Effects of Water and Nitrogen Adjustment on the Distribution of Soil, Leaf Moisture and Bolls of Cotton Harvested with Equal Row Spacing

doi:10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2022.01.001

Abstract

Abstract:

【Objective】 To seek the optimal water and nitrogen input suitable for the growth of cotton harvested by equal row spacing machine. 【Methods】 Under the condition of total drip irrigation volume of 3,800m³/hm² and total nitrogen application rate of 320 kg/hm², Xinluzhong 88 was taken as the test material, and 3 irrigation methods W₁, W₂, W₃, and 3 fertilization methods N₁, N₂, N₃ were set to study soil moisture content, leaf moisture content, spatiotemporal distribution of cotton bolls, agronomic traits, and yield traits, etc. 【Results】 Under W₂ and N₂ irrigation and fertilization methods, the soil moisture content was relatively stable, thus providing the plants with the better required nutrients. In addition, cotton leaves maintain their function for a longer time; under W₂, N₂ irrigation and fertilization methods, cotton plants produced more bolls and were distributed in a tube shape, which was more suitable for mechanical harvesting; under W₂, N₂ irrigation and fertilization methods, the both of the boll weight and the number per plant reached the highest at 7,070.84 kg/hm². 【Conclusion】 W₂ and N₂ irrigation and fertilization methods are the optimal water and nitrogen input.

Key words: machine-picked cotton; soil moisture content; leaf moisture content; spatiotemporal distribution of cotton bolls; yield

摘要：

【目的】研究适合等行距机采棉生长的最优水氮投入。【方法】以新陆中88号为供试材料,总滴灌量3 800 m³/hm²,总施氮量320 kg/hm²,设置3种灌水方式W₁、W₂、W₃,3种施肥方式N₁、N₂、N₃,分析土壤含水率、叶片含水率、棉铃时空分布、农艺性状、产量性状。【结果】W₂、N₂灌水施肥方式下,土壤含水率相对稳定,更好地给植株提供所需的营养物质。且棉花叶片保持功能的时间较长;W₂,N₂灌水施肥方式下,棉株成铃数较多,且呈筒状分布,更适宜机械采收;W₂,N₂灌水施肥方式下,植株获得的单铃重和单株结铃数均达到最高,最高产量为7 070.84 kg/hm²。【结论】W₂、N₂灌水施肥方式为最优水氮投入。

关键词: 机采棉, 土壤含水率, 叶片含水率, 棉铃时空分布, 产量

CLC Number:

S562

HE Hongwei, ZHANG Jusong, CHEN Zhen, Kadiliya Abudukelimu, PENG Zengying, LIU Qun, CUI Jianping, LIN Tao, GUO Rensong. Effects of Water and Nitrogen Adjustment on the Distribution of Soil, Leaf Moisture and Bolls of Cotton Harvested with Equal Row Spacing[J]. Xinjiang Agricultural Sciences, 2022, 59(1): 1-10.

贺宏伟, 张巨松, 陈振, 卡地力亚·阿不都克力木, 彭增莹, 刘群, 崔建平, 林涛, 郭仁松. 水氮调配对等行距机采棉土壤、叶片水分及棉铃分布的影响[J]. 新疆农业科学, 2022, 59(1): 1-10.

Figures/Tables 8

Fig.1 Temperature and rainfall during the growth period of 2019 cotton

Table 1 Irrigation and fertilization amount and time (M/D)

处理	基肥	6/20	7/1	7/10	7/17	7/24	7/31	8/7	8/14	8/24
Treatment	Base fertilizer	6/20	7/1	7/10	7/17	7/24	7/31	8/7	8/14	8/24
灌水量Irrigation quantity(m³/hm²)
W₁		380	380	285	285	570	570	570	570	190
W₂		380	380	427.5	427.5	570	570	427.5	427.5	190
W₃		380	380	570	570	570	570	285	285	190
施肥量Fertilizer application(kg/hm²)
N₁	64	0	32	16	16	48	48	48	48	0
N₂	64	0	32	32	32	48	48	32	32	0
N₃	64	0	32	48	48	48	48	16	16	0

Fig.2 The distribution of soil moisture in each treatment in different periods

Fig.3 Changes in leaf moisture content of fruit branches in different periods of each treatment

Table 2 The effects of different water and nitrogen interactions on the agronomic characteristics of mechanically harvested cotton

处理 Treatment		株高 Plant height (cm)	始果枝高 Branch High envoy (cm)	倒三叶宽 Inverted three leaves wide (cm)	真叶数 True leaf number (片)	果枝数 Number Fruit branch (台)
W₁	N₁	75.5^f	19. ${7^{a}}^{b}$	10.9^f	10.0^f	7.0^c
	N₂	77. ${7^{e}}^{f}$	20.1^a	11.7^e	11. ${3^{d}}^{e}$	9. ${3^{a}}^{b}$
	N₃	78.0^e	20.1^a	12. ${1^{c}}^{d}^{e}$	11.0^e	8.7^bc
W₂	N₁	81. ${7^{c}}^{d}$	20.2^a	11. ${9^{d}}^{e}$	11.7^d	10. ${3^{a}}^{b}$
	M₂	83. ${0^{b}}^{c}$	20.6^a	12. ${3^{c}}^{d}$	12.3^c	11.0^a
	N₃	79. ${7^{d}}^{e}$	19. ${9^{a}}^{b}$	12. ${2^{c}}^{d}^{e}$	12. ${8^{a}}^{b}^{c}$	10. ${3^{a}}^{b}$
W₃	N₁	81. ${7^{c}}^{d}$	19. ${3^{a}}^{b}$	12. ${6^{b}}^{c}$	12. ${7^{b}}^{c}$	9. ${0^{a}}^{b}$
	N₂	85.7^a	20.5^a	13. ${0^{a}}^{b}$	13. ${0^{a}}^{b}$	10. ${0^{a}}^{b}$
	N₃	84. ${3^{a}}^{b}$	20.7^a	13.2^a	13.3^a	9. ${3^{a}}^{b}$

Table 2 The effects of different water and nitrogen interactions on the agronomic characteristics of mechanically harvested cotton

处理 Treatment		株高 Plant height (cm)	始果枝高 Branch High envoy (cm)	倒三叶宽 Inverted three leaves wide (cm)	真叶数 True leaf number (片)	果枝数 Number Fruit branch (台)
W₁	N₁	75.5^f	19. ${7^{a}}^{b}$	10.9^f	10.0^f	7.0^c
	N₂	77. ${7^{e}}^{f}$	20.1^a	11.7^e	11. ${3^{d}}^{e}$	9. ${3^{a}}^{b}$
	N₃	78.0^e	20.1^a	12. ${1^{c}}^{d}^{e}$	11.0^e	8.7^bc
W₂	N₁	81. ${7^{c}}^{d}$	20.2^a	11. ${9^{d}}^{e}$	11.7^d	10. ${3^{a}}^{b}$
	M₂	83. ${0^{b}}^{c}$	20.6^a	12. ${3^{c}}^{d}$	12.3^c	11.0^a
	N₃	79. ${7^{d}}^{e}$	19. ${9^{a}}^{b}$	12. ${2^{c}}^{d}^{e}$	12. ${8^{a}}^{b}^{c}$	10. ${3^{a}}^{b}$
W₃	N₁	81. ${7^{c}}^{d}$	19. ${3^{a}}^{b}$	12. ${6^{b}}^{c}$	12. ${7^{b}}^{c}$	9. ${0^{a}}^{b}$
	N₂	85.7^a	20.5^a	13. ${0^{a}}^{b}$	13. ${0^{a}}^{b}$	10. ${0^{a}}^{b}$
	N₃	84. ${3^{a}}^{b}$	20.7^a	13.2^a	13.3^a	9. ${3^{a}}^{b}$

Table 3 The number and proportion of "three peaches" in different treatments

处理 Treatment		伏前桃数 Fuzen peach number		伏桃数 Number of volts		秋桃数 Number of autumn peaches
处理 Treatment		数值 Value	比例 Proportion(%)	数值 Value	比例 Proportion(%)	数值 Value	比例 Proportion(%)
W₁	N₁	2.48±0.02^a	33.83^b	3.02±0.0 ${1^{d}}^{e}$	54.8 ${5^{d}}^{e}$	0.83±0.02^c	11.32^c
	N₂	2.33±0.02^a	34.88^b	3.32±0.02^d	49.70^e	1.03±0.02^b	15.42^b
	N₃	2.43±0.03^a	39.32^a	2.88±0.03^e	46.60^e	0.87±0.03^c	14.07^b
W₂	N₁	1.53±0.04^b	21.16^c	4.33±0.0 ${5^{c}}^{d}$	59.89^d	1.37±0.04^a	18.95^a
	N₂	1.12±0.02^c	14.09^d	5.78±0.02^a	72.70^a	1.05±0.02^b	13.21^b
	N₃	1.17±0.05^c	15.66^d	5.18±0.05^b	69.35^b	1.12±0.0 ${3^{a}}^{b}$	14.99^b
W₃	N₁	1.07±0.04^c	15.99^d	4.62±0.04^c	69.06^b	1.00±0.04^b	14.95^b
	N₂	1.20±0.03^c	17.1 ${7^{c}}^{d}$	4.57±0.04^c	65.38^c	1.22±0.0 ${4^{a}}^{b}$	17.4 ${5^{a}}^{b}$
	N₃	1.10±0.04^c	18.0 ${6^{c}}^{d}$	4.12±0.02^d	67.65^c	0.87±0.05^c	14.29^b

Table 3 The number and proportion of "three peaches" in different treatments

处理 Treatment		伏前桃数 Fuzen peach number		伏桃数 Number of volts		秋桃数 Number of autumn peaches
处理 Treatment		数值 Value	比例 Proportion(%)	数值 Value	比例 Proportion(%)	数值 Value	比例 Proportion(%)
W₁	N₁	2.48±0.02^a	33.83^b	3.02±0.0 ${1^{d}}^{e}$	54.8 ${5^{d}}^{e}$	0.83±0.02^c	11.32^c
	N₂	2.33±0.02^a	34.88^b	3.32±0.02^d	49.70^e	1.03±0.02^b	15.42^b
	N₃	2.43±0.03^a	39.32^a	2.88±0.03^e	46.60^e	0.87±0.03^c	14.07^b
W₂	N₁	1.53±0.04^b	21.16^c	4.33±0.0 ${5^{c}}^{d}$	59.89^d	1.37±0.04^a	18.95^a
	N₂	1.12±0.02^c	14.09^d	5.78±0.02^a	72.70^a	1.05±0.02^b	13.21^b
	N₃	1.17±0.05^c	15.66^d	5.18±0.05^b	69.35^b	1.12±0.0 ${3^{a}}^{b}$	14.99^b
W₃	N₁	1.07±0.04^c	15.99^d	4.62±0.04^c	69.06^b	1.00±0.04^b	14.95^b
	N₂	1.20±0.03^c	17.1 ${7^{c}}^{d}$	4.57±0.04^c	65.38^c	1.22±0.0 ${4^{a}}^{b}$	17.4 ${5^{a}}^{b}$
	N₃	1.10±0.04^c	18.0 ${6^{c}}^{d}$	4.12±0.02^d	67.65^c	0.87±0.05^c	14.29^b

Table 4 Spatial distribution of cotton bolls in each

处理Treament		上部铃Upper boll			中部铃Middle boll			下部铃Lower boll
处理Treament		外围铃 Boll closer to steam	内围铃 Boll from to steam	总铃数 Total number of bells	外围铃 Boll closer to steam	内围铃 Boll from to steam	总铃数 Total number of bells	外围铃 Boll closer to steam	内围铃 Boll from to steam	总铃数 Total number of bells
W₁	N₁	1.04^a	1.3 ${1^{b}}^{c}$	2.35^b	0.2 ${0^{a}}^{b}$	2.2 ${3^{a}}^{b}$	2.43^b	0.05^b	1.5^b	1.55^c
	N₂	0.82^b	1.63^b	2.85^a	0.3 ${4^{a}}^{b}$	2.53^a	2.87^a	0.02^b	1.34^b	1.36^c
	N₃	0.92^b	1.52^b	2.44^b	0.52^a	2.1 ${6^{a}}^{b}$	2.68^a	0.06^b	1.00^c	1.06^c
W₂	N₁	0.25^d	1.94^a	2.19^c	0.3 ${0^{a}}^{b}$	2.1 ${1^{a}}^{b}$	2.41^b	0.6 ${9^{a}}^{b}$	1.9 ${4^{a}}^{b}$	2.63^b
	N₂	0.20^d	2.02^a	2.22^c	0.42^a	2.1 ${8^{a}}^{b}$	2.6 ${0^{a}}^{b}$	1.05^a	2.08^a	3.13^b
	N₃	0.63^c	1.61^b	2.24^c	0.3 ${4^{a}}^{b}$	2.2 ${4^{a}}^{b}$	2.5 ${8^{a}}^{b}$	0.5 ${0^{a}}^{b}$	2.15^a	2.65^b
W₃	N₁	0.21^d	0.85^c	1.06^d	0.2 ${3^{a}}^{b}$	2.42^a	2.65^a	1.32^a	1.9 ${6^{a}}^{b}$	3.28^a
	N₂	0.24^d	0.84^c	1.08^d	0.12^b	2.42^a	2.5 ${4^{a}}^{b}$	1.25^a	2.12^a	3.37^a
	N₃	0.15^d	0.40^d	0.55^e	0.14^b	2.38^a	2.5 ${2^{a}}^{b}$	1.40^a	1.62^b	3.02^b

Table 4 Spatial distribution of cotton bolls in each

处理Treament		上部铃Upper boll			中部铃Middle boll			下部铃Lower boll
处理Treament		外围铃 Boll closer to steam	内围铃 Boll from to steam	总铃数 Total number of bells	外围铃 Boll closer to steam	内围铃 Boll from to steam	总铃数 Total number of bells	外围铃 Boll closer to steam	内围铃 Boll from to steam	总铃数 Total number of bells
W₁	N₁	1.04^a	1.3 ${1^{b}}^{c}$	2.35^b	0.2 ${0^{a}}^{b}$	2.2 ${3^{a}}^{b}$	2.43^b	0.05^b	1.5^b	1.55^c
	N₂	0.82^b	1.63^b	2.85^a	0.3 ${4^{a}}^{b}$	2.53^a	2.87^a	0.02^b	1.34^b	1.36^c
	N₃	0.92^b	1.52^b	2.44^b	0.52^a	2.1 ${6^{a}}^{b}$	2.68^a	0.06^b	1.00^c	1.06^c
W₂	N₁	0.25^d	1.94^a	2.19^c	0.3 ${0^{a}}^{b}$	2.1 ${1^{a}}^{b}$	2.41^b	0.6 ${9^{a}}^{b}$	1.9 ${4^{a}}^{b}$	2.63^b
	N₂	0.20^d	2.02^a	2.22^c	0.42^a	2.1 ${8^{a}}^{b}$	2.6 ${0^{a}}^{b}$	1.05^a	2.08^a	3.13^b
	N₃	0.63^c	1.61^b	2.24^c	0.3 ${4^{a}}^{b}$	2.2 ${4^{a}}^{b}$	2.5 ${8^{a}}^{b}$	0.5 ${0^{a}}^{b}$	2.15^a	2.65^b
W₃	N₁	0.21^d	0.85^c	1.06^d	0.2 ${3^{a}}^{b}$	2.42^a	2.65^a	1.32^a	1.9 ${6^{a}}^{b}$	3.28^a
	N₂	0.24^d	0.84^c	1.08^d	0.12^b	2.42^a	2.5 ${4^{a}}^{b}$	1.25^a	2.12^a	3.37^a
	N₃	0.15^d	0.40^d	0.55^e	0.14^b	2.38^a	2.5 ${2^{a}}^{b}$	1.40^a	1.62^b	3.02^b

Table 5 The effects of different water and nitrogen interactions on cotton yield and yield components

处理 Treatment		单铃重 Boll weight (g)	单株结铃数 Boll number per plant (个)	衣分 Lint percentage (%)	籽棉产量 Seed cotton yield (kg/hm²)
W₁	N₁	5.55±0.0 ${5^{a}}^{b}$	6.33±0.13^d	46.23±0.52^a	5 481.83±76.35^d
	N₂	5.58±0.0 ${1^{a}}^{b}$	6.68±0.03^c	46.25±0.30^a	5 816.20±97.8 ${0^{b}}^{c}$
	N₃	5.67±0.01^a	6.18±0.0 ${3^{b}}^{c}$	45.24±0.0 ${1^{a}}^{b}$	5 467.64±86.55^d
W₂	N₁	5.41±0.28^b	7.23±0.29^b	46.13±0.45^a	6 103.30±124.40^b
	N₂	5.70±0.17^a	7.95±0.15^a	46.42±0.06^a	7 070.84±76.45^a
	N₃	5.65±0.21^a	7.47±0.22^b	46.81±0.89^a	6 585.64±168.1 ${5^{a}}^{b}$
W₃	N₁	5.43±0.25^b	6.69±0.30^c	46.74±0.44^a	5 668.33±93.45^c
	N₂	5.52±0.0 ${7^{a}}^{b}$	6.99±0.1 ${1^{b}}^{c}$	46.47±0.21^a	6 020.68±56.45^b
	N₃	5.54±0.4 ${2^{a}}^{b}$	6.09±0.45^d	46.58±0.25^a	5 264.47±87.80^e
P值	W	<0.001	0.001	0.75	<0.001
	N	0.36	0.001	0.23	<0.001
	W×N	<00.01	0.021	1.192	<0.001

Table 5 The effects of different water and nitrogen interactions on cotton yield and yield components

处理 Treatment		单铃重 Boll weight (g)	单株结铃数 Boll number per plant (个)	衣分 Lint percentage (%)	籽棉产量 Seed cotton yield (kg/hm²)
W₁	N₁	5.55±0.0 ${5^{a}}^{b}$	6.33±0.13^d	46.23±0.52^a	5 481.83±76.35^d
	N₂	5.58±0.0 ${1^{a}}^{b}$	6.68±0.03^c	46.25±0.30^a	5 816.20±97.8 ${0^{b}}^{c}$
	N₃	5.67±0.01^a	6.18±0.0 ${3^{b}}^{c}$	45.24±0.0 ${1^{a}}^{b}$	5 467.64±86.55^d
W₂	N₁	5.41±0.28^b	7.23±0.29^b	46.13±0.45^a	6 103.30±124.40^b
	N₂	5.70±0.17^a	7.95±0.15^a	46.42±0.06^a	7 070.84±76.45^a
	N₃	5.65±0.21^a	7.47±0.22^b	46.81±0.89^a	6 585.64±168.1 ${5^{a}}^{b}$
W₃	N₁	5.43±0.25^b	6.69±0.30^c	46.74±0.44^a	5 668.33±93.45^c
	N₂	5.52±0.0 ${7^{a}}^{b}$	6.99±0.1 ${1^{b}}^{c}$	46.47±0.21^a	6 020.68±56.45^b
	N₃	5.54±0.4 ${2^{a}}^{b}$	6.09±0.45^d	46.58±0.25^a	5 264.47±87.80^e
P值	W	<0.001	0.001	0.75	<0.001
	N	0.36	0.001	0.23	<0.001
	W×N	<00.01	0.021	1.192	<0.001

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