新疆农业科学 ›› 2022, Vol. 59 ›› Issue (3): 578-587.DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2022.03.007
张倩1(), 李萧婷1, 吴翠云1,2,3, 张锐1,2,3, 包建平1,2,3(), 陶书田4
收稿日期:
2021-07-09
出版日期:
2022-03-20
发布日期:
2022-03-28
通信作者:
包建平
作者简介:
张倩(1997-),女,四川绵阳人,硕士研究生,研究方向为果树栽培与生理,(E-mail) 2373329283@qq.com
基金资助:
ZHANG Qian1(), LI Xiaoting1, WU Cuiyun1,2,3, ZHANG Rui1,2,3, BAO Jianping1,2,3(), TAO Shutian4
Received:
2021-07-09
Online:
2022-03-20
Published:
2022-03-28
Correspondence author:
BAO Jianping
Supported by:
摘要:
【目的】研究不同灌溉方式对库尔勒香梨果实品质的影响,为提高水资源在梨果园中的有效利用率,改善库尔勒香梨果实品质提供理论依据。【方法】以16年生库尔勒香梨为试材,采用沟灌、滴灌、漫灌3 种灌溉方式,比较不同灌溉方式对库尔勒香梨果实品质的影响,筛选适宜的灌溉方式。【结果】与对照大水漫灌相比,滴灌显著提高果实脱萼率,色泽红润,果实单果重、果形指数、角质层厚度增加显著,果肉硬度和VC含量降低。沟灌的果实单果重减小,果形指数、果肉硬度、VC含量、蜡质层与木栓层厚度增加;由主成分分析得到滴灌的果实综合品质最优,其次为沟灌;漫灌的3-2处理有利于宿萼果的生长,其果实品质优于沟灌处理;3种漫灌方式中,3-2处理更有利于提高果实综合品质。【结论】适当的减少灌溉量可以提高库尔勒香梨的综合品质,其中滴灌能够大幅度节水,提高果实品质的效果最好。
中图分类号:
张倩, 李萧婷, 吴翠云, 张锐, 包建平, 陶书田. 不同灌溉方式对库尔勒香梨果实品质的多变量分析[J]. 新疆农业科学, 2022, 59(3): 578-587.
ZHANG Qian, LI Xiaoting, WU Cuiyun, ZHANG Rui, BAO Jianping, TAO Shutian. Multivariate Analysis of Fruit Quality of Korla Pear Irrigated by Different Methods[J]. Xinjiang Agricultural Sciences, 2022, 59(3): 578-587.
处理 Handle | 盛花期后 After full bloom | 新梢生长期 Growth period of new shoots | 幼果发育期 Young fruit development stage | 果实膨大前期 Early stage of fruit expansion | 果实膨大后期 Later period of fruit expansion | 果实成熟期 Fruit ripening period |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
3-1 | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ |
3-2 | √ | × | × | √ | √ | × |
3-3 | √ | × | √ | √ | √ | × |
表1 漫灌试验设计
Table 1 The design of the man-watertest
处理 Handle | 盛花期后 After full bloom | 新梢生长期 Growth period of new shoots | 幼果发育期 Young fruit development stage | 果实膨大前期 Early stage of fruit expansion | 果实膨大后期 Later period of fruit expansion | 果实成熟期 Fruit ripening period |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
3-1 | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ |
3-2 | √ | × | × | √ | √ | × |
3-3 | √ | × | √ | √ | √ | × |
沟灌 Furrow irrigation | 滴灌 Drip irrigation | 3-1 | 3-2 | 3-3 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
脱萼率 Calyx rate (%) | 46.33b | 55a | 34.67d | 35.67d | 38.67c |
表2 不同灌溉方式下香梨果实脱萼率变化
Table 2 Effects of different irrigation methods on the decal rate of pear fruit
沟灌 Furrow irrigation | 滴灌 Drip irrigation | 3-1 | 3-2 | 3-3 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
脱萼率 Calyx rate (%) | 46.33b | 55a | 34.67d | 35.67d | 38.67c |
项目 Item | 横径 Transverse diameters (mm) | 纵径 Longitudinal diameters (mm) | 果形指数 Fruit shape index | 单果重 Fruit weight (g) | 果肉硬度 Flesh firmness (P) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
沟灌宿萼果 Persistent calyx fruit in furrow irrigation | 48.14±2.02d | 60.7±3.18bc | 1.17±0.04ab | 80.24±9.49d | 3.12±0.46abc |
沟灌脱萼果 Dropping calyx fruit in furrow irrigation | 47.02±3.11d | 51.03±2.35f | 1.09±0.08cd | 58.86±7.91e | 3.06±0.63abc |
滴灌宿萼果 Persistent calyx fruit in drip irrigation | 57.26±2.89b | 67.3±3.08a | 1.18±0.07a | 109.62±14.81ab | 2.85±0.42bc |
滴灌脱萼果 Dropping calyx fruit in drip irrigation | 53.35±2.89c | 58.76±3.98cd | 1.10±0.05bcd | 84.16±13.62d | 2.75±0.35bcd |
3-1宿萼果 3-1 persistent calyx fruit | 55.71±2.21bc | 63.23±8.07ab | 1.13±0.11abc | 97.48±15.86bc | 2.39±0.47d |
3-1脱萼果 3-1 dropping calyx fruit | 53.26±2.68c | 55.24±4.32de | 1.04±0.04de | 81.33±15.84d | 3.44±0.34a |
3-2宿萼果 3-2 persistent calyx fruit | 60.25±3.67a | 66.77±7.08a | 1.11±0.29abcd | 120.78±23.12a | 3.19±0.33ab |
3-2脱萼果 3-2 dropping calyx fruit | 58.07±1.31ab | 58.17±2.20cd | 1.00±0.03e | 102.75±9.88b | 2.96±0.37bc |
3-3宿萼果 3-3 persistent calyx fruit | 54.59±2.22c | 58.39±3.01cd | 1.07±0.07cd | 87.60±7.57cd | 2.68±0.25cd |
3-3脱萼果 3-3 dropping calyx fruit | 47.50±2.88d | 53.48±1.14ef | 1.13±0.1abc | 59.65±10.46e | 2.35±0.62d |
表3 不同灌溉方式下香梨果实外观品质变化
Table 3 Effect of different irrigation methods on appearance quality of pear
项目 Item | 横径 Transverse diameters (mm) | 纵径 Longitudinal diameters (mm) | 果形指数 Fruit shape index | 单果重 Fruit weight (g) | 果肉硬度 Flesh firmness (P) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
沟灌宿萼果 Persistent calyx fruit in furrow irrigation | 48.14±2.02d | 60.7±3.18bc | 1.17±0.04ab | 80.24±9.49d | 3.12±0.46abc |
沟灌脱萼果 Dropping calyx fruit in furrow irrigation | 47.02±3.11d | 51.03±2.35f | 1.09±0.08cd | 58.86±7.91e | 3.06±0.63abc |
滴灌宿萼果 Persistent calyx fruit in drip irrigation | 57.26±2.89b | 67.3±3.08a | 1.18±0.07a | 109.62±14.81ab | 2.85±0.42bc |
滴灌脱萼果 Dropping calyx fruit in drip irrigation | 53.35±2.89c | 58.76±3.98cd | 1.10±0.05bcd | 84.16±13.62d | 2.75±0.35bcd |
3-1宿萼果 3-1 persistent calyx fruit | 55.71±2.21bc | 63.23±8.07ab | 1.13±0.11abc | 97.48±15.86bc | 2.39±0.47d |
3-1脱萼果 3-1 dropping calyx fruit | 53.26±2.68c | 55.24±4.32de | 1.04±0.04de | 81.33±15.84d | 3.44±0.34a |
3-2宿萼果 3-2 persistent calyx fruit | 60.25±3.67a | 66.77±7.08a | 1.11±0.29abcd | 120.78±23.12a | 3.19±0.33ab |
3-2脱萼果 3-2 dropping calyx fruit | 58.07±1.31ab | 58.17±2.20cd | 1.00±0.03e | 102.75±9.88b | 2.96±0.37bc |
3-3宿萼果 3-3 persistent calyx fruit | 54.59±2.22c | 58.39±3.01cd | 1.07±0.07cd | 87.60±7.57cd | 2.68±0.25cd |
3-3脱萼果 3-3 dropping calyx fruit | 47.50±2.88d | 53.48±1.14ef | 1.13±0.1abc | 59.65±10.46e | 2.35±0.62d |
沟灌宿萼果 Persistent calyx fruit in furrow irrigation | 沟灌脱萼果 Dropping calyx fruit in furrow irrigation | 滴灌宿萼果 Persistent calyx fruit in drip irrigation | 滴灌脱萼果 Dropping calyx fruit in drip irrigation | 3-1宿萼果 3-1 persistent calyx fruit | 3-1脱萼果 3-1 dropping calyx fruit | 3-2宿萼果 3-2 persistent calyx fruit | 3-2脱萼果 3-2 dropping calyx fruit | 3-3宿萼果 3-3 persistent calyx fruit | 3-3脱萼果 3-3 dropping calyx fruit | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
可溶性固形物 Soluble solids (%) | 13.01±1.25ab | 13.74±1.36a | 13.49±1.09ab | 13.08±1.14ab | 13.43±1.01ab | 13.18±1.13ab | 12.91±0.63ab | 13.23±0.86ab | 12.35±1.05b | 13.23±1.17ab |
VC(mg/100g) | 0.22±0.07a | 0.11±0.004bc | 0.09±0.01c | 0.11±0.004bc | 0.14±0.04b | 0.12±0.02bc | 0.09±0.01c | 0.09±0.007c | 0.10±0.005c | 0.13±0.03b |
表4 不同灌溉方式下香梨果实可溶性固形物与VC含量变化
Table 4 Effects of different irrigation methods on soluble solids and Vc content of pear fruit
沟灌宿萼果 Persistent calyx fruit in furrow irrigation | 沟灌脱萼果 Dropping calyx fruit in furrow irrigation | 滴灌宿萼果 Persistent calyx fruit in drip irrigation | 滴灌脱萼果 Dropping calyx fruit in drip irrigation | 3-1宿萼果 3-1 persistent calyx fruit | 3-1脱萼果 3-1 dropping calyx fruit | 3-2宿萼果 3-2 persistent calyx fruit | 3-2脱萼果 3-2 dropping calyx fruit | 3-3宿萼果 3-3 persistent calyx fruit | 3-3脱萼果 3-3 dropping calyx fruit | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
可溶性固形物 Soluble solids (%) | 13.01±1.25ab | 13.74±1.36a | 13.49±1.09ab | 13.08±1.14ab | 13.43±1.01ab | 13.18±1.13ab | 12.91±0.63ab | 13.23±0.86ab | 12.35±1.05b | 13.23±1.17ab |
VC(mg/100g) | 0.22±0.07a | 0.11±0.004bc | 0.09±0.01c | 0.11±0.004bc | 0.14±0.04b | 0.12±0.02bc | 0.09±0.01c | 0.09±0.007c | 0.10±0.005c | 0.13±0.03b |
沟灌宿萼果 Persistent calyx fruit in furrow irrigation | 沟灌脱萼果 Dropping calyx fruit in furrow irrigation | 滴灌宿萼果 Persistent calyx fruit in drip irrigation | 滴灌脱萼果 Dropping calyx fruit in drip irrigation | 3-1宿萼果 3-1 persistent calyx fruit | 3-1脱萼果 3-1 dropping calyx fruit | 3-2宿萼果 3-2 persistent calyx fruit | 3-2脱萼果 3-2 dropping calyx fruit | 3-3宿萼果 3-3 persistent calyx fruit | 3-3脱萼果 3-3 dropping calyx fruit | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0.25 mm石细胞含量 Stone cell content (g) | 0.28c | 0.72a | 0.56b | 0.48b | 0.13d | 0.13d | 0.11d | 0.29c | 0.17cd | 0.15d |
0.5 mm石细胞含量 Stone cell content (g) | 0.86bc | 1.48a | 1.65a | 1.07b | 0.55cd | 0.50d | 0.61cd | 1.08b | 0.61cd | 0.55cd |
表5 不同灌溉方式下香梨果实石细胞含量变化
Table 5 Effects of different irrigation methods on the content of stone cells in fruit of pear
沟灌宿萼果 Persistent calyx fruit in furrow irrigation | 沟灌脱萼果 Dropping calyx fruit in furrow irrigation | 滴灌宿萼果 Persistent calyx fruit in drip irrigation | 滴灌脱萼果 Dropping calyx fruit in drip irrigation | 3-1宿萼果 3-1 persistent calyx fruit | 3-1脱萼果 3-1 dropping calyx fruit | 3-2宿萼果 3-2 persistent calyx fruit | 3-2脱萼果 3-2 dropping calyx fruit | 3-3宿萼果 3-3 persistent calyx fruit | 3-3脱萼果 3-3 dropping calyx fruit | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0.25 mm石细胞含量 Stone cell content (g) | 0.28c | 0.72a | 0.56b | 0.48b | 0.13d | 0.13d | 0.11d | 0.29c | 0.17cd | 0.15d |
0.5 mm石细胞含量 Stone cell content (g) | 0.86bc | 1.48a | 1.65a | 1.07b | 0.55cd | 0.50d | 0.61cd | 1.08b | 0.61cd | 0.55cd |
图2 宿萼果、脱萼果果皮结构差异 注:A图为宿萼果果皮结构;B图为脱萼果果皮结构
Fig.2 The difference of fruit peel structure between male and female pears Note: A figure is the skin structure of the fruit of the cessa, and the B figure is the peel structure of the peelofer
沟灌宿萼果 Persistent calyx fruit in furrow irrigation | 沟灌脱萼果 Dropping calyx fruit in furrow irrigation | 滴灌宿萼果 Persistent calyx fruit in drip irrigation | 滴灌脱萼果 Dropping calyx fruit in drip irrigation | 3-1宿萼果 3-1 persistent calyx fruit | 3-1脱萼果 3-1 dropping calyx fruit | 3-2宿萼果 3-2 persistent calyx fruit | 3-2脱萼果 3-2 dropping calyx fruit | 3-3宿萼果 3-3 persistent calyx fruit | 3-3脱萼果 3-3 dropping calyx fruit | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
蜡质层 Waxy layer (μm) | 3 | 4.3 | 2.7 | 2.4 | 3.2 | 3.6 | 3.3 | 4 | 3.9 | 2.9 |
角质层 Cuticle (μm) | 4.8 | 8.7 | 3.1 | 4.2 | 4.6 | 4.4 | 4.8 | 3.7 | 3.3 | 3 |
皮层 Cortex (μm) | 6 | 14.1 | 9.4 | 8.6 | 6.6 | 8.9 | 9.6 | 11.1 | 6.7 | 8.2 |
木栓层 Cork layer (μm) | 9.4 | 25.4 | 11.7 | 15.5 | 13.8 | 20.1 | 23.3 | 21.1 | 14.6 | 21.7 |
表6 不同灌溉方式下香梨果皮各结构厚度变化
Table 6 Effects of different irrigation methods on the thickness of pericarp of fragrant pear
沟灌宿萼果 Persistent calyx fruit in furrow irrigation | 沟灌脱萼果 Dropping calyx fruit in furrow irrigation | 滴灌宿萼果 Persistent calyx fruit in drip irrigation | 滴灌脱萼果 Dropping calyx fruit in drip irrigation | 3-1宿萼果 3-1 persistent calyx fruit | 3-1脱萼果 3-1 dropping calyx fruit | 3-2宿萼果 3-2 persistent calyx fruit | 3-2脱萼果 3-2 dropping calyx fruit | 3-3宿萼果 3-3 persistent calyx fruit | 3-3脱萼果 3-3 dropping calyx fruit | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
蜡质层 Waxy layer (μm) | 3 | 4.3 | 2.7 | 2.4 | 3.2 | 3.6 | 3.3 | 4 | 3.9 | 2.9 |
角质层 Cuticle (μm) | 4.8 | 8.7 | 3.1 | 4.2 | 4.6 | 4.4 | 4.8 | 3.7 | 3.3 | 3 |
皮层 Cortex (μm) | 6 | 14.1 | 9.4 | 8.6 | 6.6 | 8.9 | 9.6 | 11.1 | 6.7 | 8.2 |
木栓层 Cork layer (μm) | 9.4 | 25.4 | 11.7 | 15.5 | 13.8 | 20.1 | 23.3 | 21.1 | 14.6 | 21.7 |
No. | 特征值 Characteristic value | 方差贡献率 Variance contribution rate (%) | 累计方差贡献率 Cumulative contribution rate variance (%) |
---|---|---|---|
1 | 3.485 | 38.718 | 38.718 |
2 | 2.747 | 30.523 | 69.241 |
3 | 1.622 | 18.017 | 87.258 |
4 | 0.696 | 7.736 | 94.993 |
5 | 0.365 | 4.052 | 99.046 |
6 | 0.071 | 0.787 | 99.833 |
7 | 0.015 | 0.162 | 99.994 |
8 | 0.001 | 0.006 | 100.000 |
9 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 100.000 |
表7 主成分方差贡献率及累积贡献率
Table 7 Principal component variance contribution and cumulative contributio
No. | 特征值 Characteristic value | 方差贡献率 Variance contribution rate (%) | 累计方差贡献率 Cumulative contribution rate variance (%) |
---|---|---|---|
1 | 3.485 | 38.718 | 38.718 |
2 | 2.747 | 30.523 | 69.241 |
3 | 1.622 | 18.017 | 87.258 |
4 | 0.696 | 7.736 | 94.993 |
5 | 0.365 | 4.052 | 99.046 |
6 | 0.071 | 0.787 | 99.833 |
7 | 0.015 | 0.162 | 99.994 |
8 | 0.001 | 0.006 | 100.000 |
9 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 100.000 |
处理Treatment | D1 | D2 | D3 | D | 排序 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
滴灌宿萼果 Persistent calyx fruit in drip irrigation | 1.645 2 | 1.513 2 | 0.386 | 116.803 264 3 | 1 |
3-2宿萼果 3-2 persistent calyx fruit | 1.789 | -0.386 8 | -0.188 3 | 47.558 857 96 | 2 |
沟灌宿萼果 Persistent calyx fruit in furrow irrigation | -0.455 4 | -0.255 1 | 2.713 7 | 25.877 075 16 | 3 |
滴灌脱萼果 Dropping calyx fruit in drip irrigation | -0.235 8 | 0.731 3 | -0.313 2 | 10.206 253 9 | 4 |
沟灌脱萼果 Dropping calyx fruit in furrow irrigation | -1.519 8 | 2.016 7 | -0.23 | 8.865 807 18 | 5 |
3-1宿萼果 3-1 persistent calyx fruit | 0.525 2 | -0.798 8 | 0.681 9 | 4.783 227 06 | 6 |
3-2脱萼果 3-2 dropping calyx fruit | 0.103 8 | 0.018 1 | -1.498 9 | -23.695 771 28 | 7 |
3-3宿萼果 3-3 persistent calyx fruit | 0.006 2 | -1.205 3 | -0.587 | -51.132 279 62 | 8 |
3-1脱萼果 3-1 dropping calyx fruit | -0.362 | -0.651 3 | -0.918 8 | -51.953 186 64 | 9 |
3-3脱萼果 3-3 dropping calyx fruit | -1.464 2 | -1.040 3 | 0.023 6 | -86.824 137 42 | 10 |
表8 不同灌溉处理果实综合品质评判
Table 8 Results of comprehensive quality evaluation of different irrigation processes
处理Treatment | D1 | D2 | D3 | D | 排序 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
滴灌宿萼果 Persistent calyx fruit in drip irrigation | 1.645 2 | 1.513 2 | 0.386 | 116.803 264 3 | 1 |
3-2宿萼果 3-2 persistent calyx fruit | 1.789 | -0.386 8 | -0.188 3 | 47.558 857 96 | 2 |
沟灌宿萼果 Persistent calyx fruit in furrow irrigation | -0.455 4 | -0.255 1 | 2.713 7 | 25.877 075 16 | 3 |
滴灌脱萼果 Dropping calyx fruit in drip irrigation | -0.235 8 | 0.731 3 | -0.313 2 | 10.206 253 9 | 4 |
沟灌脱萼果 Dropping calyx fruit in furrow irrigation | -1.519 8 | 2.016 7 | -0.23 | 8.865 807 18 | 5 |
3-1宿萼果 3-1 persistent calyx fruit | 0.525 2 | -0.798 8 | 0.681 9 | 4.783 227 06 | 6 |
3-2脱萼果 3-2 dropping calyx fruit | 0.103 8 | 0.018 1 | -1.498 9 | -23.695 771 28 | 7 |
3-3宿萼果 3-3 persistent calyx fruit | 0.006 2 | -1.205 3 | -0.587 | -51.132 279 62 | 8 |
3-1脱萼果 3-1 dropping calyx fruit | -0.362 | -0.651 3 | -0.918 8 | -51.953 186 64 | 9 |
3-3脱萼果 3-3 dropping calyx fruit | -1.464 2 | -1.040 3 | 0.023 6 | -86.824 137 42 | 10 |
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