Effects of nitrogen fertilizer reduction and biochar application on population structure, photosynthetic characteristics and yield of spring wheat

doi:10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2024.07.003

Abstract

Abstract:

【Objective】This study further carried out the research on the impact of biochar single application and combined application of nitrogen fertilizer on the population structure, photosynthetic characteristics and yield of spring wheat in irrigation areas, aiming to provide scientific basis for the rational use of biochar and fertilizer. 【Methods】The experiment adopted a randomized block design, set up 2 nitrogen fertilizer application levels (0, 150 kg/hm²) and 4 levels of biomass charcoal (0, 10, 20, 30 t/hm²) for research. After that, the population structure, photosynthetic characteristics and yield of Xinchun 46 wheat were analyzed in 2020. 【Results】The results showed that under B₂N₁ treatment, nitrogen fertilizer reduction (150 kg/hm²), compared to medium biomass charcoal (20 t/hm²) under the combined application, the population structure, leaf area index, leaf SPAD value, net photosynthetic rate, and yield of spring wheat all reached the optimal level, increased by 15.04% to 32.98%, 3.67% to 89.82%, 5.63% to 11.46%, 17.95% to 81.68%, and 29.73% compared to the control, respectively. Compared with the control, the single application of biochar and the combination of biochar and nitrogen fertilizer increased spring wheat yield by 7.52% to 29.73%. 【Conclusion】Nitrogen fertilizer is reduced by 150 kg/hm² and applied in combination with 20 t/hm²(B₂N₁) biochar has the best effect in increasing production.

Key words: biochar; nitrogen fertilizer; spring wheat; group structure; yield

摘要：

【目的】研究生物质炭单施和与氮肥配施对灌区春小麦群体结构、光合特性及产量的影响,为生物质炭及化肥的合理利用提供科学依据。【方法】试验采用随机区组设计,设2个氮肥施用水平(0、150 kg/hm²),4个生物质炭水平(0、10、20和30 t/hm²),于2020年对新春46号的群体结构、光合特性及产量进行分析。【结果】在B₂N₁处理,即氮肥减量(150 kg/hm²)与中量生物质炭(20 t/hm²)配施下,春小麦群体结构、叶面积指数、叶片SPAD值、净光合速率及产量均达到最佳,较对照分别提高了15.04%~32.98%、3.67%~89.82%、5.63%~11.46%、17.95%~81.68%和29.73%。与对照相比,单施生物质炭及生物质炭与氮肥配施均提高了春小麦产量,增产幅度为7.52%~29.73%。【结论】氮肥减量150 kg/hm²配施20 t/hm²生物质炭(B₂N₁)其增产效果最佳。

关键词: 生物质炭, 氮肥, 春小麦, 群体结构, 产量

CLC Number:

S512

YANG Mei, ZHAO Hongmei, Dilireba Xiamixiding, YANG Weijun, ZHANG Jinshan, HUI Chao. Effects of nitrogen fertilizer reduction and biochar application on population structure, photosynthetic characteristics and yield of spring wheat[J]. Xinjiang Agricultural Sciences, 2024, 61(7): 1582-1589.

杨梅, 赵红梅, 迪丽热巴·夏米西丁, 杨卫君, 张金汕, 惠超. 氮肥减量配施生物质炭对春小麦群体结构、光合特性及产量的影响[J]. 新疆农业科学, 2024, 61(7): 1582-1589.

Figures/Tables 6

Tab.1 Amount of biochar and nitrogen fertilizer for each treatment

处理 Treatments	生物质炭 Biochar (t/hm²)	氮肥 Nitrogen fertilizer (kg/hm²)
B₀N₀(CK)	0	0
B₁N₀	10	0
B₂N₀	20	0
B₃N₀	30	0
B₀N₁	0	150
B₁N₁	10	150
B₂N₁	20	150
B₃N₁	30	150

Fig.1 Changes of umber of stems and tillers and ear formation rate of spring wheat under different treatments Note: Different lowercase letters in the figure indicate significant differences between different treatments (P<0.05), the same as below

Tab.2 Changes of SPAD values in flag leaves of spring wheat under different treatments

处理 Treatments		花后0 d 0 days after flowering	花后7 d 7 days after flowering	花后14 d 14 days after flowering	花后21 d 21 days after flowering	花后28 d 28 days after flowering
B₀N₀(CK)		49.40^d	52.26^b	51.80^b	49.75^d	47.81^c
B₁N₀		51.06^bc	53.82^ab	52.01^b	50.27^cd	49.91^bc
B₂N₀		51.62^ab	54.31^ab	53.32^b	52.26^bc	51.44^ab
B₃N₀		50.80^bc	52.42^b	52.01^b	49.8^d	48.52^c
B₀N₁		49.95^cd	53.54^ab	52.51^b	52.11^bc	52.45^ab
B₁N₁		51.44^ab	54.03^ab	53.24^b	53.61^ab	52.90^a
B₂N₁		52.38^a	55.20^a	54.91^a	54.33^a	53.29^a
B₃N₁		50.57^bc	53.69^ab	52.41^b	53.18^ab	51.88^ab
F	B	21.11^*	11.72^*	11.89^*	9.05	3.46
	N	2.86	13.20^*	13.68^*	69.3 ${0^{}}^{}$	31.14^*
	B×N	0.70	0.28	0.69	0.56	0.83

Tab.2 Changes of SPAD values in flag leaves of spring wheat under different treatments

处理 Treatments		花后0 d 0 days after flowering	花后7 d 7 days after flowering	花后14 d 14 days after flowering	花后21 d 21 days after flowering	花后28 d 28 days after flowering
B₀N₀(CK)		49.40^d	52.26^b	51.80^b	49.75^d	47.81^c
B₁N₀		51.06^bc	53.82^ab	52.01^b	50.27^cd	49.91^bc
B₂N₀		51.62^ab	54.31^ab	53.32^b	52.26^bc	51.44^ab
B₃N₀		50.80^bc	52.42^b	52.01^b	49.8^d	48.52^c
B₀N₁		49.95^cd	53.54^ab	52.51^b	52.11^bc	52.45^ab
B₁N₁		51.44^ab	54.03^ab	53.24^b	53.61^ab	52.90^a
B₂N₁		52.38^a	55.20^a	54.91^a	54.33^a	53.29^a
B₃N₁		50.57^bc	53.69^ab	52.41^b	53.18^ab	51.88^ab
F	B	21.11^*	11.72^*	11.89^*	9.05	3.46
	N	2.86	13.20^*	13.68^*	69.3 ${0^{}}^{}$	31.14^*
	B×N	0.70	0.28	0.69	0.56	0.83

Fig.2 Changes of LAI in spring wheat single plant under different treatments

Fig.3 Changes of photosynthetic parameters of spring wheat under different treatments

Tab.3 Changes of spring wheat yield and Its components under different treatments

处理 Treatments		穗数 Spike number (10⁴spike/hm²)	穗粒数 Grains per spike (grain)	千粒重 1,000-grain weight (g)	产量 Yield (kg/hm²)
B₀N₀(CK)		454.33^e	39.73^c	41.07^c	6 450.38^d
B₁N₀		470.00^cd	40.16^c	42.23^b	6 935.57^cd
B₂N₀		492.00^ab	41.73^bc	42.66^ab	7 620.07^b
B₃N₀		472.00^cd	40.93^bc	42.61^ab	7 162.38^bc
B₀N₁		462.00^de	42.02^abc	42.26^b	7 137.89^bc
B₁N₁		478.67^bc	43.09^ab	42.52^ab	7 629.93^b
B₂N₁		504.33^a	44.31^a	43.03^a	8 367.98^a
B₃N₁		483.00^bc	41.44^bc	42.30^b	7 371.06^bc
	B	237.58	3.09^*	2.51^**	15.41^*
F	N	86.52	14.88	1.54^**	21.51^*
	B×N	0.10^**	1.06	7.10	1.01

References 28

[1]	吴瑕, 胡艺琛, 杨凤军, 等. 间作分蘖洋葱对番茄氮素吸收和根际土壤微生物多样性的影响[J]. 植物营养与肥料学报, 2022, 28(8): 1478-1493.
	WU Xia, HU Yichen, YANG Fengjun, et al. Effects of intercropping tomato with potato onion on nitrogen absorption and rhizosphere microbial diversity of tomato[J]. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizers, 2022, 28(8): 1478-1493.
[2]	郝近羽, 刘瑾, 陈源泉, 等. 施用不同有机物料对砂质土壤玉米成熟期根际细菌群落变化的影响[J]. 中国农业大学学报, 2022, 27(10): 65-79.
	HAO Jinyu, LIU Jin, CHEN Yuanquan, et al. Effects of application different organic materials on the bacterial community of maize rhizosphere in sandy soil at the maturity stage[J]. Journal of China Agricultural University, 2022, 27(10): 65-79.
[3]	董云杰, 呼延艺洁, 王金平, 等. 优化施肥对关中灌区冬小麦产量及氮肥利用的影响[J]. 西北农业学报, 2022, 31(3): 270-278.
	DONG Yunjie, HUYAN Yijie, WANG Jinping, et al. Effect of optimized fertilization on yield and nitrogen utilization of winter wheat in Guanzhong irrigation area[J]. Acta Agriculturae Boreali-occidentalis Sinica, 2022, 31(3): 270-278.
[4]	Zama E F, Reid B J, Arp H P H, et al. Advances in research on the use of biochar in soil for remediation: a review[J]. Journal of Soils and Sediments, 2018, 18(7): 2433-2450.
[5]	王希贤, 吴君, 李磊, 等. 生物炭和氮肥对沿海沙地鼓节竹笋生长和光合特性的效应[J]. 福建农林大学学报(自然科学版), 2022, 51(2): 217-223.
	WANG Xixian, WU Jun, LI Lei, et al. Effects of biochar and nitrogen fertilizer on growth and photosynthetic characteristics of bamboo shoots of Bambusa tuldoides ‘Swolleninternode’ in coastal sandy land[J]. Journal of Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University (Natural Science Edition), 2022, 51(2): 217-223.
[6]	宋世龙, 杨卫君, 陈雨欣, 等. 氮肥减量配施生物炭对北疆灌区春小麦光合和干物质转运特性及产量的影响[J]. 麦类作物学报, 2023, 43(3): 311-320.
	SONG Shilong, YANG Weijun, CHEN Yuxin, et al. Effect of reduced nitrogen fertilizer combined with biochar on photosynthetic characteristics, dry matter accumulation and distribution, and yield of spring wheat in irrigated area of northern Xinjiang[J]. Journal of Triticeae Crops, 2023, 43(3): 311-320.
[7]	冯美玲. 生物炭和氮添加对白芨土壤养分、生物量及光合生理特性的影响[D]. 南昌: 江西农业大学, 2019.
	FENG Meiling. Effects of biochar and nitrogen additions on soil nutrient, biomass and photosynthetic physiological characteristics of Bletilla striata[D]. Nanchang: Jiangxi Agricultural University, 2019.
[8]	王艳芳, 李乾云, 悦飞雪, 等. 生物炭对豫西旱作玉米花后穗位叶光合生理特性及产量的影响[J]. 西北农林科技大学学报(自然科学版), 2021, 49(11): 125-133.
	WANG Yanfang, LI Qianyun, YUE Feixue, et al. Effects of biochar amendment on ear leaf photosynthetic physiological characteristics after anthesis and yields of rainfed maize in West Henan[J]. Journal of Northwest A & F University (Natural Science Edition), 2021, 49(11): 125-133.
[9]	阚正荣, 马守田, 祁剑英, 等. 施用生物炭对冬小麦光合潜力和籽粒产量的影响[J]. 麦类作物学报, 2019, 39(6):719-727.
	KAN Zhengrong, MA Shoutian, Ql Jianying, et al. Effect of Biochar Addition on Photosynthetic Potential and Grain Yield of Winter Wheat[J]. Journal of Triticeae Crops, 2019, 39(6):719-727.
[10]	朱士江, 叶晓思, 王斌, 等. 不同水分调控、生物炭配比对水稻产量与水分利用效率的影响[J]. 节水灌溉, 2018, (1):1-5.
	ZHU Shijiang, YE Xiaosi, WANG Bin, et al. Effects of Water-Biochar Coupling on Rice Yield and Water Use Efficiency[J]. Water Saving Irrigation, 2018, (1):1-5.
[11]	马鑫, 代兴龙, 王晓婧, 等. 冬小麦高产高效群体的年际间稳产性能[J]. 应用生态学报, 2017, 28(12): 3926-3934.
	MA Xin, DAI Xinglong, WANG Xiaojing, et al. Stability of a winter wheat population with high yield and high resource use efficiency[J]. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 2017, 28(12): 3926-3934.
[12]	李朝苏, 汤永禄, 吴春, 等. 播种方式对稻茬小麦生长发育及产量建成的影响[J]. 农业工程学报, 2012, 28(18): 36-43.
	LI Chaosu, TANG Yonglu, WU Chun, et al. Effect of sowing patterns on growth, development and yield formation of wheat in rice stubble land[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, 2012, 28(18): 36-43.
[13]	叶优良, 王桂良, 朱云集, 等. 施氮对高产小麦群体动态、产量和土壤氮素变化的影响[J]. 应用生态学报, 2010, 21(2):351-358.
	YE Youliang, WANG Guiliang, ZHU Yunji, et al. Effects of nitrogen fertilization on population dynamics and yield of high-yielding wheat and on alteration of soil nitrogen[J]. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 2010, 21(2):351-358.
[14]	陈芳, 张康康, 谷思诚, 等. 不同种类生物质炭及施用量对水稻生长及土壤养分的影响[J]. 华中农业大学学报, 2019, 38(5):57-63.
	CHEN Fang, ZHANG Kangkang, GU Sicheng, et al. Effects of kinds and application rates of biochar on rice growth and soil nutrients[J]. Journal of Huazhong Agricultural University, 2019, 38(5):57-63.
[15]	周劲松, 闫平, 张伟明, 等. 生物炭对水稻苗期生长、养分吸收土壤矿质元素含量的影响[J]. 生态学杂志, 2016, 35(11):2952-2959.
	ZHOU Jingsong, YAN Ping, ZHANG Weiming, et al. Effects of biochar on seedling growth, nutrient absorption of japonica rice and mineral element contents of substrate soil[J]. Chinese Journal of Ecology, 2016, 35(11):2,952-2,959.
[16]	董文华. 施氮量对不同种植密度下冬小麦群体结构及产量的影响[D]. 泰安: 山东农业大学, 2017.
	DONG Wenhua. The Effects of Nitrogen on the Colony Formation and Grain Yield of Winter Wheat in Different Planting Density[D] Taian: Shandong Agricultural University, 2017.
[17]	柳瑞, 高阳, 李恩琳, 等. 减氮配施生物炭对水稻生长发育、干物质积累及产量的影响[J]. 生态环境学报, 2020, 29(5):926-932.
	LIU Rui, GAO Yang, LI Enling, et al. Effects of Reduced Nitrogen and Biochar Application on Plant Growth, Dry Matter Accumulation and Rice Yield[J]. Ecology and Environmental Sciences, 2020, 29(5):926-932.
[18]	李宁, 郭世荣, 束胜, 等. 外源24-表油菜素内酯对弱光胁迫下番茄幼苗叶片形态及光合特性的影响[J]. 应用生态学报, 2015, 26(3): 847-852.
	LI Ning, GUO Shirong, SHU Sheng, et al. Effects of exogenous 24-epibrassinolide on leaf morphology and photosynthetic characteristics of tomato seedlings under low light stress[J]. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 2015, 26(3): 847-852.
[19]	赵隽, 董树亭, 刘鹏, 等. 有机无机肥长期定位配施对冬小麦群体光合特性及籽粒产量的影响[J]. 应用生态学报, 2015, 26(8): 2362-2370.
	ZHAO (Juan\|Jun), DONG Shuting, LIU Peng, et al. Effects of long-term mixed application of organic and inorganic fertilizers on canopy apparent photosynthesis and yield of winter wheat[J]. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 2015, 26(8): 2362-2370.
[20]	刘领, 王艳芳, 宋久洋, 等. 生物炭与氮肥减量配施对烤烟生长及土壤酶活性的影响[J]. 河南农业科学, 2016, 45(2): 62-66.
	LIU Ling, WANG Yanfang, SONG Jiuyang, et al. Effects of biochar addition combined with reducing nitrogen application rate on growth of flue-cured tobacco and soil enzyme activities[J]. Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences, 2016, 45(2): 62-66.
[21]	郭喜军, 谢军红, 李玲玲, 等. 氮肥用量及有机无机肥配比对陇中旱农区玉米光合特性及产量的影响[J]. 植物营养与肥料学报, 2020, 26(5): 806-816.
	GUO Xijun, XIE Junhong, LI Lingling, et al. Appropriate nitrogen fertilizer rate and organic N ratio for satisfactory photosynthesis and yield of maize in dry farming area of Longzhong, Gansu Province[J]. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizers, 2020, 26(5): 806-816.
[22]	陈温福, 张伟明, 孟军. 农用生物炭研究进展与前景[J]. 中国农业科学, 2013, 46(16): 3324-3333.
	CHEN Wenfu, ZHANG Weiming, MENG Jun. Advances and prospects in research of biochar utilization in agriculture[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2013, 46(16): 3324-3333.
[23]	Mc Cormack S A, Ostle N, Bardgett R D, et al. Biochar in bioenergy crop ping systems: Impacts on soil faunal communities and linked ecosystem processes[J]. Global Change Biology Bioenergy, 2013, 5(2):81-95.
[24]	Liu W, Wang S T, Zhang J, et al. Biochar influences the microbial community structure during tomato stalk composting with chicken manure[J]. Bioresource Technology, 2014, 154: 148-154.
[25]	韩光明, 刘东, 孙世清, 等. 生物炭对不同连作年限棉田棉花光合特性的影响[J]. 湖北农业科学, 2015, 54(24): 6202-6206.
	HAN Guangming, LIU Dong, SUN Shiqing, et al. Effect of biochar on photosynthetic characteristics of cotton in different continuous cropping cotton field[J]. Hubei Agricultural Sciences, 2015, 54(24): 6202-6206.
[26]	阚正荣, 刘鹏, 李超, 等. 施用生物炭对华北平原土壤水分和夏玉米生长发育的影响[J]. 玉米科学, 2019, 27(1): 142-150.
	KAN Zhengrong, LIU Peng, LI Chao, et al. Effects of biochar on soil water and growth of summer corn in the North China Plain[J]. Journal of Maize Sciences, 2019, 27(1): 142-150.
[27]	张爱平, 刘汝亮, 高霁, 等. 生物炭对宁夏引黄灌区水稻产量及氮素利用率的影响[J]. 植物营养与肥料学报, 2015, 21(5):1352-1360.
	ZHANG Aiping, LIU Ruliang, GAO Ji, et al. Effects of biochar on rice yield and nitrogen use efficiency in the Ningxia Yellow River irrigation region[J]. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizers, 2015, 21(5):1,352-1,360.
[28]	Major J, Rondon M, Molina D, et al. Maize yield and nutrition during 4years after biochar application to a Colombian savanna oxisol[J]. Plant and Soil, 2010, 333(1): 117-128.