新疆农业科学 ›› 2023, Vol. 60 ›› Issue (4): 982-991.DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2023.04.024
收稿日期:
2022-08-23
出版日期:
2023-04-20
发布日期:
2023-05-06
通信作者:
万江春(1987-),男,副教授,博士,硕士生导师,研究方向为饲草料加工与生产,(E-mail)作者简介:
封帆(1997-),男,硕士研究生,研究方向为饲草加工与生产,(E-mail)Eric.feng2580@qq.com
基金资助:
FENG Fan(), XIE Kaiyun, Aibibula Yimamu, WAN Jiangchun()
Received:
2022-08-23
Online:
2023-04-20
Published:
2023-05-06
Correspondence author:
WAN Jiangchun (1987-), male, PhD, Associate professor, Research Direction: Feed processing and production, (E-mail)Supported by:
摘要:
【目的】研究果园生草对果园杂草防控、土壤养分和果树营养状况的影响,并对3个生草处理进行主成分分析,选出最优果园生草处理,为阿克苏地区生草制果园的土壤管理及种植模式提供理论依据和技术指导。【方法】设对照处理(清耕)、白三叶(Trifolium repens)、黑麦草(Lolium perenne)和油菜(Brassica rapa var. oleifera de Candolle)4个处理,每个处理3次重复,共12个小区。测定2017~2019年牧草和杂草地上生物量、2019年土壤养分及果树叶片营养成分含量;采用主成分分析法,分析及综合评价不同生草制度下的杂草生物量、土壤指标以及果树叶片营养指标因子。【结果】2019年白三叶处理下杂草地上生物量下降幅度最大(59.3%)。油菜处理下土壤有机质(23.90 g/kg)、土壤速效钾(164.37 mg/kg)和碱解氮含量(89.77 mg/kg)最高。与对照处理相比,3个生草处理均可显著(P<0.05)增加苹果园土壤含水量、有机质、速效磷、碱解氮,降低果园土壤容重和pH,显著(P<0.05)增加叶片中的叶绿素、磷、氮、镁、钠。【结论】苹果园生草以种植油菜为最佳。
中图分类号:
封帆, 谢开云, 艾比布拉·伊马木, 万江春. 果园生草对苹果园杂草控制、土壤养分及果树营养状况的影响[J]. 新疆农业科学, 2023, 60(4): 982-991.
FENG Fan, XIE Kaiyun, Aibibula Yimamu, WAN Jiangchun. Effects of intercrop forages on weed control, soil and tree nutrients in orchards[J]. Xinjiang Agricultural Sciences, 2023, 60(4): 982-991.
测定指标 Index | 测定年际 Interannual | 处理 Treatment | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
T | L | B | ||
杂草生物量 Weed biomass | 2017 | 913.93±29.64aC | 1 759.23±72.81aA | 1 414.97±33.54aB |
2018 | 624.93±167.65bC | 1 337.20±130.05bA | 956.03±62.36bB | |
2019 | 389.83±150.93cC | 881.77±57.75cA | 654.33±54.70cAB | |
牧草生物量 Forage biomass | 2017 | 2 044.80±50.04aC | 5 983.40±46.88aA | 5 068.40±71.96bAB |
2018 | 2 037.57±76.14aC | 5 938.23±49.14aA | 4 809.97±79.61bB | |
2019 | 2 109.17±107.62aC | 6 117.87±93.35aA | 5 768.67±68.48aAB | |
总生物量 Total biomass | 2017 | 2 958.73±48.06aC | 7 742.63±56.78aA | 6 483.36±43.52aB |
2018 | 2 662.50±79.21abC | 7 275.43±56.39bA | 5 766.62±69.58bB | |
2019 | 2 499.00±126.62bcC | 6 999.64±67.52cA | 6 423.24±58.76aAB |
表1 2017~2019年各试验小区牧草及杂草地上生物量变化
Tab.1 The Aboveground biomass of forage and weeds in each experimental plot from 2017 to 2019(kg/hm2)
测定指标 Index | 测定年际 Interannual | 处理 Treatment | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
T | L | B | ||
杂草生物量 Weed biomass | 2017 | 913.93±29.64aC | 1 759.23±72.81aA | 1 414.97±33.54aB |
2018 | 624.93±167.65bC | 1 337.20±130.05bA | 956.03±62.36bB | |
2019 | 389.83±150.93cC | 881.77±57.75cA | 654.33±54.70cAB | |
牧草生物量 Forage biomass | 2017 | 2 044.80±50.04aC | 5 983.40±46.88aA | 5 068.40±71.96bAB |
2018 | 2 037.57±76.14aC | 5 938.23±49.14aA | 4 809.97±79.61bB | |
2019 | 2 109.17±107.62aC | 6 117.87±93.35aA | 5 768.67±68.48aAB | |
总生物量 Total biomass | 2017 | 2 958.73±48.06aC | 7 742.63±56.78aA | 6 483.36±43.52aB |
2018 | 2 662.50±79.21abC | 7 275.43±56.39bA | 5 766.62±69.58bB | |
2019 | 2 499.00±126.62bcC | 6 999.64±67.52cA | 6 423.24±58.76aAB |
处理 Treatment | 含水量 Water content (%) | 容重 Bulk density (g/cm3) | pH |
---|---|---|---|
CK | 19.40±0.67c | 1.84±0.07a | 8.03±0.02a |
T | 25.43±0.41a | 1.55±0.04bc | 7.85±0.04b |
L | 25.07±0.19a | 1.65±0.03b | 7.77±0.04bc |
B | 22.60±0.78b | 1.47±0.03c | 7.70±0.01c |
表2 不同生草处理下土壤容重、含水量及pH变化
Tab.2 Effects of different treatments on soil bulk density, water content and pH
处理 Treatment | 含水量 Water content (%) | 容重 Bulk density (g/cm3) | pH |
---|---|---|---|
CK | 19.40±0.67c | 1.84±0.07a | 8.03±0.02a |
T | 25.43±0.41a | 1.55±0.04bc | 7.85±0.04b |
L | 25.07±0.19a | 1.65±0.03b | 7.77±0.04bc |
B | 22.60±0.78b | 1.47±0.03c | 7.70±0.01c |
处理 Treatment | 有机质 Organic matter (g/kg) | 碱解氮 Alkeline-N (mg/kg) | 速效磷 Olsen-P (mg/kg) | 速效钾 Olsen-K (mg/kg) |
---|---|---|---|---|
CK | 11.07±0.34d | 54.63±0.80d | 13.80±0.15c | 150.57±1.19b |
T | 14.97±0.18c | 73.30±0.44c | 20.13±0.38b | 140.73±1.13c |
L | 18.60±0.32b | 81.93±1.13b | 24.93±0.90a | 151.27±1.23b |
B | 23.90±0.17a | 89.77±1.24a | 25.67±0.32a | 164.37±0.48a |
表3 不同生草处理下土壤有机质及N、P、K速效养分变化
Tab.3 Effects of different treatments on soil organic matter and NPK available nutrients
处理 Treatment | 有机质 Organic matter (g/kg) | 碱解氮 Alkeline-N (mg/kg) | 速效磷 Olsen-P (mg/kg) | 速效钾 Olsen-K (mg/kg) |
---|---|---|---|---|
CK | 11.07±0.34d | 54.63±0.80d | 13.80±0.15c | 150.57±1.19b |
T | 14.97±0.18c | 73.30±0.44c | 20.13±0.38b | 140.73±1.13c |
L | 18.60±0.32b | 81.93±1.13b | 24.93±0.90a | 151.27±1.23b |
B | 23.90±0.17a | 89.77±1.24a | 25.67±0.32a | 164.37±0.48a |
处理 Treatment | 叶绿素 Chlorophyll (mg/g) | 氮 N (mg/g) | 磷 P (mg/g) | 钾 K (mg/g) |
---|---|---|---|---|
CK | 2.66±0.05c | 18.53±0.46d | 3.56±0.05c | 3.55±0.05c |
T | 4.15±0.06a | 25.90±0.12c | 4.28±0.04b | 5.20±0.03b |
L | 3.22±0.05b | 27.97±1.00b | 4.59±0.01b | 3.44± 0.05c |
B | 3.24±0.02b | 30.77±0.48a | 5.60±0.25a | 7.21±0.95a |
表4 不同生草处理下果树叶中叶绿素及N、P、K养分变化
Tab.4 Effects of different treatments on chlorophyll and N, P, K nutrients in fruit trees
处理 Treatment | 叶绿素 Chlorophyll (mg/g) | 氮 N (mg/g) | 磷 P (mg/g) | 钾 K (mg/g) |
---|---|---|---|---|
CK | 2.66±0.05c | 18.53±0.46d | 3.56±0.05c | 3.55±0.05c |
T | 4.15±0.06a | 25.90±0.12c | 4.28±0.04b | 5.20±0.03b |
L | 3.22±0.05b | 27.97±1.00b | 4.59±0.01b | 3.44± 0.05c |
B | 3.24±0.02b | 30.77±0.48a | 5.60±0.25a | 7.21±0.95a |
处理 Treatment | 钙 Ca (mg/g) | 镁 Mg (mg/g) | 钠 Na (mg/g) | 铁 Fe (mg/g) | 锰 Mn (mg/g) | 铜 Cu (mg/g) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CK | 2.24±0.04b | 0.31±0.02c | 1.26±0.05c | 2.12±0.04ab | 0.20±0.02b | 0.17±0.01b |
T | 1.96±0.07c | 0.83±0.04b | 1.73±0.05a | 2.03±0.05abc | 0.21±0.01b | 0.18±0.01b |
L | 2.24±0.08b | 0.79±0.02b | 1.49±0.13b | 1.94±0.05c | 0.18±0.02b | 0.19±0.01b |
B | 2.58±0.08a | 1.15±0.09a | 1.73±0.05a | 2.12±0.07a | 0.28±0.03a | 0.28±0.03a |
表5 不同生草处理下果树叶片中微量元素含量变化
Tab.5 Trace element content of fruit trees in each test area
处理 Treatment | 钙 Ca (mg/g) | 镁 Mg (mg/g) | 钠 Na (mg/g) | 铁 Fe (mg/g) | 锰 Mn (mg/g) | 铜 Cu (mg/g) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CK | 2.24±0.04b | 0.31±0.02c | 1.26±0.05c | 2.12±0.04ab | 0.20±0.02b | 0.17±0.01b |
T | 1.96±0.07c | 0.83±0.04b | 1.73±0.05a | 2.03±0.05abc | 0.21±0.01b | 0.18±0.01b |
L | 2.24±0.08b | 0.79±0.02b | 1.49±0.13b | 1.94±0.05c | 0.18±0.02b | 0.19±0.01b |
B | 2.58±0.08a | 1.15±0.09a | 1.73±0.05a | 2.12±0.07a | 0.28±0.03a | 0.28±0.03a |
指标 Index | 主成分1 Principal components 1 | 主成分2 Principal components 2 | 主成分3 Principal components 3 |
---|---|---|---|
牧草生物量 Weed biomass(X1) | 0.339 | 0.784 | -0.510 |
杂草生物量 Forage biomass(X2) | 0.136 | 0.609 | -0.715 |
土壤含水量 Water content(X3) | 0.427 | -0.767 | -0.430 |
土壤容重 Soil bulk density(X4) | -0.830 | 0.394 | -0.107 |
土壤pH(X5) | -0.914 | 0.107 | 0.206 |
土壤有机质 Organic matter(X6) | 0.976 | 0.160 | -0.086 |
土壤碱解氮 Alkeline-N(X7) | 0.958 | -0.087 | -0.222 |
土壤速效磷 Olsen-P(X8) | 0.908 | -0.079 | -0.364 |
土壤速效钾 Olsen-K(X9) | 0.609 | 0.736 | 0.045 |
叶绿素 Chlorophyll(X10) | 0.308 | -0.928 | 0.139 |
N(X11) | 0.954 | -0.155 | -0.194 |
P(X12) | 0.991 | 0.095 | 0.007 |
K(X13) | 0.795 | -0.031 | 0.571 |
Ca(X14) | 0.574 | 0.760 | 0.097 |
Mg(X15) | 0.972 | -0.188 | 0.048 |
Na(X16) | 0.737 | -0.500 | 0.185 |
Fe(X17) | -0.041 | 0.415 | 0.748 |
Mn(X18) | 0.608 | 0.291 | 0.638 |
Cu(X19) | 0.782 | 0.348 | 0.306 |
特征值Eigenvalues | 10.325 | 4.456 | 2.691 |
初始特征方差贡献率 Initial characteristic variance contribution rate(%) | 54.340 | 23.451 | 14.161 |
因子旋转后方差 贡献率 Variance contribution rate after factor rotation (%) | 50.868 | 21.657 | 19.427 |
表6 主成分因子载荷、特征值及贡献率变化
Tab.6 Principal component factor loading, eigenvalue and contribution rate
指标 Index | 主成分1 Principal components 1 | 主成分2 Principal components 2 | 主成分3 Principal components 3 |
---|---|---|---|
牧草生物量 Weed biomass(X1) | 0.339 | 0.784 | -0.510 |
杂草生物量 Forage biomass(X2) | 0.136 | 0.609 | -0.715 |
土壤含水量 Water content(X3) | 0.427 | -0.767 | -0.430 |
土壤容重 Soil bulk density(X4) | -0.830 | 0.394 | -0.107 |
土壤pH(X5) | -0.914 | 0.107 | 0.206 |
土壤有机质 Organic matter(X6) | 0.976 | 0.160 | -0.086 |
土壤碱解氮 Alkeline-N(X7) | 0.958 | -0.087 | -0.222 |
土壤速效磷 Olsen-P(X8) | 0.908 | -0.079 | -0.364 |
土壤速效钾 Olsen-K(X9) | 0.609 | 0.736 | 0.045 |
叶绿素 Chlorophyll(X10) | 0.308 | -0.928 | 0.139 |
N(X11) | 0.954 | -0.155 | -0.194 |
P(X12) | 0.991 | 0.095 | 0.007 |
K(X13) | 0.795 | -0.031 | 0.571 |
Ca(X14) | 0.574 | 0.760 | 0.097 |
Mg(X15) | 0.972 | -0.188 | 0.048 |
Na(X16) | 0.737 | -0.500 | 0.185 |
Fe(X17) | -0.041 | 0.415 | 0.748 |
Mn(X18) | 0.608 | 0.291 | 0.638 |
Cu(X19) | 0.782 | 0.348 | 0.306 |
特征值Eigenvalues | 10.325 | 4.456 | 2.691 |
初始特征方差贡献率 Initial characteristic variance contribution rate(%) | 54.340 | 23.451 | 14.161 |
因子旋转后方差 贡献率 Variance contribution rate after factor rotation (%) | 50.868 | 21.657 | 19.427 |
处理 Treatment | 主成分得分 Principal component score | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 2 | 3 | 综合得分 Composite scores | 排名 Rank | ||||
得分 Score | 排名 Rank | 得分 Score | 排名 Rank | 得分 Score | 排名 Rank | |||
CK | 18.84 | 4 | 19.91 | 2 | -6.312 | 1 | 12.67 | 4 |
T | 22.19 | 3 | 20.23 | 1 | -10.04 | 2 | 13.72 | 3 |
L | 24.42 | 2 | 18.13 | 4 | -11.89 | 4 | 14.04 | 2 |
B | 27.13 | 1 | 19.67 | 3 | -11.47 | 3 | 15.83 | 1 |
表7 各样地主成分得分及综合得分
Tab.7 Principal component scores and comprehensive scores in various fields
处理 Treatment | 主成分得分 Principal component score | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 2 | 3 | 综合得分 Composite scores | 排名 Rank | ||||
得分 Score | 排名 Rank | 得分 Score | 排名 Rank | 得分 Score | 排名 Rank | |||
CK | 18.84 | 4 | 19.91 | 2 | -6.312 | 1 | 12.67 | 4 |
T | 22.19 | 3 | 20.23 | 1 | -10.04 | 2 | 13.72 | 3 |
L | 24.42 | 2 | 18.13 | 4 | -11.89 | 4 | 14.04 | 2 |
B | 27.13 | 1 | 19.67 | 3 | -11.47 | 3 | 15.83 | 1 |
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