果园生草对苹果园杂草控制、土壤养分及果树营养状况的影响

doi:10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2023.04.024

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】研究果园生草对果园杂草防控、土壤养分和果树营养状况的影响,并对3个生草处理进行主成分分析,选出最优果园生草处理,为阿克苏地区生草制果园的土壤管理及种植模式提供理论依据和技术指导。【方法】设对照处理(清耕)、白三叶(Trifolium repens)、黑麦草(Lolium perenne)和油菜(Brassica rapa var. oleifera de Candolle)4个处理,每个处理3次重复,共12个小区。测定2017~2019年牧草和杂草地上生物量、2019年土壤养分及果树叶片营养成分含量;采用主成分分析法,分析及综合评价不同生草制度下的杂草生物量、土壤指标以及果树叶片营养指标因子。【结果】2019年白三叶处理下杂草地上生物量下降幅度最大(59.3%)。油菜处理下土壤有机质(23.90 g/kg)、土壤速效钾(164.37 mg/kg)和碱解氮含量(89.77 mg/kg)最高。与对照处理相比,3个生草处理均可显著(P<0.05)增加苹果园土壤含水量、有机质、速效磷、碱解氮,降低果园土壤容重和pH,显著(P<0.05)增加叶片中的叶绿素、磷、氮、镁、钠。【结论】苹果园生草以种植油菜为最佳。

关键词: 果园生草; 土壤养分; 苹果树营养; 主成分

Abstract:

【Objective】To ascertain the effects of intercrop forages in apple orchards on weed control, soil and fruit tree nutrients by evaluating the three treatments by principal component factor score, and finally select the optimal treatment in the hope of providing theoretical basis and technical guidance for soil management and planting mode for grass orchard in Aksu area.【Methods】Four treatments were set in an apple orchard, the clean tillage, Trifolium repens, Lolium perenne and Brassica rapa var. oleifera, with three replicates in each treatment. The factor analysis module of SPSS 22.0 software was used to conduct principal component analysis on weed biomass, soil index and fruit tree nutritional index factors under different grass growing systems with a view to determining the dimension of weed biomass, soil nutrient and fruit tree nutritional index, and calculate principal component scores and comprehensive scores for evaluation.【Results】The above-ground biomass of weeds and forages was determined in each year from 2017 to 2019, the soil and apple trees nutrients were determined in 2019. The results showed that the above-ground biomass of weeds in the T. repens showed the highest decrease (59.3%) by the end of 2019. The contents of soil organic matter (23.90 g/kg), Alkeline-N (89.77 mg/kg), and Olsen-K (164.37 mg/kg) reached the highest levels in the B. rapavar. oleifera. Compared with clear tillage, three interplanting orchard significantly increased soil water content, organic matter, available phosphorus, alkali-hydrolyzed nitrogen, decreased soil bulk density and pH, and significantly increased chlorophyll, phosphorus, nitrogen, magnesium and sodium in leaves.【Conclusion】The results of comprehensive evaluation based on principal component analysis showed that the B. rapa var. oleifera interplanting was the best plant in orchard.

Key words: orchards intercropping; soil nutrient; apple tree nutrient; principal component

中图分类号:

S661.1

封帆, 谢开云, 艾比布拉·伊马木, 万江春. 果园生草对苹果园杂草控制、土壤养分及果树营养状况的影响[J]. 新疆农业科学, 2023, 60(4): 982-991.

FENG Fan, XIE Kaiyun, Aibibula Yimamu, WAN Jiangchun. Effects of intercrop forages on weed control, soil and tree nutrients in orchards[J]. Xinjiang Agricultural Sciences, 2023, 60(4): 982-991.

图/表 7

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测定指标 Index	测定年际 Interannual	处理 Treatment
测定指标 Index	测定年际 Interannual	T	L	B
杂草生物量 Weed biomass	2017	913.93±29.64^aC	1 759.23±72.81^aA	1 414.97±33.54^aB
	2018	624.93±167.65^bC	1 337.20±130.05^bA	956.03±62.36^bB
	2019	389.83±150.93^cC	881.77±57.75^cA	654.33±54.70^cAB
牧草生物量 Forage biomass	2017	2 044.80±50.04^aC	5 983.40±46.88^aA	5 068.40±71.96^bAB
	2018	2 037.57±76.14^aC	5 938.23±49.14^aA	4 809.97±79.61^bB
	2019	2 109.17±107.62^aC	6 117.87±93.35^aA	5 768.67±68.48^aAB
总生物量 Total biomass	2017	2 958.73±48.06^aC	7 742.63±56.78^aA	6 483.36±43.52^aB
	2018	2 662.50±79.21^abC	7 275.43±56.39^bA	5 766.62±69.58^bB
	2019	2 499.00±126.62^bcC	6 999.64±67.52^cA	6 423.24±58.76^aAB

测定指标 Index	测定年际 Interannual	处理 Treatment
测定指标 Index	测定年际 Interannual	T	L	B
杂草生物量 Weed biomass	2017	913.93±29.64^aC	1 759.23±72.81^aA	1 414.97±33.54^aB
	2018	624.93±167.65^bC	1 337.20±130.05^bA	956.03±62.36^bB
	2019	389.83±150.93^cC	881.77±57.75^cA	654.33±54.70^cAB
牧草生物量 Forage biomass	2017	2 044.80±50.04^aC	5 983.40±46.88^aA	5 068.40±71.96^bAB
	2018	2 037.57±76.14^aC	5 938.23±49.14^aA	4 809.97±79.61^bB
	2019	2 109.17±107.62^aC	6 117.87±93.35^aA	5 768.67±68.48^aAB
总生物量 Total biomass	2017	2 958.73±48.06^aC	7 742.63±56.78^aA	6 483.36±43.52^aB
	2018	2 662.50±79.21^abC	7 275.43±56.39^bA	5 766.62±69.58^bB
	2019	2 499.00±126.62^bcC	6 999.64±67.52^cA	6 423.24±58.76^aAB

处理 Treatment	含水量 Water content (%)	容重 Bulk density (g/cm³)	pH
CK	19.40±0.67^c	1.84±0.07^a	8.03±0.02^a
T	25.43±0.41^a	1.55±0.04^bc	7.85±0.04^b
L	25.07±0.19^a	1.65±0.03^b	7.77±0.04^bc
B	22.60±0.78^b	1.47±0.03^c	7.70±0.01^c

处理 Treatment	含水量 Water content (%)	容重 Bulk density (g/cm³)	pH
CK	19.40±0.67^c	1.84±0.07^a	8.03±0.02^a
T	25.43±0.41^a	1.55±0.04^bc	7.85±0.04^b
L	25.07±0.19^a	1.65±0.03^b	7.77±0.04^bc
B	22.60±0.78^b	1.47±0.03^c	7.70±0.01^c

处理 Treatment	有机质 Organic matter (g/kg)	碱解氮 Alkeline-N (mg/kg)	速效磷 Olsen-P (mg/kg)	速效钾 Olsen-K (mg/kg)
CK	11.07±0.34^d	54.63±0.80^d	13.80±0.15^c	150.57±1.19^b
T	14.97±0.18^c	73.30±0.44^c	20.13±0.38^b	140.73±1.13^c
L	18.60±0.32^b	81.93±1.13^b	24.93±0.90^a	151.27±1.23^b
B	23.90±0.17^a	89.77±1.24^a	25.67±0.32^a	164.37±0.48^a