gluten strength level. Ten quality characters are all affected by genotype, environment and interaction; Genotype, environment, and interaction effects of different quality characters of different varieties tested with different gluten strength are different. Stability of the same quality character of different varieties tested is different, and that of different quality characters of the same variety tested is also different. Xinchun No. 6 and Xinchun No. 40 in middle gluten strength group have good performance in character and high stability, and they are the core parent material of spring wheat breeding; Xinchun No. 26 and Xinchun No. 44 in strong gluten strength group have good performance in character and high stability, which can be used for quality improvement in Xinjiang spring wheat.

Effects of Planting Density on the Physiological Characteristics and Yield of Winter Wheat under Walnut-Wheat Intercropping System

GAO Yonghong, LEI Junjie, ZHANG Yongqiang, CHEN Chuanxin, FANG Hui, FAN Guiqiang, DING Yingdeng, HUANG Tianrong

2021, 58(12): 2169-2175. DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2021.12.002

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【Objective】 To explore the effects of planting density on photosynthetic characteristics of flag leaves andyieldof winter wheat in nuclear wheat intercropping model. 【Method】 Using Xindong 40 as the test material, from 2016-2017, planting densities of 4.5 million plants/ha (M₁), 5.25 million plants/ha (M₂), 6 million plants/ha(M₃), 6.75 million plants/ha(M₄) and 7.5 million plants/ha(M₅) were set in nuclear wheat intercropping fields. The responses of net photosynthetic rate (P_n), Transpiration rate (T_r), stomatal conductance (G_s), intercellular CO₂ concentration (C_i), yield and yield components of winter wheat in different canopy areas of walnut to planting density were studied.【Result】 The results showed that as the density increased, the net photosynthetic rate (P_n), transpiration rate (T_r), stomatal conductance (G_s)and yield of winter wheat in the sub-canopy showed different degrees. P_n,T_r,G_s of wheat’s flag leaves and yield in the far-crown region showed a “rising first and then decreasing” change pattern, and each index basically reached the maximum during M₂ treatment, and P_n,T_r,G_s, of winter wheat’s flag leaves under different densities were lower than those in the corresponding canopy regions. In terms of grain yield, the highest treatment under M₁ (4.5 million plants/hm ²) in the crown area was 3,212.19 kg/hm ², and the highest treatment in M₂ (5.25 million plants/hm ²) in the far crown area was 3 911.12 kg/hm ².【Conclusion】 To sum up, under nuclear wheat intercropping mode, winter wheat should be sparsely planted in the canopy area, planting density should be controlled within 4.5 million plants/hm ², and suitable planting density for winter wheat in the far crown area is 5.25 million plants/hm ².

Influence of Different NH₄ ⁺-N/NO₃ ^--N Ratios on Wheat Seedling Antioxidase Activities under NaCl Stress

QIAO Xu, Gao Yonghong, Sailihan Sai, XUE Lihua, ZHANG Yongqiang, CHEN Chuanxin, XIAO Li, LEI Junjie

2021, 58(12): 2176-2181. DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2021.12.003

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【Objective】The purpose of this experiment is to explore the effective ways to reduce the damage of salt stress to wheat seedlings from nitrogen form supply. 【Methods】 A hydroponics experiment was carried out to investigate the influence of different NO₃ ^--N/NH₄ ⁺-N ratios application on wheat seedling antioxidase activities and membrane permeability under NaCl stress. 【Results】The results showed that under both salt stress and control conditions that wheat seedling plant biomass was significantly increased with increase of the ration of NH₄ ⁺-N/NO₃ ^--N supply, and wheat enzyme activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POX) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) were significantly increased as well. Leaf membrane permeability significantly increased with the increase of NaCl concentration, however, root activity, enzyme activities of SOD, POX and APX were significantly decreased with the increase of NaCl concentration (P<0.05). 【Conclusion】The findings indicates that the higher NH₄ ⁺-N/NO₃ ^--N ratios (NH₄ ⁺-N /NO₃ ^--N, 75/25) and purely NH₄ ⁺-N could ameliorate the adverse effect resulting from stress-resistant, and attenuate the toxic effects of salt stress to a certain extent.

Performance and Drought Resisting Group Classification of 43 Maize Varieties in the Arid Area of Turpan, Xinjiang

ZHAO Long, LIU Xiangyu, XU Jiang, ZHU Li, LI Yabin, Mamat Ahmat, LI Qun, Alimu Abudilimu

2021, 58(12): 2182-2190. DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2021.12.004

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【Objective】 Based on the morphological indexs and yield indexes, this study aims to classify 43 maize varieties into different groups, and screen out the varieties which are suitable for planting in Xinjiang arid area. 【Methods】 With 43 maize varieties as test materials, 12 indicators, including plant height, high ear position, thick stem, single ears, ear length, thick ears, ears, heavy ears, grain weight, grain yield, fresh weight and stem and leaf dry weight, were determined under the condition of water deficit. The drought resistance performance of multiple maize varieties was comprehensively evaluated by relevant analysis, main component analysis, clustering analysis, gradual discrimination analysis and multi-variance analysis. 【Results】 Firstly, the results of the correlation analysis showed that there was a certain correlation and overlap of information between 12 quantitative traits,because 35 of these coefficients were extremely significantly correlated at P< 0.01 and 21 of them were significantly correlated at P< 0.05. Secondly, the results of the principal components analysis showed that the first three principal components represented 71.02% of the information which was the 12 quantitative traits of the 43 maize cultivars. The contribution rate was 27.49%, 27.41% and 16.12%, respectively. Among them, the first principal component is vegetative growth status, including plant height, ear position height, stem diameter and weight of stems and leaves;the second principal component was reproductive growth status, including the number of ears per plant, ear length, kernel weight per ear,100-kernels weight and Grain yield;the third principal component was rows per ear and ear diameter. Thirdly, the results of the hierarchical cluster analysis and multivariate analysis of variance showed that the 43 maize cultivars were clustered into five categories when the class separation distance was 4.5. Among the five categories,the second class belonged to high yield varieties, including 3 varieties; the third class belonged to medium and high yield varieties, including 7 varieties; the fourth class belonged to the middle class, including 10 varieties; the fifth class belonged to middle and low yield varieties, including 19 varieties; the first class belonged to the low yield variety, including 4 varieties. Finally,the results of the Stepwise discriminant analysis showed that the results of cluster analysis were accurate and reliable,because 42 maize cultivars were correctly discriminated, whose identification rate was 97.67% and 1maize cultivars were incorrectly discriminated, whose false identification rate was 2.33%. This indicates that the results of group classification are accurate and reliable. 【Conclusion】 The second class and the third class maize varieties can significantly increase the yield, which indicates that maize breeding in China has made obvious progress in drought resistance in recent years. In one crop a year cultivation pattern, late maturing varieties with the same latitude, such as Liaodan 145 and Liaodan 1211 should be introduced. In two crops a year cultivation pattern, the best maize variety was Zhengdan 958.

Studies on the Dough Rheological Properties and Naan Quality of Wheat Germ-wheat Mixed Flour

MAO Hongyan, YU Ming, Zulipya Maimaiti

2021, 58(12): 2191-2199. DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2021.12.005

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【Objective】 This project aims to investigate the effect of the wheat germ on dough rheological properties and Naan quality. 【Methods】 With the increase of wheat germ powder, the wet gluten content, flour properties, tensile properties and gelatinization properties of dough decreased; Protein showed an increasing trend. The addition proportion of wheat germ increased from 0% to 10%, and the protein, water absorption and tensile resistance showed an increasing trend, ranging from 9.3-11.42 g/100g, 57.2% - 64.6% and 718.5-485.0BU, respectively; Wet gluten, development time, stabilization time, resistance, extension and tensile curve showed a decreasing trend, with the variation ranges of 34.8%-30.6%, 5.2-2.5 min, 15.0-8.5 min, 635.0-320.0BU, 181.0-106.0 mm and 116.8-101.7 cm ² respectively. The addition of wheat germ powder will gradually reduce the appearance, internal structure and chewiness of Naan, but its flavor, color, hardness and crispness increase, making Nang have the unique flavor and taste of wheat germ. The wheat germ powder had deterioration effect on the quality of the dough rheological properties and the deterioration effect was greater with the increase of the addition amount. The addition of wheat germ powder will gradually reduce the appearance, internal structure and the taste of naan, but increase its flavor, color, hardness and crispness, and naan has the unique flavor and taste of wheat germ. When the addition amount is 6%, the score of Naan is the highest. 【Results】 The effect of wheat germ powder on the dough rheological properties changed regularly with the addition amount of wheat germ powder. With the increase of the addition amount of wheat germ powder, the whiteness and wet gluten decreased gradually, while the protein and ash content increased gradually. The wheat germ powder had deterioration effect on the quality of the dough rheological properties and the deterioration effect was greater with the increase of the addition amount. The addition of wheat germ powder would gradually reduce the appearance, internal structure and taste of Naan, but increase its flavor, color, hardness and crispness, thus making the Naan bread with unique flavor and taste of wheat germ. 【Conclusion】 Adding 6%-8% wheat germ powder in wheat flour had little effect on the quality characteristics of dough and Naan, but its assessment score was higher, and the flavor and quality could be improved and the nutrient content increased.

Correlation Analysis of Chlorophyll SPAD Value, Root Yield and Rate of Sugar Content in Difference Sugar Beet Varieties

CHEN Youqiang, YANG Hongze, KONG Fanyang, PAN Jinglong, PAN Jinghai, LIU Huajun, Abdukadier Kurban, YU Tiansheng, LIN Ming

2021, 58(12): 2200-2207. DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2021.12.006

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【Objective】 To analyze the correlation of chlorophyll SPAD value and sugar content and root yield in root expansion stage and sugar accumulation stage, so as to provide theoretical reference for the promotion and planting of beet varieties. 【Methods】 The relative chlorophyll contents during yield at root expansion stage and sugar accumulation stage of sugar beet were tested by the SPAD-502 PLUS, and the sugar content and yield of beetroot were measured after ripening.【Results】 The negative correlation between chlorophyll SPAD value and sugar content,Correlation coefficient -0.591.The correlation between chlorophyll SPAD value and yield per root,Correlation coefficient 0.279.The negative correlation between sugar contentand and yield per root,Correlation coefficient -0.413.【Conclusion】 High yield of root index is better than high sugar content index in sugar beet breeding and cultivation variety selection, and increasing the yield of root is the main way to increase the sugar yield of sugar beet, and chlorophyll SPAD value can be used as reference selection index.

Investigation and Research on the Dynamic Occurrence of Major Crop Diseases and Pests and the Succession of Control Strategy in China During 2015-2019

TANG Rui, SUN Xianyin, ZHUO Fuyan, ZHU Jingquan, GUO Rong

2021, 58(12): 2208-2219. DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2021.12.007

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【Objective】 To investigate the dominant types of pests and diseases in various cotton producing areas in China, analyze the occurrence of pests over the past years and the succession of prevention and control strategies, summarize the current green prevention and control technology models of pests and diseases in cotton fields and study future cotton pests and diseases’ prevention and control strategies. 【Methods】 NATESC collected annual data through the cotton disease and insect pest monitoring network by the agricultural technicians in the cotton production area according to the national standardized cotton disease and insect pest survey method. The contents of the survey included the cotton plantating area, occurrence area, the area of control of major cotton diseases and insect pests, the recovery loss and the actual loss, etc., as well as the data of the spray varieties and dosage changes over the years. By comparing the annual average planting area and the area of plant diseases and insect pests, we analysed the succession of diseases and insect pests. Based on the annual succession situation, the distribution changes in different provinces, and the comparison of pests/control, the data of diseases and insect pests and control in China's cotton field production were analysed and evaluated. 【Results】 The results found that from 2015 to 2019, the overall occurrence and control area of cotton diseases and insect pests across the country showed a downward trend which was positively related to planting areas, and the average annual overall control area was higher than that of the occurrence area. The top three areas where cotton diseases and insect pests occurred during the five-year period were Xinjiang, Hebei and Shandong. In 5 years, the average occurrence area of pests was 7.66 million hectares, and the average annual total disease occurrence area was 1.64 million hectares. The average annual control area of cotton pests in 5 years was 9.33 million hectares, and the average annual disease control was 1.63 million hectares. Cotton seedling disease, boll disease, fusarium wilt and verticillium wilt had the highest average annual occurrence area among the diseases. The average annual occurrence area was between 29,019×10 ³ and 511,410×10 ³ hectares. Among the seedling diseases, the area of wilt disease was the highest, with 253,69×10 ³ hectares. Among the pests, the highest average annual incidence area was cotton aphid, cotton bollworm, cotton spider mite, cotton mirid bug, white fly and cotton thrips. The average annual incidence area was 443,81×10 ³ to 2,081,04×10 ³ hectares. The annual occurrence trends of major diseases and insect pests had regional similarities. 【Conclusion】 The actual average annual loss of cotton production throughout the country has stabilized, while the area of control of several major pests is still significantly higher than the area of occurrence, indicating that the pesticide application methods in the control of cotton diseases and insect pests can still be optimized. The succession of the occurrence of cotton diseases and insect pests is the joint result of agricultural pattern, farming system, management technology and ecological environment.

Application Study on the Adjuvant Jijian as Synergist for Cotton Verticillium Disease Control

LAI Chengxia, Mayila Yusuyin, SHI Bixian, LI Chunping, JIANG Mengzhu, ZHENG Zipiao, YANG Dong

2021, 58(12): 2220-2227. DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2021.12.008

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【Objective】 To provide technical support for the reduction and efficiency of chemical pesticides for cotton Verticillium disease control by comprehensively evaluating the fungicides and application methods of Jijian against Verticillium dahliae V991 using optimizing the composition of fungicides, elicitors and auxiliaries commonly used in production. 【Methods】 In order to screen the fungicide with significantly synergistic control effect on V991 mycelia, the mycelial growth rate experiment was carried out by the combination of the combination of carbendazim / Jijian, ethylicin / Jijian and Bacillus subtilis/ Jijian. Through the potted Verticillium wilt control experiment, the application measures and methods of inducer, pesticide/Jijian were determined.【Results】 Jijian could be used as synergistic agent to increase the bacteriostatic rate of carbendazim and etallicin for controlling V991 mycelia growth. Adding Jijian, the inhibition rate of 50 mg/kg carbendazim increased from 19.68% to 35.49%, and 14.83% to 26.29% respectively, and EC₅₀ of carbendazim and ethylicin also decreased to 0.104 mg/kg from 1.707 mg/kg, and 0.824 mg/kg from 1.249 mg/kg separately, and the pesticide dosage also decreased 16.41 times and 1.52 times accordingly. The study on potted cotton Vercillium wilt showed that the best control effect was determined by spraying amino-oligosaccharide before or after inoculating pathogen sequentially equipped with the combination of carbendazim / Jijian-ethylicin / Jijian, and the control efficacy was still as high as 69.27% and 62.70% 28 days later.【Conclusion】 Jijian can be used as synergistic agent of carbendazim and ethylicin for the cotton Verticillium disease control which dramatically reduces the pesticides dosages, and the combination of carbendazim / Jijian-ethylicin / Jijian employed in turn had the best control effect on potted cotton Verticillium wilt with spraying amino-oligosaccharides inducer 24h before or after inoculating pathogen.

Development and Performance Test of Auto-Control Fertilization Equipment

LI Mingren, LU Yang, LI Dongyan, ZHANG Wangang, MA Qingan, HE Zheng, LIU Yang, MA Fuyu

2021, 58(12): 2228-2235. DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2021.12.009

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【Objective】 Development and Performance Test of Auto-Control Fertilization Equipment.In this paper, an automatic fertilization system of fertigation for solid soluble fertilizer was developed and its performance was tested. 【Methods】 The system was composed of the mainframe and fertilizer storage mixing assembly. ARM9 circuit control module was used to complete the setting of rotational irrigation grouping, premixing time, beginning and end time of fertilization, duration of fertilization, and fertilizer amount. It was equipped with a screw pump as fertilizer injection device, a transducer control regulating the motor power of fertilizer injection pump, and then the amount of fertilizer application was controlled. This paper mainly designed and tested the main parameters that would affect the performance of the device, such as the measurement method, the mixing parameters of dissolved fertilizer, the discharging speed of fertilizer and the ratio of liquid to solid. 【Results】 The results showed that among the three alternative metering methods (timing metering, flowmeter metering and pulse metering), the standard error of inductive pulse metering method was the lowest, which was ±0.83L/50L, and met the control requirements of error design. Therefore, it was determined as the metering method adopted by this device. By the stirring system with 38 r/min, the concentration of fertilizer solution with 1.1-1.3 g/mL, and the premixing time with 30 min, there was no significant difference (P < 0.05) of the concentration of fertilizer solution at each liquid level in the tank. 【Conclusion】 Therefore, the machine designed in this paper can greatly improve the automation level for fertigation and reduce the labor intensity of fertilization in field crop. It has broad applicability and popularity in our facility crop production.

Effects of soil potassium level on growth and photosynthetic characteristics of early cotton

JIN Yinan, DONG Helin, LI Pengcheng, SUN Miao, SHAO Jingjing, FENG Weina, XU Wenxiu, ZHENG Cangsong

2021, 58(12): 2236-2243. DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2021.12.010

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【Objective】 The aim of the study was to study the effects of different potassium levels on growth and photosynthesis of early cotton from a field experiment, and to provide theoretical support for potassium management in cotton fields. 【Methods】 Six soil available potassium concentrations were set in a randomized block design, including k₁ (99.77 mg/kg), k₂ (110.90 mg/kg), k₃ (123.48 mg/kg), k₄ (140.13 mg/kg), k₅ (154.43 mg/kg) and k₆ (165.77 mg/kg). The dry matter weight and total potassium content of 10 cotton plants were determined at cotyledon stage, and the dry matter weight, leaf area, leaf net photosynthetic rate, intercellular carbon dioxide concentration, transpiration rate, stomatal conductance, SPAD value and total potassium content of 10 and 5 cotton plants were determined at seedling and bud stage respectively. 【Results】 At seedling stage, cotton plant height and stem diameter was 5.10 cm~6.37 cm and 2.43 mm~3.01 mm respectively, and both increased with the increase of soil available K level. Daily growth amount of plant height and stem diameter was about 0.63 cm/d and 0.12 mm/d from the seedling stage to the bud stage, but there were no significant differences among different soil available potassium levels. The dry matter weight, branch number, budding number, leaf area and daily growth of leaf area of cotton under k₆ treatment were significantly higher than k₁. At seedling stage and bud stage, there were no significant differences in net photosynthetic rate, intercellular carbon dioxide concentration, transpiration rate, stomatal conductance and chlorophyll SPAD value of functional leaves of cotton under different soil available K levels, but the total potassium content of cotton plants and the potassium content of main stems leaves of cotton under different soil potassium levels increased significantly with the increase of soil available potassium levels. 【Conclusion】 In the range of 100mg/kg to 160mg/kg, soil available K level had no significant effect on the photosynthetic characteristics of cotton plant at the early stage, but high K level (> 150 mg/kg) could increase the plant leaf area and the number of fruit branches and ensure the yield structure.

Evaluation of Control Effect by Bacillus subtilis on the Damping-off and Verticillium wilt of Cotton

WANG Aiyu, XUE Chao, YANG Yuanxue, ZHANG Yun, LU Xiuyun, ZHAO Ming

2021, 58(12): 2244-2249. DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2021.12.011

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【Objective】 To identify the control effects of Bacillus subtilis on cotton damping-off and Verticillium wilt, and the effects on yield and fiber quality. 【Methods】 Three wet table powders with 1 billion live spores / g, 1.5 billion live spores / g and 3 billion live spores / g were set up through the field experiment, and the seeds were treated before sowing at 1:10 according to the seed ratio. The control effects of different treatments on damping-off and Verticillium wilt as well as their effects on yield and fiber quality were evaluated. 【Results】 The three treatments could reduce the diseased plant rate, disease index and seedling mortality rate of damping-off, 1.5 billion live spores / g had the best control effect, which was 44.31%. 1.5 billion and 3 billion live spores / g treatments had significant control effects on Verticillium wilt, and the diseased plant rate and disease index were significantly lower than that of the control. Among them, the control effect of 1.5 billion live spores / g treatment was as high as 70.71%. The seed cotton yield and boll weight of the three treatments were increased, and the seed cotton yield of 1.5 billion and 3 billion live spores / g treatments increased by 20.1% and 24.3% respectively; and there was no significant effect on lint percentage, seed index, boll number per plant and fiber quality index. 【Conclusion】 Bacillus subtilis seed dressing treatment can reduce the seedling death rate, the diseased plant rate and disease index, and also increase boll weight and seed cotton yield and has no adverse effect on the fiber quality of cotton. Among them, 1.5 billion live spores per gram treatment have the most significant control effect and can significantly increase the yield, so it can be recommended.

Test and Analysis of Vibration Reduction Characteristics of Chassis Suspension of Highland Clearance Self-Propelled Sprayer

LI Zhongxiang, WEN Haojun, WANG Guoliang, ZHOU Qianqian

2021, 58(12): 2250-2255. DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2021.12.012

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【Objective】 To improve the operating stability of the self-propelled sprayer by studying the vibration reduction characteristics of the chassis suspension of the self-propelled sprayer with high clearance. 【Methods】 Vibration acceleration of the sprayer on different pavement was collected by using vibration acceleration sensor to analyze the vibration acceleration of the frame and motor bracket, and evaluate the vibration reduction characteristics of the gas-hydraulic combination suspension damping properties. 【Results】 When the sprayer in the speed was 3 km/h, 5 km/h, 8 km/h in the field, the road excitation after the combination of gas and liquid suspension damping, the vibration acceleration RMS value was reduced by 70.43%, 68.49% and 66.10%, respectively, and when the sprayer in the speed was 3 km/h, 5 km/h, 8 km/h in the field, the root mean square value of vibration acceleration transmitted to the vehicle frame by road excitation was reduced by 69.61%, 67.32% and 64.74%, respectively. 【Conclusion】 With the increase of the operating speed and road level of the sprayer, the gas-liquid combined suspension can ensure good vibration reduction effect.

Influence of Biofertilizers on Community Diversity and Population Structure of Soil Bacteria in Cotton Field

LIU Haiyang, WANG Wei, ZHANG Renfu, LEI Bin, YAO Ju

2021, 58(12): 2256-2264. DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2021.12.013

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【Objective】 To investigate the influence of biofertilizers on community diversity and population structure of soil bacteria in cotton field, reveal how biofertilizers have improved the microbial ecology of soil in cotton field of Xinjiang, and provide a basis for improving the biological control of soil-borne diseases and reducing the application of chemical fertilizers in cotton field. 【Methods】 The soil at the depth of 0-20 cm was collected from the cotton field applying biofertilizers (the experimental group) and the cotton field applying water (the control group). The physical and chemical properties of soil were tested. The bacterial diversity of soil was analyzed by using Illumina Hiseq 2500 PE250 (a high-throughput sequencing platform). 【Results】 After biofertilizers were applied and the application of mixed water fertilizer (the manure of fermented night-soil mixed with water) was suspended, the content of total nitrogen, organic matter and available potassium in soil decreased by 28.7%, 27.5% and 31.9%, respectively. The content of total phosphorus and available nitrogen did not decrease, but the content of total potassium changed a little. The ACE, Chaol and Shannon indexes of soil bacteria in the experimental group had no significant difference from those in the control group after the application of biofertilizers. However, the abundance of soil bacteria decreased significantly after the suspended application of mixed water fertilizer. A cluster analysis indicated that biofertilizers affected the composition of soil microbial community, but their influence decreased when the application of chemical fertilizers was reduced. No significant difference was found in soil bacterial population between the experimental group (the cotton field where biofertilizers were applied and the application of mixed water fertilizer was suspended) and the control group (the cotton field following a conventional management model). The abundance of Bacillus in the experimental group was higher than that in the control group and increased year by year. The abundance of Pseudomonas in the experimental group was lower than that in the control group. The abundance of Lysobacter and Streptomyces did not show a consistent variation tendency. 【Conclusion】 Biofertilizers have no significant effect on the diversity and population structure of soil bacteria in cotton field, but increase the abundance of Bacillus (a kind of beneficial bacteria). It is suggested that biofertilizers should be continuously applied in the cotton farming system of Xinjiang to form a protective layer of microorganisms at rhizosphere and finally maintain a healthy rhizosphere.

Development of InDel Marker for Melon Resistance to Downy Mildew Based on BSA Resequencing

LING Yueming, LI Meihua, YANG Yong, YANG Wenli, FAN Rong, YI Hongping, ZHANG Hong, ZHANG Xuejun

2021, 58(12): 2265-2273. DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2021.12.014

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【Objective】 o obtain molecular markers of melon downy mildew resistance genes, and improve the accuracy and scientific city of melon downy mildew resistance traits selection. 【Methods】 The F₂ generation segregation population was constructed by hybridization between wild high-resistant downy mildew resource DM-4 and susceptible inbred line DM-2BSA-seq was used to locate and regulate the candidate interval of downy mildew resistance gene in melon InDel molecular markers. parents and their F₂ individuals were used for screening and verification.【Results】 Genes regulating melon downy mildew resistance are located on 9th chromosome. 37 InDel molecular markers were developed in the candidate region, and 9 of them showed differences in the size of PCR products between resistant and susceptible parents. Further verification was carried out with F₂ plants. Combined with field phenotypic identification results, the accuracy rates of primer InDel 15 and InDel 20 were 95 % and 98 %, respectively. The amplified products of primer InDel 15 and InDel 20 in resistant parents were 251 bp and 349 bp, respectively, and 231 bp and 324 bp, respectively.【Conclusion】 Primers InDel 15 and InDel 20 can be used as molecular markers for downy mildew resistance breeding, which can accelerate the breeding speed of melon downy mildew resistance and lay the foundation for further cloning the main genes of melon downy mildew resistance.

Effects of Heat Stress on Chlorophyll Fluorescence and Photosynthetic Characteristic Parameters in Grape(Vitisvinifera L.'Manicure finger')

WU Jiuyun, XU Guixiang, LI Haifeng, ZENG Xiaoyan, JIANG Jianfu, LIU Yongxiang, WEI Yinong, REN Hongsong

2021, 58(12): 2274-2281. DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2021.12.015

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【Objective】 The objective of this research is to study the effects of chlorophyll fluorescence and photosynthetic characteristic parameters of grape leaves under heat stress, and to explore the response mechanism of grapevines to heat stress in the hope of providing a theoretical basis forresearchingheat tolerance mechanism of grape and taking appropriate cultivation managements to reduce the impact of high temperature.【Methods】 The annual grapevines Manicure finger(VitisviniferaL.cv.)were selected and cultured in the artificial climate chamber, which were treated at 35℃ , 40℃and 45℃ for 16 h, with the plants at 25℃ as the control to determine OJIP curve, chlorophyll fluorescence and gas exchange parameters in grape leaves and analyze the effects of chlorophyll fluorescence and photosynthetic characteristics parameters of grape leaves under heat stress.【Results】 (1) The P_n decrease of Manicure finger grape were not caused by stomatal factor after 16 h heat stress, and the gas exchange parameters would be restored to normal after heat stress relieved for 8h; (2) When temperature exceeded 40℃, the fluorescence value of Manicure finger grape decreased on the OJIP curve, especially in J-I phase and I-P phase, which was significantly lower than that of CK.(3) The F_v/F_m value of Manicure finger grape were not significantly different at 35℃, but the F_v/F_m value were decreased significantly when it exceeded 40℃; (4) In the high temperatures condition, the F₀, V_j, ABS/RC, DI₀/CS₀ were increased, the F_m,F_v/F₀,F_v/F_m,PI_ABS,TR₀/CS_m,ET₀/CS_m,ψ_o,φE₀ were decreased, which affected the electron capture and transfer in PSII center, leading to the decrease of photochemical conversion efficiency and the increase of heat dissipation ratio in PSII.【Conclusion】 Under high temperature stress, the grape ‘Manicure finger’ can reduce the photochemical efficiency of PSII by reducing the absorption of light energy, quantum yield and electron transfer, thus reducing the photochemical efficiency of PSII.

Effects of Different Fertilization Models on Soil Characteristics and Fruit Characters of Ziziphus jujube cv. Lingwuchangzao

LU Yanan, GAO Lu, YANG Yang, WAN Zhongwu, SONG Lihua

2021, 58(12): 2282-2299. DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2021.12.016

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【Objective】 To select high quality and efficient fertilizer cultivation measures for Ziziphus jujube cv. Lingwuchangzao and improve the fruit quality and fruit yield. 【Methods】 The cross treatment of inter-row planting grass and tree disk cover were used. This paper studied the effects of different fertilization patterns on the soil characteristics and fruit characteristics of Lingwuchangzao plantation. Trifolium repens L. and Lolium perenne L. were selected as the grass species. The tree disk mulching treatment adopted three modes: covering horticultural ground cloth, covering straw and tree disk clearing and tillage. The garden clear tillage was taken as contrast, the effects of different fertilization patterns on soil characteristics and fruit characters of Lingwuchangzao Plantation were analyzed by measuring the fruit characters and yield of jujube plantation. 【Results】 The results showed that: (1) Compared with the "whole garden clear tillage" pattern, the inter-row planting pattern with Trifolium repens L. and tree disk mulch straw combination patterns could increase the vertical diameter of fruit, increase the hardness of fruit (2.22%) and its yield (38.01%). Inter-row planting pattern with Trifolium repens L. and mulch straw combination patterns could effectively improve the fruit setting rate (66.17%), soluble solids content (21.95%) and flavonoids content (29.79%); (2) Inter-row planting with Lolium perenne L. and tree disk mulch straw combination patterns could reduce soil bulk density and increase soil porosity. Inter-row planting pattern with Trifolium repens L. and tree disk covering gardening ground could increase available P content by 17.68 mg/kg in 0-20 cm soil layer, alkali hydrolyzed N content by 53.44 mg/kg and soil porosity by 0.09%. Inter-row planting pattern with Trifolium repens L. and mulch straw combination patterns could increase the content of alkali hydrolyzed nitrogen by 52.78 mg/kg and the content of total available phosphorus by 1.78 mg/kg. 【Conclusion】 The fruit quality of Lingwuchangzao can be improved by the combination of inter-row planting pattern with Trifolium repens L. and tree disk mulch straw combination patterns, inter-row planting pattern with Lolium perenne L. and tree disk covering gardening ground. It can be concluded that in the practical production the "Lolium perenne L. and tree disk mulch straw combination patterns" model can be adopted to reduce soil bulk density and increase soil overall porosity. The contents of available potassium, available P and alkali-hydrolyzed N in soil are increased by the "inter-row planting pattern with Trifolium repens L. and mulch straw combination pattern" model.

Agronomic Character Analysis of 272 Capsicum Resources

ZHANG Guoru, TANG Yaping, YANG Tao, Patiguri Esmutola, WANG Baike, LI Ning, WANG Juan, YU Qinghui, YANG Shengbao

2021, 58(12): 2300-2311. DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2021.12.017

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【Objective】 The study of genetic diversity of pepper germplasm resources is an important basis of pepper breeding, and the investigation and study of suitable regional germplasm resources can screen out the core germplasm resources with excellent performance, which can provide theoretical basis for the improvement and innovation of pepper varieties. 【Methods】 In this study, 272 pepper germplasm resources were collected for genetic diversity analysis, correlation analysis, path analysis, principal component analysis and cluster analysis. 【Results】 The results showed that the distribution frequency of 22 quality traits was different, the coefficient of variation was between 12.3% and 79.78%, and the genetic diversity index was between 0.8 and 2.4, with the largest fruit type distribution and the highest genetic diversity index. The average coefficient of variation of the quantitative shape was 47.59%, and the coefficient of variation of the fruit-related traits was the largest, both exceeding 50%. Correlation analysis showed that plant height, plant width, first flower node number, commercial fruit transverse diameter, placental size, pulp thickness, single fruit weight, fruit per plant, yield per plant and seed weight were all significantly related. Stepwise regression analysis found that there was a significantly linear relationship between yield per plant, commercial longitudinal diameter, placental size, total fruit number, number of fruits per plant, number of ventricles and total yield (Y=0.202+0.042X₁₀+0.340X₁₃-0.175X₁₅+0.002X₁₇-0.01X₁₈+4.09X₁₉(R ²=0.941,F=6.449,P=0.001)). From the five principal component analyses, the number of fruit per plant, yield, fruit weight, commercial fruit transverse diameter, leaf length and width, fruit thickness, placental size, seed weight, and number of side branches were correlated with total yield. In addition, through SPSS software analysis, the 272 peppers could be divided into 6 categories at a distance of 7.5. 【Conclusion】 The higher the coefficient of variation, the lower the genetic stability, and the number of fruit per plant, yield per plant, weight per fruit, transverse diameter of fruit, size of placenta and seed weight are important agronomic traits directly related to total pepper yield.

Effects of Different Quantities of Fulvic Acid Combined Application with Microbial Fertilizer on Corn Growth, Nutrient Accumulation and Photosynthetic Characteristics at Seedling Stage

MENG Ajing, QI Yingying, LÜ Caixia, SHAO Huawei, WANG Xinyong

2021, 58(12): 2312-2319. DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2021.12.018

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【Objective】 This project aims to perform pot experiments in greenhouses with the view of exploring the effects of different quantity of fulvic acid combined application with microbial fertilizer on the growth of corn and selecting the best quantity, thus providing theoretical basis for replacing part of chemical fertilizer with microbial fertilizer of fulvic acid microbial fertilizer. 【Methods】 A single-factor randomized block test was adopted, and a total of 6 fertilization treatments were set up. By measuring the plant height, stem thickness, chlorophyll value (SPAD), dry matter quality, nutrient accumulation, and photosynthetic characteristics of seedlings, the effects of different quantity of fulvic acid microbial fertilizer on the corn growth was analyzed. 【Results】 The application quantity of fulvic acid was 150-225 kg/hm ² combined with the application of 15 kg/hm ² microbial fertilizer, the agronomic performance of corn was the best. When the application quantity of fulvic acid was 225 kg/hm ², the plant dry matter quantity and the accumulation of N, P, K reached the maximum value, the dry matter quantity increased by 28.81 g/plant compared with CK, an increase of 138.9%, and the accumulation of N,P,K in the aboveground increased by 138.9%, 276.2%, and 117.8% compared with CK. PN, TR, GS of FA150 treatment and FA225 seedling stage treatment were higher than those of other treatments. 【Conclusion】 The comprehensive analyses demonstrate that FA150 and FA225 treatment can promote the growth, nutrient accumulation and photosynthesis of corn seedlings. The best application quantity of fulvic acid is 150-225 kg / hm ² combined application with 15 kg / hm ² microbial fertilizer.

Nondestructive Testing of Jujube Water Based on the NTRS

YANG Zhi, WANG Zhenlei, LIN Minjuan

2021, 58(12): 2320-2326. DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2021.12.019

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【Objective】 Which lays a foundation for the establishment of the water content model of jujube in the next step.【Methods】 In this experiment, the fruits of Manman jujube and Baodeyou jujube were used as test materials. The water content of jujube was determined by traditional drying method and the moisture content was detected by NIR. 【Results】 The spectra of two varieties were divided into sample sets, and the water content quantitative analysis model was established by using savitzky-Golay smoothing method and partial least square regression analysis method (PLS). A total of 212 samples were obtained, of which 100 and 112 were Manman jujube and Baode jujube respectively, 75 and 84 were random correction models of the two varieties, 25 and 28 were verification models, respectively. The experimental group was divided into two parts: red jujube water content correction model and validation model. The values of SEC (standard deviation of calibration set) and SEP (standard deviation of prediction set) were 1.01% and 1.29% respectively, and the correlation coefficients between calibration set and validation set were 0.878 and 0.883, respectively. 【Conclusion】 S-G smoothing method and PLS regression analysis method are used to establish a water content quantitative detection and analysis model for jujube. The accuracy of water content detection is high, and the cross-correlation coefficient between the real value and the predicted value of water content is higher than 0.850. The difference between the two models is about 0.5%. By analyzing the characteristics of the spectrum, the relationship between the near-infrared spectrum and some quality of jujube is preliminarily established.

Sensitivity of Major Weeds to the 9 Kinds of Herbicides in Wheat Field in Hebei Province, China

GENG Yaling, HUN Zhiying, WANG Hua, DING Xiangqi, TIAN Tingting, WANG Linghui, YUAN Libing

2021, 58(12): 2327-2333. DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2021.12.020

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【Objective】 The project aims to choose the herbicides with high herbicidal activity to Descurainia sophia, Bromus japonica, Aegilops tauschii and Alopecurus myosuroides in wheat field in Hebei Province. 【Methods】 Glasshouse pot experiments were conducted to systematically determine the susceptibility of tested weeds to herbicides. 【Results】 The GR₅₀ values of carfentrazone-ethyl, florasulam, pyroxsulam, mesosulfuron-methyl, MCPA-Na, tribenuron-methyl and clodinafop-propargyl for Descurainia sophia were 0.26, 0.72, 1.03, 1.87, 3.74, 7.67, and 177.63 g a.i./hm ², respectively. The GR₅₀ values of flucarbazone-Na and fenoxaprop-p-ethyl were not determined, because their control effect on Descurainia sophia was lower. The GR₅₀ values of pyroxsulam, mesosulfuron-methyl, flucarbazone-Na, florasulam, tribenuron-methyl, carfentrazone-ethyl and MCPA-Na for Bromus japonica were 1.73, 3.95, 16.21, 17.14, 132.51, 221.48, 4,560.31 g a.i./hm ², respectively. The GR₅₀ values of the other two agents were not determined. The GR₅₀ value of mesosulfuron-methyl, pyroxsulam and MCPA-Na for Aegilops tauschii was 7.02, 274.29, 16,601.09 g a.i. /hm ². The GR₅₀ values of the other six agents were not determined. The GR₅₀ values of clodinafop-propargyl, mesosulfuron-methyl, pyroxsulam, fenoxaprop-p-ethyl, tribenuron-methyl, florasulam, flucarbazone-Na and MCPA-Na for Alopecurus myosuroides were 4.97, 6.73, 6.75, 91.51, 138.78, 177.85, 202.04, 6,995.99 g a.i./hm ², respectively. The GR₅₀ values of carfentrazone-ethyl were not determined. 【Conclusion】 Mesosulfuron-methyl can simultaneously control grass weeds: Aegilops tauschii, Bromus japonica, Alopecurus myosuroides, and broad-leaved weed Descurainia sophia. Pyroxsulamcan can simultaneously control Bromus japonica, Alopecurus myosuroides, and Descurainia sophia. Flucarbazone-Na can control Bromus japonica. Clodinafop-propargyl and fenoxaprop-p-ethyl can control Alopecurus myosuroides. Carfentrazone-ethyl, florasulam, MCPA-Na and tribenuron-methyl can control Descurainia sophia.

Analysis of Bacterial Diversity and Safety Evaluation of the Recycled Manure Solids

LIU Jiancheng, ZENG Jun, DING Feng, XU Xiancha, DOU Jinjin, CHEN Kaixu, LI Fengmin, GAO Yan

2021, 58(12): 2334-2341. DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2021.12.021

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【Objective】 To evaluate the safety of recycled manure solids(RMS)treated by bedding recovery unit(BRU)in the hope of providing theoretical basis and reference for safe and reasonable application RMS on breeding farms. 【Methods】 Bacterial cultivation methods were used to detect the counts of the total bacteria, Escherichia coli, Salmonella, Staphylococcus aureus and parasitic eggs in RMS before and after the treatments by BRU. Besides, those detecting items in samples of the BRU treated by RMS that were stacked for a month were also determined and high-throughput sequencing method was used to detect the composition and diversity of pathogenic bacteria. 【Results】 After 16-18 h of aerobically fermentation, the counts of total bacterial and Escherichia coli in manure samples were decreased tenfold compared with fresh manure, but the counts of Staphylococcus aureus and parasitic eggs were not significantly changed (P>0.05). The counts of total bacterial number and Escherichia coli were significantly increased (P<0.05), but the counts of parasitic eggs were on the contrary (P<0.01). The pathogenic bacteria were only detected in manure samples untreated by BRU and they were divided into 4 genera: Aerococcus (1.40%±0.8%), Facklamia (20.73%±3.97%), Paeniclostridium (7.20%±2.35%) and Carnobacterium (0.27%±0.15%). Bacterial alpha-diversity indexes presented an significant decreasing trend after BRU treatment (P<0.01), mainly in terms of the bacterial OTU numbers, the bacterial richness (ACE index), and the Shannon-Weiner diversity index decreased 57.73%, 57.47% and 81.63%, respectively. While, the Shannon-Weiner diversity index of samples in RMS stacked for a month was significantly increased (21.76%) compared with the index in RMS treated by BRU. Furthermore, the bacterial beta-diversity analysis showed that the bacterial community structures were significantly changed after BRU treatment, and its communities were significantly increased in RMS stacked for a month (P<0.01). After 16-18 h of aerobically fermentation, the counts of total bacterial number, bacterial diversity and community structures were significantly changed. However, its killing effect on most pathogenic bacteria (apart from Escherichia coli) and parasitic eggs were still weak. 【Conclusion】 When RMS is treated with BRU system for 16-18 h, bovine manure can significantly reduce bacterial diversity and change community composition, but its killing effect on pathogenic bacteria and parasite eggs other than Escherichia coli is limited. Therefore, the risk can be reduced by prolonging stacking time.

Modeling and Verification of Soil Salt Content Based on Hyperspectral Characteristic Parameter Optimization

LI Zhi, SU Wuzheng, LI Xinguo, WANG Yinfang, MAO Donglei, Mamattursun Eziz

2021, 58(12): 2342-2352. DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2021.12.022

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【Objective】 To explore the feasibility of soil salinity inversion model under different dimensional spectral transformations.【Methods】 The lakeside oasis on the west of Bosten Lake in Xinjiang was taken as the research area, the correlation analysis between 17 one-dimensional mathematical transformation spectra and 3 two-dimensional transformation spectral indexes of ASD hyperspectral data and the measured soil salinity were conducted to obtain the preliminarily optimized spectral characteristic parameters at the significance test level of 0.01. Then, the PLSR model was constructed based on the VIP criteria and selected into the optimal independent variable and the accuracy was verified.【Results】 The average reflectance of dry soil was higher than that of wet season with the increase of salt content, especially at 590, 800, 1,810 nm and 2,150 nm. Among the 17 one-dimensional single-band spectral transformations, the first derivative of logarithmic reciprocal (1/lgR) had the best correlation with soil salinity, the peak sensitive band was 1083nm, and the absolute value of correlation coefficient was up to 0.63. Among the three two-dimensional two-band spectral transforms, the normalized spectral index NDSI(R_{1 780}, R_{1 742}) had the best correlation with soil salt content, and the maximum value of correlation analysis determination coefficient R ² was 0.57. The PLSR estimation model based on characteristic normalized spectral index and VIP criterion for independent variable screening had the best effect. The determination coefficient $R V 2$ of soil salt modeling set and verification set was 0.77, the root mean square error was 0.64 g/kg, and the relative analysis error was 2.11.【Conclusion】 Using the normalized spectral index (NDSI) to establish PLSR hyperspectral model could effectively estimate the soil salinity in the study area.

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