基于水肥一体化条件下化肥减量对春小麦的影响

doi:10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2022.11.002

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】研究水肥一体化条件下化肥减量对春小麦的影响,为新疆塔额盆地春小麦化肥减量提供理论基础。【方法】以春小麦品种宁春16号为材料,设置5个处理,其中1个空白对照A(N₀P₀K₀)1个农户处理E(N₂₄₀P₁₀₅K_37.5)和3个对氮肥、磷肥的减量处理B(N₁₂₀P_52.5K_37.5)、C(N₁₂₀P₁₀₅K_37.5)、D(N₂₄₀P_52.5K_37.5)的田间试验,对照处理为A、农户E处理,分析在水肥一体化条件下的不同化肥减量对春小麦农艺性状、叶面积指数、产量构成、干物质积累与转运、农学效率的影响。【结果】处理C施肥量下,在开花期LAI达到7.14,显著高于对照A、E处理,花前转运量、转运率及物质转运对籽粒的贡献率在C处理达到最高,花后干物质积累量对产量的贡献率达到75.29％。处理C比其它处理提高了5％~24％;氮肥减少50％、磷肥不变C处理时产量达到最高为7 964.84 kg/hm²,较对照显著提高,比其他减肥模式产量提高了4.52％~24.09％。【结论】小麦处理C模式下表现最优,在小麦生产过程中合理的减量施氮可以获得高产;C(N₁₂₀P₁₀₅K_37.5)处理的化肥减量模式更适合新疆种植春小麦。

关键词: 氮肥; 小麦; 化肥减量; 叶面积指数; 干物质; 积累; 转运; 产量

Abstract:

【Objective】 To explore the effect of chemical fertilizer reduction on spring wheat under the condition of water and fertilizer integration and provide theoretical basis for chemical fertilizer reduction of spring wheat in Tae region. 【Methods】 Spring wheat variety Ningchun 16 was used as the material, and five treatments of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer reduction, A(N₀P₀K₀), B(N₁₂₀P_52.5K_37.5), C (N₁₂₀P₁₀₅K_37.5), D (N₂₄₀P_52.5K_37.5)and E (N₂₄₀P₁₀₅K_37.5), were adopted in the randomized block design, and the control group were A and E treatment. The effects of different chemical fertilizer reductions on agronomic traits, leaf area index, yield components, dry matter accumulation and transport, and agronomic efficiency of spring wheat were analyzed. 【Results】 The LAI of treatment C reached 7.14 at flowering stage, which was significantly higher than those of control A and E. The contribution rate of pre anthesis transport, transport rate and material transport to grain reached the highest in treatment C, and the contribution rate of dry matter accumulation to yield after anthesis reached 75.29％. Treatment C increased by 5％~24％ compared with other treatments; The highest yield was 7,964.84 kg/hm²when the nitrogen fertilizer was reduced by 50％ and the phosphorus fertilizer was unchanged, which was significantly higher than that of the control and increased by 4.52％~24.09％ compared with other weight loss models. 【Conclusion】 The performance of treatment C was the best. In conclusion, the appropriate reduction of nitrogen application can obtain high yield in wheat production and C (N₁₂₀P₁₀₅K_37.5) treatment is more suitable for planting spring wheat in our region.

Key words: nitrogenous fertilizer; wheat; chemical tertilizer reduction; leaf area index; dry matter; accumulation; transport; yield

中图分类号:

S512

罗静静, 李怀胜, 王贺亚, 艾海峰, 王斌, 张磊. 基于水肥一体化条件下化肥减量对春小麦的影响[J]. 新疆农业科学, 2022, 59(11): 2614-2620.

LUO Jingjing, LI Huaisheng, WANG Heya, AI Haifeng, WANG Bing, ZHANG Lei. Effects of Chemical Fertilizer Reduction on Spring Wheat Based on Water and Fertilizer Integration[J]. Xinjiang Agricultural Sciences, 2022, 59(11): 2614-2620.

图/表 6

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生育阶段 Growing stage		基肥 Base fertilizer	出苗—拔节 Emergenc- Jointing	拔节—开花 Jointing- Flowering	开花—成熟 Flowering- Maturity	全生育期 Whole growth
水分 Water	分配比例(％)		30	40	30	100
	灌水量(m³/667m²)		70~75	112~120	70~75	252~270
	灌水次数		2	3	2	7
氮肥 Nitrogen	分配比例(％)		35	40	25	100
氮肥 Nitrogen	施肥次数		1	2	1	4
磷肥 Phosphorus	分配比例(％)	30	20	25	25	100
磷肥 Phosphorus	施肥次数		1	1	1	3
钾肥 Potassium	分配比例(％)		35	35	30	100
钾肥 Potassium	施肥次数		1	1	1	3

生育阶段 Growing stage		基肥 Base fertilizer	出苗—拔节 Emergenc- Jointing	拔节—开花 Jointing- Flowering	开花—成熟 Flowering- Maturity	全生育期 Whole growth
水分 Water	分配比例(％)		30	40	30	100
	灌水量(m³/667m²)		70~75	112~120	70~75	252~270
	灌水次数		2	3	2	7
氮肥 Nitrogen	分配比例(％)		35	40	25	100
氮肥 Nitrogen	施肥次数		1	2	1	4
磷肥 Phosphorus	分配比例(％)	30	20	25	25	100
磷肥 Phosphorus	施肥次数		1	1	1	3
钾肥 Potassium	分配比例(％)		35	35	30	100
钾肥 Potassium	施肥次数		1	1	1	3

编号 Number	处理 Treatment	株高 Plant height (cm)	穗长 Spike length (cm)	小穗数 Spike number (个)	单穗粒重 Spike grain weigh (g)
A	N₀P₀K₀	68.30^b	7.17^c	11.60^d	1.66^c
B	N₁₂₀P_52.5K3_7.5	69.39^b	7.42^b	12.71^c	1.69^bc
C	N₁₂₀P₁₀₅K_37.5	70.92^a	7.68^a	14.91^a	1.85^a
D	N₂₄₀P_52.5K_37.5	70.74^a	7.43^b	13.76^b	1.76^b
E	N₂₄₀P₁₀₅K_37.5	69.44^b	7.27^c	12.97^c	1.72^bc

编号 Number	处理 Treatment	株高 Plant height (cm)	穗长 Spike length (cm)	小穗数 Spike number (个)	单穗粒重 Spike grain weigh (g)
A	N₀P₀K₀	68.30^b	7.17^c	11.60^d	1.66^c
B	N₁₂₀P_52.5K3_7.5	69.39^b	7.42^b	12.71^c	1.69^bc
C	N₁₂₀P₁₀₅K_37.5	70.92^a	7.68^a	14.91^a	1.85^a
D	N₂₄₀P_52.5K_37.5	70.74^a	7.43^b	13.76^b	1.76^b
E	N₂₄₀P₁₀₅K_37.5	69.44^b	7.27^c	12.97^c	1.72^bc

编号 Number	处理 Treatment	营养器官花前贮藏干物质 Dry matter in vegetative organs before anthesis			花后干物质 Dry matter after anthesis
编号 Number	处理 Treatment	干物质转运量 Transfer amount (kg/hm²)	转运率 Transfer rate (％)	贡献率 Contribution rate (％)	积累量 Accumulation amoune (kg/hm²)	贡献率 Contribution rate (％)
A	N₀P₀K₀	1 518.47^c	18.22^c	25.12^b	4 151.52^e	68.67^b
B	N₁₂₀P_52.5K_37.5	1 234.62^d	14.34^d	19.70^c	4 420.38^d	70.51^b
C	N₁₂₀P₁₀₅K_37.5	2 658.07^a	27.12^a	33.43^a	5 996.93^a	75.29^a
D	N₂₄₀P_52.5K_37.5	2 034.00^b	21.28^b	26.75^b	5 481.00^b	72.07^ab
E	N₂₄₀P₁₀₅K_37.5	2 175.00^b	23.87^b	31.04^a	5 010.00^c	71.47^b