Effects of Regulated Deficit Irrigation on Soil Temperature and Yield of Walnut Trees under Drip Irrigation

doi:10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2022.01.012

Abstract

Abstract:

【Objective】 To explore the effect of regulated deficit irrigation on the soil temperature of walnut trees by drip irrigation in arid areas and determine the most favorable irrigation pattern. 【Methods】 The effects of three different irrigation levels (normal irrigation ET_C, mild water deficit 75% ET_C, and moderate water shortage 50% ET_C) and seven different treatments on soil temperature, SPAD value, fruit volume and yield were studied. 【Results】 The greater the deficit adjustment, the higher the soil temperature, and the more efficient effect of increasing temperature during the growth period of deficit adjustment. Before the fat conversion period(Ⅴ), the soil temperature decreased with the increase of soil depth, which was 5 cm>10 cm> 20 cm> 30 cm> 40 cm. During the period of Ⅴand maturity(Ⅵ), the temperature of soil with moderate water shortage was the highest during the flowering and fruiting stage + fruit expansion stage (Ⅱ + Ⅲ). The difference of soil temperature between pre-irrigation and post-irrigation was the smallest when the deficit was adjusted during periodⅡ. Regulated deficit irrigation promoted the increase of SPAD value, and the volume of regulated deficit fruit was the largest during periodⅡ. The highest yield was 4,150.70 kg/hm ² at light water shortage during Ⅱ period, and the water use efficiency (WUE)was the highest, reaching 9.25 kg/(hm ²·mm). 【Conclusion】 Considering soil temperature, fruit volume, yield, and WUE, mild water shortage during periodⅡis the most beneficial treatment.

Key words: drip irrigation; regulated deficit irrigation; walnut tree; soil temperature; yield

摘要：

【目的】研究调亏灌溉对干旱区滴灌核桃树土壤温度的影响,分析最有利的灌水模式。【方法】研究3个不同灌水量(正常灌水ET_C、轻度缺水75% ET_C和中度缺水50% ET_C),7个处理不同程度水分亏缺对土壤温度、SPAD值、果实体积和产量的影响。【结果】调亏度越大,土壤温度越高,在调亏的生育期内有增温的效果。油脂转化期(Ⅴ)之前,随着土层深度的增加,土壤温度在降低,表现为5 cm>10 cm>20 cm>30 cm>40 cm。在油脂转化期(Ⅴ)和成熟期(Ⅵ)时,开花坐果期+果实膨大期(Ⅱ + Ⅲ)进行中度缺水土壤温度最高。开花坐果期(Ⅱ)调亏时,灌前与灌后的土壤温度差最小。调亏灌溉促进SPAD值的增加,在开花坐果期(Ⅱ)进行调亏果实体积最大。开花坐果期(Ⅱ)轻度缺水获得最高产量为4 150.70 kg/(hm²),水分利用效率(WUE)最高,达到9.25 kg/(hm²·mm)。【结论】结合土壤温度、果实体积、产量及WUE情况,开花坐果期(Ⅱ)轻度缺水是最有益处的处理。

关键词: 滴灌, 调亏灌溉, 核桃树, 土壤温度, 产量

CLC Number:

ZHANG Jiyuan, ZHAO Jinghua, YANG Wenxin, JIANG Youwei, LIAO Kang, Halidanmu Tuerdi, Renaguli Kuerban. Effects of Regulated Deficit Irrigation on Soil Temperature and Yield of Walnut Trees under Drip Irrigation[J]. Xinjiang Agricultural Sciences, 2022, 59(1): 95-104.

张纪圆, 赵经华, 杨文新, 姜有为, 廖康, 哈力旦木·吐尔迪, 热纳古丽·库尔班. 调亏灌溉对滴灌核桃树土壤温度及产量的影响[J]. 新疆农业科学, 2022, 59(1): 95-104.

Figures/Tables 9

Table 1 Soil texture composition of the study area

土层 Soil layer (cm)	容重 Bulk density (g/cm³)	土壤粒径比例Soil particle size proportion(%)				土壤性质 Soil properties
土层 Soil layer (cm)	容重 Bulk density (g/cm³)	<0.002 mm	0.002~0.05 mm	0.05~2 mm	>2 mm	土壤性质 Soil properties
0~20	1.38	7.0	56.5	36.5	0	粉砂壤土
20~40	1.42	7.2	67.9	24.9	0	粉砂壤土
40~60	1.40	2.9	15.8	81.3	0	壤砂土
60~80	1.38	0.1	1.7	98.2	0	细砂
80~100	1.35	0.2	8.0	91.8	0	细砂

Table 2 Test design

生育期Growth period	时间Time	W₀	W₁	W₂	W₃	W₄	W₅	W₆
萌芽期 (Ⅰ) Germination Period	4.05~4.10	ET_C	ET_C	ET_C	ET_C	ET_C	ET_C	ET_C
开花坐果期(Ⅱ) Flowering and fruit bearing period	4.11~5.06	ET_C	75%ET_C	50%ET_C	ET_C	ET_C	75%ET_C	50%ET_C
果实膨大期(Ⅲ) Fruit enlarging period	5.07~6.02	ET_C	ET_C	ET_C	75%ET_C	50%ET_C	75%ET_C	50%ET_C
硬核期 (Ⅳ) Stone hardening period	6.03~7.08	ET_C	ET_C	ET_C	ET_C	ET_C	ET_C	ET_C
油脂转化期(Ⅴ) Fat conversion period	7.09~8.31	ET_C	ET_C	ET_C	ET_C	ET_C	ET_C	ET_C
成熟期(Ⅵ) Maturity	9.01~9.25	ET_C	ET_C	ET_C	ET_C	ET_C	ET_C	ET_C

Table 3 Different soil layers with different treatment depths 14:00 Soil temperature

土层深度 Soil depth (cm)	处理 Treatment	开花坐果期(Ⅱ) Flowering and fruit bearing period	果实膨大期(Ⅲ) Fruit enlarging period	硬核期(Ⅳ) Stone hardening period	油脂转化期(Ⅴ) Fat conversion period	成熟期(Ⅵ) Maturity
5	W₀	15.03^c	17.29^c	20.06^cd	19.48^d	18.94^c
	W₁	15.13^c	15.70^d	19.86^d	19.97^c	17.40^e
	W₂	15.31^c	15.60^d	20.36^c	19.16^d	17.42^e
	W₃	16.48^b	16.82^c	20.1 ${5^{c}}^{d}$	20.19^c	18.15^d
	W₄	16.39^b	18.07^b	20.79^b	20.81^b	19.96^a
	W₅	16.37^b	17.8 ${2^{b}}^{c}$	20.7 ${0^{b}}^{c}$	20.72^b	19.52^b
	W₆	18.56^a	20.61^a	23.41^a	22.42^a	19.96^a
10	W₀	14.37^d	15.87^c	19.28^e	19.41^c	18.36^b
	W₁	14.97^c	15.42^d	19.79^d	19.12^c	17.56^c
	W₂	15.04^c	15.23^d	19.76^d	19.20^c	16.87^d
	W₃	15.48^b	15.6 ${7^{c}}^{d}$	19.67^d	19.74^b	17.60^c
	W₄	15.37^b	16.72^b	20.20^c	19.23^c	18.42^b
	W₅	15.37^b	16.57^b	21.07^b	19.6 ${3^{b}}^{c}$	17.1 ${9^{c}}^{d}$
	W₆	17.42^a	19.16^a	22.19^a	21.18^a	19.41^a
20	W₀	14.35^f	15.53^e	19.01^f	19.23^d	18.22^b
	W₁	14.59^e	15.06^f	19.19^e	19.43^c	17.61^c
	W₂	14.58^e	14.75^g	19.25^e	19.25^d	17.25^c
	W₃	15.44^b	15.64^d	19.61^d	19.46^c	17.75^b
	W₄	14.75^d	15.82^c	19.77^c	18.82^e	17.78^b
	W₅	14.92^c	16.08^b	20.36^b	19.69^b	17.23^c
	W₆	16.51^a	18.12^a	21.77^a	21.78^a	19.13^a
30	W₀	13.96^g	15.09^e	18.61^f	19.17^d	18.40^b
	W₁	14.32^f	15.01^f	19.21^d	18.72^e	17.51^c
	W₂	14.52^e	14.81^g	19.05^e	19.63^c	17.59^c
	W₃	15.31^b	15.60^d	19.19^d	19.63^c	18.00^b
	W₄	14.70^d	15.74^c	19.63^c	19.33^d	17.9 ${6^{b}}^{c}$
	W₅	14.80^c	16.07^b	20.37^b	20.11^b	17.61^c
	W₆	16.81^a	18.51^a	22.20^a	22.08^a	19.84^a
40	W₀	13.79^g	14.92^e	18.48^f	19.07^g	18.15^b
	W₁	14.22^f	14.96^d	19.03^d	19.57^d	17.76^a
	W₂	14.34^e	14.80^f	18.92^e	20.13^b	19.82^b
	W₃	15.15^b	15.54^c	19.33^c	19.36^f	17.99^b
	W₄	14.44^d	15.56^c	19.40^c	19.50^e	18.21^b
	W₅	14.54^c	15.88^b	20.28^b	19.86^c	17.79^b
	W₆	16.08^a	17.84^a	21.73^a	21.62^a	20.07^a

Table 3 Different soil layers with different treatment depths 14:00 Soil temperature

土层深度 Soil depth (cm)	处理 Treatment	开花坐果期(Ⅱ) Flowering and fruit bearing period	果实膨大期(Ⅲ) Fruit enlarging period	硬核期(Ⅳ) Stone hardening period	油脂转化期(Ⅴ) Fat conversion period	成熟期(Ⅵ) Maturity
5	W₀	15.03^c	17.29^c	20.06^cd	19.48^d	18.94^c
	W₁	15.13^c	15.70^d	19.86^d	19.97^c	17.40^e
	W₂	15.31^c	15.60^d	20.36^c	19.16^d	17.42^e
	W₃	16.48^b	16.82^c	20.1 ${5^{c}}^{d}$	20.19^c	18.15^d
	W₄	16.39^b	18.07^b	20.79^b	20.81^b	19.96^a
	W₅	16.37^b	17.8 ${2^{b}}^{c}$	20.7 ${0^{b}}^{c}$	20.72^b	19.52^b
	W₆	18.56^a	20.61^a	23.41^a	22.42^a	19.96^a
10	W₀	14.37^d	15.87^c	19.28^e	19.41^c	18.36^b
	W₁	14.97^c	15.42^d	19.79^d	19.12^c	17.56^c
	W₂	15.04^c	15.23^d	19.76^d	19.20^c	16.87^d
	W₃	15.48^b	15.6 ${7^{c}}^{d}$	19.67^d	19.74^b	17.60^c
	W₄	15.37^b	16.72^b	20.20^c	19.23^c	18.42^b
	W₅	15.37^b	16.57^b	21.07^b	19.6 ${3^{b}}^{c}$	17.1 ${9^{c}}^{d}$
	W₆	17.42^a	19.16^a	22.19^a	21.18^a	19.41^a
20	W₀	14.35^f	15.53^e	19.01^f	19.23^d	18.22^b
	W₁	14.59^e	15.06^f	19.19^e	19.43^c	17.61^c
	W₂	14.58^e	14.75^g	19.25^e	19.25^d	17.25^c
	W₃	15.44^b	15.64^d	19.61^d	19.46^c	17.75^b
	W₄	14.75^d	15.82^c	19.77^c	18.82^e	17.78^b
	W₅	14.92^c	16.08^b	20.36^b	19.69^b	17.23^c
	W₆	16.51^a	18.12^a	21.77^a	21.78^a	19.13^a
30	W₀	13.96^g	15.09^e	18.61^f	19.17^d	18.40^b
	W₁	14.32^f	15.01^f	19.21^d	18.72^e	17.51^c
	W₂	14.52^e	14.81^g	19.05^e	19.63^c	17.59^c
	W₃	15.31^b	15.60^d	19.19^d	19.63^c	18.00^b
	W₄	14.70^d	15.74^c	19.63^c	19.33^d	17.9 ${6^{b}}^{c}$
	W₅	14.80^c	16.07^b	20.37^b	20.11^b	17.61^c
	W₆	16.81^a	18.51^a	22.20^a	22.08^a	19.84^a
40	W₀	13.79^g	14.92^e	18.48^f	19.07^g	18.15^b
	W₁	14.22^f	14.96^d	19.03^d	19.57^d	17.76^a
	W₂	14.34^e	14.80^f	18.92^e	20.13^b	19.82^b
	W₃	15.15^b	15.54^c	19.33^c	19.36^f	17.99^b
	W₄	14.44^d	15.56^c	19.40^c	19.50^e	18.21^b
	W₅	14.54^c	15.88^b	20.28^b	19.86^c	17.79^b
	W₆	16.08^a	17.84^a	21.73^a	21.62^a	20.07^a

Fig.1 Diurnal variation of soil temperature before and after irrigation in each layer of stage Ⅱ

Fig.2 Diurnal variation of soil temperature before and after irrigation in each layer of stage Ⅲ

Fig.3 Diurnal variation of soil temperature before and after irrigation in each layer of stage Ⅱ + Ⅲ

Fig.4 SPAD value of walnut leaves under regulated deficit irrigation

Fig.5 Changes of walnut tree fruit volume under regulated deficit irrigation

Table 4 Walnut yield and water use efficiency under regulated deficit irrigation

处理 Treat ment	产量 Yield (kg/hm²)	耗水量 Water consumption (mm)	水分利用效率 WUE [kg/(hm²·mm)]
W₀	3 874.95^b	461.34^a	8.40^c
W₁	4 150.70^a	448.83^b	9.25^a
W₂	3 787.88^bc	438.50^bc	8.64^b
W₃	3 769.69^bc	445.24^b	8.47^bc
W₄	3 651.28^c	440.07^bc	8.30^c
W₅	3 534.34^d	433.89^c	8.15^d
W₆	3 274.51^e	416.79^d	7.86^e

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