Comprehensive evaluation of adaptability of late sowing sugar-beet varieties based on yield correlation

doi:10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2024.06.009

Xinjiang Agricultural Sciences ›› 2024, Vol. 61 ›› Issue (6): 1368-1377.DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2024.06.009

• Crop Genetics and Breeding • Germplasm Resources?Molecular Genetics • Cultivation Physiology • Physiology and Biochemistry • Previous Articles Next Articles

Comprehensive evaluation of adaptability of late sowing sugar-beet varieties based on yield correlation

Abudukadier Kurban¹(), PAN Jinghai¹, CHEN Youqiang¹, LIU Huajun¹(), DONG Xinjiu¹(), BAI Xiaoshan¹, LI Sizhong¹, GAO Weishi¹, LI Xiaohui²

1. Institute of Economic Crops, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Urumqi 830091, China
2. Jiashi Aodu Agriculture Co., Ltd., Jiashi Xinjiang 844200, China

Received:2023-12-07 Online:2024-06-20 Published:2024-08-08
Correspondence author: LIU Huajun, DONG Xinjiu
Supported by:
Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region Second Introduction Project - Introduction of High Yield and Stress Resistant Sugarbeet Varieties and Application of Supporting Green Cultivation Models(2023006);National Sugar Industry Technology System Nanjiang Comprehensive Experimental Station Project(CARS-170705);"Demonstration of Comprehensive Cultivation Techniques for Improving Quality and Efficiency of Sugarbeet", a key talent cultivation project for "agriculture, rural areas, and farmers" in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region;Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region Rural Revitalization Industry Development Science and Technology Action Project - Demonstration and Promotion of Standardized Planting and Digital Management Technology for Sugar Beets(2022NC064);Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region Rural Revitalization Industry Development Science and Technology Action Project - Research and Demonstration Promotion of Water Soluble Fertilizer for Sugar Beets(2022NC068)

基于产量相关性状综合评价晚播甜菜品种的适应性

阿不都卡地尔·库尔班¹(), 潘竟海¹, 陈友强¹, 刘华君¹(), 董心久¹(), 白晓山¹, 李思忠¹, 高卫时¹, 沙红¹, 李小惠²

1.新疆农业科学院经济作物研究所,乌鲁木齐 830091
2.伽师奥都农业有限公司,新疆伽师 844200

通讯作者: 刘华君,董心久
作者简介:阿不都卡地尔·库尔班(1992-),男,新疆阿图什人,助理研究员,硕士,研究方向为甜菜高产高效育种栽培,(E-mail)xjndkadier@126.com
基金资助:
新疆维吾尔自治区二次引进项目“甜菜高产抗逆品种引进及配套绿色栽培模式应用”(2023006);国家糖料产业技术体系南疆综合试验站项目(CARS-170705);新疆维吾尔自治区“三农”骨干人才培养项目“甜菜提质增效综合栽培技术示范”;新疆维吾尔自治区乡村振兴产业发展科技行动项目—甜菜标准化种植与数字化管理技术示范推广(2022NC064);新疆维吾尔自治区乡村振兴产业发展科技行动项目“甜菜专用水溶肥研发及示范推广”(2022NC068)

Abstract

Abstract:

【Objective】 To study the growth and development characteristics of sugar-beets in specific ecological areas in southern Xinjiang which might be of certain theoretical significance for the late planting of sugar-beets and the improvement of yield and sugar content in the southern Xinjiang region. 【Methods】 In this study, 14 sugar-beet varieties introduced from Kashgar region of southern Xinjiang were used as materials to comprehensively evaluate the adaptability of late sowing sugar-beet varieties through 11 yield related traits such as biomass accumulation and distribution, number of harvested plants, root unit weight, yield, and sugar yield. The methods of coefficient of variation, correlation, principal component analysis, membership function, and cluster analysis were used to evaluate the adaptability of late sown sugar-beet varieties. 【Results】 Different sugar-beet varieties had different adaptability. Through principal component analysis, 11 yield related traits were transformed into 3 principal components, namely, biomass factor, root tuber yield factor, and sugar yield factor. The cumulative variance contribution rate was 89.886%. 14 sugar- beet varieties were divided into 3 categories, among which KWS1130 had the strongest adaptability and stability in yield correlation traits such as aboveground and underground biomass allocation traits, root crown ratio traits, and single root weight, ranking first in comprehensive rankings, and belonged to a strong adaptability category. 【Conclusion】 Sugar-beet variety KWS1130 is suitable for late planting of southern Xinjiang, and can ensure high yield and sugar production.

Key words: beet; yield related traits; comprehensive evaluation; adaptability

摘要：

【目的】研究甜菜在新疆南疆特定生态区的生长发育特性,为新疆南疆晚播甜菜提高产量及含糖量提供参考。【方法】以新疆喀什地区引进的14个甜菜品种为材料,测定甜菜生物量积累分配、收获株数、块根单重、产量及产糖量等11个产量相关性状指标,分析晚播甜菜变异系数、相关性、主成分、隶属函数及划分聚类,综合评价晚播甜菜品种适应性。【结果】不同甜菜品种适应性不同,11个产量相关性状转化为3个主成分,分别为生物量因子、块根产量因子及产糖量因子,其累计方差贡献率为89.886%。14 个甜菜品种聚类划分为 3 类,其中品种KWS1130地上部和地下部生物量、根冠比及单根重等产量相关性的适应性和稳定性最强,综合排名第一。【结论】甜菜品种KWS1130适宜新疆南疆晚播种植,且能保证较高的产量和产糖量。

关键词: 甜菜, 产量相关性状, 综合评价, 适应性

CLC Number:

S566.5

Abudukadier Kurban, PAN Jinghai, CHEN Youqiang, LIU Huajun, DONG Xinjiu, BAI Xiaoshan, LI Sizhong, GAO Weishi, LI Xiaohui. Comprehensive evaluation of adaptability of late sowing sugar-beet varieties based on yield correlation[J]. Xinjiang Agricultural Sciences, 2024, 61(6): 1368-1377.

阿不都卡地尔·库尔班, 潘竟海, 陈友强, 刘华君, 董心久, 白晓山, 李思忠, 高卫时, 沙红, 李小惠. 基于产量相关性状综合评价晚播甜菜品种的适应性[J]. 新疆农业科学, 2024, 61(6): 1368-1377.

Figures/Tables 8

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品种 Varieies	地上部生物量 Aboveground biomass					根冠比 Root-shoot ratio		总生物量积累 Total biomass accumulation(g)
品种 Varieies	积累 Accumulate(g)	分配比例 Distribution ratio(%)	积累 Accumulate(g)	分配比例 Distribution ratio(%)		根冠比 Root-shoot ratio		总生物量积累 Total biomass accumulation(g)
KWS9899	212.74±11.25^abcd	22.10±1.38^ab	750.4±29.98^cd	77.90±1.38^cd	3.54±0.29^cde		963.14±25.91^bc
KWS0993	190.28±16.04^cd	18.90±1.00^cd	815.25±23.47^bc	81.10±1.00^ab	4.30±0.28^ab		1005.53±37.49^bc
KWS9962	192.98±20.65^cd	18.13±1.36^d	870.92±48.45^ab	81.87±1.36^a	4.54±0.42^a		1063.91±60.99^b
KWS6653	184.76±15.50^d	18.96±1.75^cd	790.14±23.57^bcd	81.04±1.75^ab	4.30±0.49^ab		974.90±8.47^bc
KWS7744	224.70±12.84^abc	21.99±1.18^ab	798.51±64.10^bcd	78.01±1.18^cd	3.56±0.24^cde		1023.22±71.96^bc
KWS2407	204.31±5.95^bcd	20.15±0.36^bcd	810.25±37.69^bc	79.85±0.36^abc	3.96±0.09^bc		1014.56±43.29^bc
KWS1130	241.72±22.54^a	20.69±.23^bc	926.20±74.69^a	79.31±0.23^bc	3.84±0.05^bcd		1167.92±96.89^a
KWS1132	224.61±10.02^abc	23.96±1.24^a	713.27±27.05^d	76.04±1.24^d	3.18±0.22^e		937.88±25.74^c
KWS9898	216.60±9.98^abcd	21.65±0.53^ab	784.87±59.50^bcd	78.35±0.53^cd	3.62±0.11^cde		1001.47±69.44^bc
KWS9147	199.46±8.37^cd	20.36±0.67^bcd	780.69±44.92^bcd	79.64±0.67^abc	3.91±0.16^bc		980.15±51.28^bc
KWS0158	214.11±26.03^abcd	20.21±1.32^bcd	842.80±45.40^ab	79.79±1.32^abc	3.96±0.31^bc		1056.91±68.57^b
KWS8805	237.86±40.54^ab	23.21±2.41^a	782.77±43.42^bcd	76.79±2.41^d	3.34±0.46^de		1020.63±77.36^bc
KWS7748	221.03±20.43^abcd	21.75±1.54^ab	794.42±11.06^bcd	78.25±1.54^cd	3.61±0.32^cde		1015.45±25.06^bc
KWS7772	214.97±12.98^abcd	20.16±0.37^bcd	852.04±55.15^ab	79.84±0.37^abc	3.96±0.09^bc		1067.00±78.87^b

品种 Varieies	地上部生物量 Aboveground biomass					根冠比 Root-shoot ratio		总生物量积累 Total biomass accumulation(g)
品种 Varieies	积累 Accumulate(g)	分配比例 Distribution ratio(%)	积累 Accumulate(g)	分配比例 Distribution ratio(%)		根冠比 Root-shoot ratio		总生物量积累 Total biomass accumulation(g)
KWS9899	212.74±11.25^abcd	22.10±1.38^ab	750.4±29.98^cd	77.90±1.38^cd	3.54±0.29^cde		963.14±25.91^bc
KWS0993	190.28±16.04^cd	18.90±1.00^cd	815.25±23.47^bc	81.10±1.00^ab	4.30±0.28^ab		1005.53±37.49^bc
KWS9962	192.98±20.65^cd	18.13±1.36^d	870.92±48.45^ab	81.87±1.36^a	4.54±0.42^a		1063.91±60.99^b
KWS6653	184.76±15.50^d	18.96±1.75^cd	790.14±23.57^bcd	81.04±1.75^ab	4.30±0.49^ab		974.90±8.47^bc
KWS7744	224.70±12.84^abc	21.99±1.18^ab	798.51±64.10^bcd	78.01±1.18^cd	3.56±0.24^cde		1023.22±71.96^bc
KWS2407	204.31±5.95^bcd	20.15±0.36^bcd	810.25±37.69^bc	79.85±0.36^abc	3.96±0.09^bc		1014.56±43.29^bc
KWS1130	241.72±22.54^a	20.69±.23^bc	926.20±74.69^a	79.31±0.23^bc	3.84±0.05^bcd		1167.92±96.89^a
KWS1132	224.61±10.02^abc	23.96±1.24^a	713.27±27.05^d	76.04±1.24^d	3.18±0.22^e		937.88±25.74^c
KWS9898	216.60±9.98^abcd	21.65±0.53^ab	784.87±59.50^bcd	78.35±0.53^cd	3.62±0.11^cde		1001.47±69.44^bc
KWS9147	199.46±8.37^cd	20.36±0.67^bcd	780.69±44.92^bcd	79.64±0.67^abc	3.91±0.16^bc		980.15±51.28^bc
KWS0158	214.11±26.03^abcd	20.21±1.32^bcd	842.80±45.40^ab	79.79±1.32^abc	3.96±0.31^bc		1056.91±68.57^b
KWS8805	237.86±40.54^ab	23.21±2.41^a	782.77±43.42^bcd	76.79±2.41^d	3.34±0.46^de		1020.63±77.36^bc
KWS7748	221.03±20.43^abcd	21.75±1.54^ab	794.42±11.06^bcd	78.25±1.54^cd	3.61±0.32^cde		1015.45±25.06^bc
KWS7772	214.97±12.98^abcd	20.16±0.37^bcd	852.04±55.15^ab	79.84±0.37^abc	3.96±0.09^bc		1067.00±78.87^b

品种 Varieties	收获株数 Number of plants harvested (10⁴株/hm²)	单根重 Single root weight (g/株)	含糖率 Sugar content (%)	产量 Yield (t/hm²)	产糖量 Sugar proetuction (t/hm²)
KWS9899	14.61±1.17^a	648.67±45.18^cde	18.90±0.40^abcd	94.55±6.03^abc	17.88±1.42^cde
KWS0993	14.06±1.13^a	690.67±31.79^abcd	17.93±0.57^cde	96.88±3.50^abc	17.37±0.61^def
KWS9962	14.19±1.30^a	730.00±49.51^abc	19.27±1.30^abc	103.13±2.48^ab	20.01±1.22^abc
KWS6653	14.18±0.50^a	642.33±20.65^de	20.40±1.06^a	91.11±5.62^bc	18.61±1.87^bcde
KWS7744	14.84±1.47^a	686.00±52.09^abcd	20.10±0.62^ab	101.69±10.69^ab	20.42±2.02^ab
KWS2407	14.72±1.63^a	670.00±35.93^bcde	20.13±1.81^ab	98.95±15.38^abc	19.75±1.73^abcd
KWS1130	13.32±1.70^a	769.67±66.15^a	18.47±0.81^bcde	101.90±8.15^ab	18.80±1.46^bcde
KWS1132	15.04±0.94^a	592.33±8.96^e	17.10±0.85^e	89.08±5.12^bc	15.21±0.35^f
KWS9898	14.61±2.45^a	674.67±57.12^bcde	17.33±0.83^de	97.64±8.51^abc	16.91±1.40^ef
KWS9147	14.50±0.99^a	651.33±33.25^bcde	18.90±0.56^abcd	94.41±7.22^abc	17.85±1.53^cde
KWS0158	14.07±1.53^a	686.33±44.46^abcd	20.20±0.53^ab	96.19±6.71^abc	17.27±0.96^def
KWS8805	14.70±1.34^a	729.33±53.67^abc	20.03±0.81^ab	106.74±2.18^a	21.56±0.36^a
KWS7748	12.34±0.86^a	698.00±24.25^abc	19.40±1.08^abc	86.07±5.73^c	16.68±1.00^ef
KWS7772	12.55±1.31^a	737.67±57.14^ab	17.80±0.79^cde	92.18±4.74^bc	16.42±1.31^ef

品种 Varieties	收获株数 Number of plants harvested (10⁴株/hm²)	单根重 Single root weight (g/株)	含糖率 Sugar content (%)	产量 Yield (t/hm²)	产糖量 Sugar proetuction (t/hm²)
KWS9899	14.61±1.17^a	648.67±45.18^cde	18.90±0.40^abcd	94.55±6.03^abc	17.88±1.42^cde
KWS0993	14.06±1.13^a	690.67±31.79^abcd	17.93±0.57^cde	96.88±3.50^abc	17.37±0.61^def
KWS9962	14.19±1.30^a	730.00±49.51^abc	19.27±1.30^abc	103.13±2.48^ab	20.01±1.22^abc
KWS6653	14.18±0.50^a	642.33±20.65^de	20.40±1.06^a	91.11±5.62^bc	18.61±1.87^bcde
KWS7744	14.84±1.47^a	686.00±52.09^abcd	20.10±0.62^ab	101.69±10.69^ab	20.42±2.02^ab
KWS2407	14.72±1.63^a	670.00±35.93^bcde	20.13±1.81^ab	98.95±15.38^abc	19.75±1.73^abcd
KWS1130	13.32±1.70^a	769.67±66.15^a	18.47±0.81^bcde	101.90±8.15^ab	18.80±1.46^bcde
KWS1132	15.04±0.94^a	592.33±8.96^e	17.10±0.85^e	89.08±5.12^bc	15.21±0.35^f
KWS9898	14.61±2.45^a	674.67±57.12^bcde	17.33±0.83^de	97.64±8.51^abc	16.91±1.40^ef
KWS9147	14.50±0.99^a	651.33±33.25^bcde	18.90±0.56^abcd	94.41±7.22^abc	17.85±1.53^cde
KWS0158	14.07±1.53^a	686.33±44.46^abcd	20.20±0.53^ab	96.19±6.71^abc	17.27±0.96^def
KWS8805	14.70±1.34^a	729.33±53.67^abc	20.03±0.81^ab	106.74±2.18^a	21.56±0.36^a
KWS7748	12.34±0.86^a	698.00±24.25^abc	19.40±1.08^abc	86.07±5.73^c	16.68±1.00^ef
KWS7772	12.55±1.31^a	737.67±57.14^ab	17.80±0.79^cde	92.18±4.74^bc	16.42±1.31^ef

品种 Varieties	收获株数 Number of plants harvested	单根重 Single root weight	产量 Yield	含糖率 Sugar content	产糖量 Sugar proet- uction	总生物量积累 Total biomass accumul- ation	地下部生物量积累 Under ground biomass accumul- ation	地上部生物量积累 Above ground biomass accumul- ation	地下部生物量分配比例 Under ground proportion of biomass	地上部生物量分配比例 Above ground proportion of biomass	根冠比 Root shoot ratio
KWS9899	0.84	0.83	0.73	0.30	0.70	0.35	0.47	0.49	0.72	0.72	0.66
KWS0993	0.81	0.50	0.42	0.43	0.30	0.51	0.37	0.71	0.52	0.52	0.64
KWS9962	0.93	0.83	0.30	0.97	0.60	0.83	0.76	0.91	0.71	0.71	0.95
KWS6653	0.36	0.33	0.68	0.79	0.92	0.12	0.37	0.68	0.91	0.91	1.11
KWS7744	1.05	0.83	1.29	0.46	0.99	0.98	1.00	0.56	0.61	0.61	0.55
KWS2407	1.16	0.67	1.86	1.35	0.85	0.59	0.59	0.26	0.19	0.19	0.20
KWS1130	1.21	1.17	0.98	0.60	0.72	1.32	1.16	0.99	0.12	0.12	0.11
KWS1132	0.67	0.17	0.62	0.63	0.17	0.35	0.42	0.44	0.65	0.65	0.50
KWS9898	1.75	1.00	1.03	0.62	0.69	0.95	0.93	0.44	0.28	0.28	0.25
KWS9147	0.71	0.50	0.87	0.42	0.75	0.70	0.70	0.37	0.35	0.35	0.36
KWS0158	1.09	0.67	0.81	0.40	0.47	0.93	0.71	1.15	0.69	0.69	0.70
KWS8805	0.96	0.83	0.26	0.60	0.18	1.05	0.68	1.78	1.26	1.26	1.05
KWS7748	0.61	0.33	0.69	0.81	0.49	0.34	0.17	0.90	0.80	0.80	0.73
KWS7772	0.94	1.00	0.57	0.59	0.64	1.08	1.03	0.57	0.19	0.19	0.20

Comprehensive evaluation of adaptability of late sowing sugar-beet varieties based on yield correlation

基于产量相关性状综合评价晚播甜菜品种的适应性

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品种 Varieties	收获株数 Number of plants harvested	单根重 Single root weight	产量 Yield	含糖率 Sugar content	产糖量 Sugar proet- uction	总生物量积累 Total biomass accumul- ation	地下部生物量积累 Under ground biomass accumul- ation	地上部生物量积累 Above ground biomass accumul- ation	地下部生物量分配比例 Under ground proportion of biomass	地上部生物量分配比例 Above ground proportion of biomass	根冠比 Root shoot ratio
KWS9899	8.01	0.01	6.38	2.12	7.94	2.69	4.00	5.29	1.77	6.24	8.19
KWS0993	8.04	0.00	3.61	3.18	3.51	3.73	2.88	8.43	1.23	5.29	6.51
KWS9962	9.16	0.01	2.40	6.75	6.10	5.73	5.56	10.70	1.66	7.50	9.25
KWS6653	3.53	0.00	6.17	5.20	10.05	0.87	2.98	8.39	2.16	9.23	11.40
KWS7744	9.91	0.01	10.51	3.08	9.89	7.03	8.03	5.71	1.51	5.37	6.74
KWS2407	11.07	0.01	15.54	8.99	8.76	4.27	4.65	2.91	0.45	1.79	2.27
KWS1130	12.76	0.01	8.00	4.39	7.77	8.30	8.03	9.32	0.29	1.11	1.30
KWS1132	6.25	0.00	5.75	4.97	2.30	2.74	3.79	4.46	1.63	5.18	6.92
KWS9898	16.77	0.01	8.72	4.79	8.28	6.93	7.58	4.61	0.68	2.45	3.04
KWS9147	6.83	0.00	7.65	2.96	8.57	5.23	5.75	4.20	0.84	3.29	4.09
KWS0158	10.87	0.01	6.98	2.62	5.56	6.49	5.39	12.16	1.65	6.53	7.83
KWS8805	9.12	0.01	2.04	4.04	1.67	7.58	5.55	17.04	3.14	10.38	13.77
KWS7748	6.97	0.00	6.66	5.57	6.00	2.47	1.39	9.24	1.97	7.08	8.86
KWS7772	10.44	0.01	5.14	4.44	7.98	7.39	7.76	6.04	0.46	1.84	2.27

品种 Varieties	收获株数 Number of plants harvested	单根重 Single root weight	产量 Yield	含糖率 Sugar content	产糖量 Sugar proet- uction	总生物量积累 Total biomass accumul- ation	地下部生物量积累 Under ground biomass accumul- ation	地上部生物量积累 Above ground biomass accumul- ation	地下部生物量分配比例 Under ground proportion of biomass	地上部生物量分配比例 Above ground proportion of biomass	根冠比 Root shoot ratio
收获株数 Number of plants harvested	1
单根重 Single root weight	-0.559^*	1
产量Yield	0.390	0.543^*	1
含糖率 Sugar content	0.092	0.112	0.275	1
产糖量 Sugar proetuction	0.319	0.417	0.821^**	0.683^**	1
总生物量积累 Total biomass accumulation	-0.512	0.894^**	0.461	0.080	0.273	1
地下部生物量积累 Underground biomass accumulation	-0.520	0.852^**	0.416	0.128	0.266	0.954^**	1
地上部生物量积累 Above ground biomass accumulation	-0.094	0.337	0.246	-0.127	0.085	0.376	0.080	1
地下部生物量分配比例 Under ground proportion of biomass	-0.273	0.304	0.087	0.214	0.129	0.329	0.597^*	-0.750^**	1
地上部生物量分配比例 Above ground proportion of biomass	0.273	-0.304	-0.087	-0.214	-0.129	-0.329	-0.597^*	0.750^**	-1.000^**	1
根冠比 Root shoot ratio	-0.239	0.288	0.104	0.215	0.149	0.302	0.573^*	-0.765^**	0.995^**	-0.995^**	1

指标Indexes	第1主成分 Component 1	第2主成分 Component 2	第3主成分 Component 3
收获株数Number of plants harvested	-0.089	-0.014	0.358
块根重Single root weight	0.154	0.201	-0.106
产量Yield	0.085	0.203	0.262
含糖率Sugar content	0.067	0.031	0.284
产糖量Sugar production	0.083	0.154	0.347
总生物量积累Totel BA	0.154	0.191	-0.144
地下部生物量积累Underground biomass accumulation	0.188	0.107	-0.117
地上部生物量积累Above ground biomass accumulation	-0.068	0.305	-0.115
地下部生物量分配比例Underground proportion of biomass	0.181	-0.172	0.022
地上部生物量分配比例Aboveground proportion of biomass	-0.181	0.172	-0.022
根冠比Root shoot ratio	0.178	-0.175	0.037
特征值Initial eigenvalue	4.739	2.967	2.182
方差的贡献率The contribution rate of variance (%)	43.081	26.969	19.836
累积贡献率Cumulative contribution rate (%)	43.081	70.050	89.886

品种 Varieties	主成分得分			综合得分D	综合排名
品种 Varieties	F₁	F₂	F₃	综合得分D	综合排名
KWS9899	-0.991	-0.201	0.339	-0.461	12
KWS0993	0.647	-1.13	-0.179	-0.068	7
KWS9962	1.688	-0.379	0.68	0.845	2
KWS6653	0.428	-1.611	0.759	-0.11	8
KWS7744	-0.273	0.95	1.143	0.406	4
KWS2407	0.302	-0.205	1.099	0.326	5
KWS1130	1.195	1.822	-1.132	0.87	1
KWS1132	-2.36	-0.334	-0.589	-1.361	14
KWS9898	-0.65	0.033	-0.348	-0.379	11
KWS9147	-0.216	-0.841	0.333	-0.282	10
KWS0158	0.452	-0.037	-0.063	0.192	6
KWS8805	-0.472	1.965	1.318	0.654	3
KWS7748	-0.36	-0.023	-1.519	-0.515	13
KWS7772	0.612	-0.009	-1.841	-0.116	9
权重Weight	0.479	0.300	0.221

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