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20 August 2021, Volume 58 Issue 8 Previous Issue    Next Issue
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Crop Genetics and Breeding·Germplasm Resources·Molecular Genetics·Cultivation Physiology
Chemical Fertilizer and Pesticide Application Reduction for Cotton
Plant Protection·Horticultural Special Local Products·Physiology and Biochemistry·Agricultural Equipment Engineering and Mechanization
Agricultural Water and Soil Engineering·Agricultural Product Analysis and Detection


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Crop Genetics and Breeding·Germplasm Resources·Molecular Genetics·Cultivation Physiology

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Analysis and preliminary application of Lint yield 2,700 kg/hm2 for Machine-picked Cotton under “drip irrigation Seedling” in Xinjiang Alifu Aierxi, ZHU Jiahui, TIAN Liwen, WANG Weiran, NING Xinmin, KONG Jie 2021, 58(8): 1373-1381.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2021.08.001 Abstract ( )   PDF (1274KB) ( )   【Objective】 As one of the core objectives of cotton planting, high yield has always been a research hotspot. This paper intends to trace the technical measures of high-yield planting in the cotton field of "dry sowing and dripping seedling " in the north of Xinjiang, and clarify the technical essentials of its key links, so as to provide support for a wider range of high and s Table yield in the future.【Methods】 Based on the 7 high yield points continuously established by the research group in 2017-2019 in northern Xinjiang cotton area and the basis of extensive investigation and fixed-point observation, the planting technology was continuously tracked and thoroughly combed.【Results】 The high-yield cotton field (2,700 kg/hm2)of "dry sowing and dripping seedling" was mainly loam, with medium fertility; The varieties had good resistance to disease and insect, strong boll, moderate boll weight, clothing content, and good seed quality; About 6,000 m3/ha of drip water was needed in the whole growth period, 9-11 times of drip water was needed, the fertilizer was urea, phosphate fertilizer, potassium fertilizer 1,425-1,575 kg/hm2, and the peak of water and fertilizer was in the flowering and bolling period, with proper spraying of zinc and boron fertilizer, chemical control should adhere to the principle of "early, light and diligent", about 6-8 times, chemical control shall be carried out before water inflow, 2-3 times after topping, and the former should be light and the latter should be heavy; Insect damage should be prevented and treated early; Defoliation ripening agent should be sprayed in proper period and times, and collected in time.【Conclusion】 Under the normal climate conditions, through the fine control of each link of cotton high-yield, the field management technology system with the average number of harvested plants of 201.3 k/hm2 and the total number of bolls of 1,416.8 k/hm2, is effectively established and the high-yield target of 2,700 kg/hm2 of machine-picked cotton is finally achieved. This technology provides an important technical support for the green and efficient production of cotton in Xinjiang.

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Effects of Variety and Sowing Date on Cotton Growth, Yield and Cotton Boll Spatial Distribution in Wheat-Cotton Intercropping LIU Taijie, LIU Jintao, WAN Sumei, ZHAO Xinxin, FEN Lu, LI Yabing, DU Wenli, WANG Guoping, CHEN Guodong, WU Quanzhong 2021, 58(8): 1382-1391.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2021.08.002 Abstract ( )   PDF (1294KB) ( )   【Objective】 This project aims to study the effects of different varieties and sowing dates on cotton growth, yield and boll distribution under wheat cotton intercropping system with a view to providing basis for sowing date and variety selection.【Method】 In the field experiment, the split-plot design was applied, two early maturing cotton varieties (Jinke 707 and Lumian 2387) were used as the main plot, 4 sowing dates including May 10 (SD1), May 20 (SD2), May 30 (SD3), June 10(SD4) were the sub-plot, and the effects of different varieties and sowing dates on cotton growing period, leaf area index, dry matter accumulation, boll weight distribution within cotton plant were investigated.【Result】 (1)With the delay of sowing dates, the seedling stage kept stable, the squaring stage was shortened, the flowering stage and the boll opening stage was shortened first and then extended. Jinke 707 under SD1, Lumian 2387 under SD2 were beneficial to the transfer of vegetative organs to reproductive organs. (2) Varieties and sowing dates had significant interaction on cotton yield. Jinke 707 had the highest lint yield under SD1, which was 1,873 kg/hm2. The yield of Lumian 2387 under SD2 was the highest (1,767 kg/hm2). (3) The average boll weight of Jinke 707 was the greatest in the upper and middle cotton plant of SD1, while that of the lower part of SD3 treatment was the largest. The boll weight of Lumian 2387 in the lower, middle and upper part of SD2 treatment was higher than that of other treatments. The boll distribution proportion of the lower and middle part increased with the delay of sowing time, while that of the upper part decreased with the delay of sowing time.【Conclusion】 Under the wheat-cotton intercropping system in the Yellow River basin, too late sowing will lead to a serious decrease in yield. In order to achieve high yield of cotton, Jinke 707 is sui Table for sowing on May 10 and Lumian cotton 2387 on May 20.

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Effects of Different Concentrations of Chemical Topping on Agronomic Traits and Yield of Cotton GONG Zhaolong, YU Keke, ZHENG Juyun, DU Mingwei, LIANG Yajun, WANG Junduo, AI Xiantao, LI Xueyuan, GUO Jiangping, Moming 2021, 58(8): 1392-1397.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2021.08.003 Abstract ( )   PDF (660KB) ( )   【Objective】 The objective of this research is to investigate the effects of chemical topping with mepiquat chloride(1,1-dimethyl-piperidinium chloride, DPC)on main agronomic and yield traits of cotton in the hope of providing theoretical support for the chemical topping technology in southern Xinjiang of China. 【Methods】 Field experiment was carried out in the 16 th regiment of Alar, southern Xinjiang during growing seasons of 2019. With manual topping as the control, a completely random design was adopted to study the effects of different concentrations of DPC (0, 90, 180 and 270 g/hm2) on cotton plant height, length of new main stem, number of new sympodials, yield and yield components. 【Results】 Compared with manual topping, the plant height of DPC chemical topping increased by 7.9-28.5 cm, the length of the new main stem increased by 8.8-22.3 cm, and the number of new fruit branches increased by 3.6-5.0. The high-rate of DPC (270 g/hm2) could increase the dry matter and accumulation rate of boll. Chemical topping did not affect boll weight and lint percentage. The high-dose of DPC (270 g/hm2) showed a slight decrease of 2.4% to the manual topping. 【Conclusion】 The application of DPC with 270 g/hm2 for chemical topping in southern Xinjiang of China can not only obtain better consequent, but also will not reduce the yield of cotton.

Chemical Fertilizer and Pesticide Application Reduction for Cotton

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Effects of Reduced-Amount Nitrogen Application on Cotton Aboveground Dry Matter Accumulation, Distribution and Yield YAO Qingqing, SUN Huijian, MA Xingwang, LUO Jing, NIU Xinxiang, YANG Tao, HE Zhongsheng 2021, 58(8): 1398-1405.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2021.08.004 Abstract ( )   PDF (763KB) ( )   【Objective】 To study the effects of different reduced-amount nitrogen topdressing application on cotton aboveground dry matter accumulation, distribution and yield. 【Methods】 The basal amount of each treatment was the same, and the field conventional nitrogen topdressing amount was taken as the control, 10%, 20%, 30% and 40% of the conventional nitrogen topdressing amount were applied as the reduced nitrogen topdressing treatments to analyze the effects of reduced nitrogen topdressing amount on cotton aboveground dry matter accumulation, distribution and yield. 【Results】 The amount of dry matter accumulated in the upper part of cotton field by conventional nitrogen fertilizer application treatment, 10% nitrogen topdressing reduced treatment and 20% nitrogen topdressing reduced treatment were significantly higher than that of 30% nitrogen topdressing reduced treatment and 40% nitrogen topdressing reduced treatment, and the proportion of dry matter distribution in each treatment of reproductive organs in order of size was: 10% nitrogen topdressing reduced treatment > conventional nitrogen topdressing treatment>20% nitrogen topdressing reduced treatment > 30% nitrogen topdressing reduced treatment >40% nitrogen topdressing reduced treatment. There was a significant linear positive correlation between nitrogen fertilizer, cotton dry matter accumulation and seed cotton yield. 【Conclusion】 On the basis of conventional field nitrogen application, 10%-20% reduction in the amount of nitrogen fertilizer will not significantly reduce seed cotton yield, and boll number, boll weight and fiber yield of cotton were not significantly affected. A 10% reduction in the amount of nitrogen fertilizer will not significantly reduce the aboveground dry matter accumulation, nor will it affect the increase of the proportion of reproductive organs.

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Effects of Recommended Fertilization on Cotton Yield and Fertilizer Efficiency by Nutrient Expert System SUN Huijian, YAO Qingqing, HE Zhengsheng, WANG Dongli, Halihashi Yibati, ZHANG Yan 2021, 58(8): 1406-1417.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2021.08.005 Abstract ( )   PDF (1286KB) ( )   【Objective】 Aimed at the present situation of more fertilizer consumption and unreasonable application in cotton planting in Xinjiang, a cotton nutrient expert system (Nutrient Expert for Cotton, NE) has been established to study its application effect on cotton. 【Methods】 In 2020, field trials were carried out in Korla and Yuli. A total of 7 experiment fields were set up, and they were all fertilized differently. One field was fertilized by completely following the recommendation of cotton nutrient expert system. Three fields were fertilized the similar way but without nitrogen (NE-N), phosphorus or potassium. Two were fertilized by soil testing formula and farmers' habitual way. The last one was not fertilized at all. 【Results】 The results showed that in the experimental sites in Korla and Yuli, there were barely any crop yield differences between the fields fertilized by following the cotton nutrient expert system and OPTS treatment, and FP methods. NE treatments increased the yield by 4.0% and 4.2% respectively compared with FP treatment, and improved the economic benefit by11.34% and 9.96%. NE treatment promoted the absorption and utilization of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium by cotton, and realized the balance of soil nutrients. The partial productivity of NE treated nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers in Korla and Yuli were 31.0, 49.0, 67.4 kg/kg and 27.2, 59.0, 59.5 kg/kg, and the partial productivity of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers in the two places was significantly higher than that of FP treatment. In Korla, the partial productivity of potassium fertilizer was significantly higher than that of FP treatment, while Yuli was higher than FP treatment, but the difference was not significant; For Korla and Yuli, the agronomic efficiency of nitrogen and phosphate fertilizer NE treatment at these two experimental fields was significantly higher than that of FP treatment. In Korla, NE treatment was significantly higher than that of FP treatment, and the difference between NE treatment and FP treatment in Yuli was not significant. In both Korla and Yuli, the agronomic efficiency of N and P fertilizer under NE treatment was significantly higher than that of FP treatment; there was no significant difference in agronomic efficiency between NE ang FP Treatments. The agronomic efficiency of N, P, K fertilizer in Korla was 6.5, 3.8 and 3.2 kg/kg, respectively,the agronomic efficiency of N, P, K fertilizer in Yuli County were 13.8, 9.9 and 11.2 kg/kg, respectively; the NPK recovery rates in Korla and Yuli after NE treatment were 42.3%, 10.7%, 32.2% and 54.0%, 8.1%, 29.1%, which were significantly higher than that of the FP treatment, 23.7,8.5,19.6 and 28.1, 6.7,7.5 higher, respectively. 【Conclusion】 In summary, the experiments in Korla and Yuli have shown that the cotton nutrient expert system has guided and optimized the application amount and methods of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium fertilizers, which not only increased yields, improved economic benefits, and promoted the absorption and utilization rate of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium nutrients and soil nutrient balance of cotton field. This method is convenient and fast, and can be popularized and applied as a recommended fertilizing method for cotton in Xinjiang.

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Effects of Exogenous Melatonin on Growth and Photosynthetic Characteristics of Cotton Seedlings under Salt Stress LI Yang, CHEN Jing, LIU Shaodong, SHEN Qian, ZHANG Siping, GE Changwei, LIU Ruihua, MA Huijuan, WAN Sumei, PANG Chaoyou 2021, 58(8): 1418-1426.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2021.08.006 Abstract ( )   PDF (2297KB) ( )   【Objective】 Soil salinization seriously affects the growth of cotton seedlings, and Melatonin (MT) plays an important role in regulating the salt tolerance of plants. In this study, the method of spraying exogenous melatonin on the leaf surface of cotton seedlings was used to explore the response of exogenous melatonin to cotton seedling growth and photosynthetic system under NaCl stress, and to screen out the most suitable spraying melatonin concentration. Effects of Exogenous Melatonin on Growth and Photosynthetic Characteristics of Cotton Seedlings under Salt Stress. 【Methods】 Xinluzhong 70 was taken as the material, and different melatonin concentrations (25, 50, 100, 200 μmol/L) treatment were set tp measure cotton seedling growth indexes, leaf fluorescence, photosynthesis parameters and other indexes in different time periods (1, 3, 6, 9 d) under NaCl stress. 【Results】 NaCl stress significantly reduced plant height, leaf photosynthesis and fluorescence indexes of cotton seedlings after spraying melatonin and the plant height and dry matter quality of cotton seedlings were increased. Furthermore, the effects of NaCl stress on the net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, maximum photochemical efficiency, PSII effective photon yield, photochemical quenching and other indicators of cotton seedling leaves were effectively alleviated and the damage of NaCl stress to cotton seedlings was also reduced. 【Conclusion】 The results showed that under NaCl stress spraying exogenous melatonin can effectively promote the growth of cotton seedlings, and spraying 100 μmol/L melatonin concentration has the best result.

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Study on the response characteristics of cotton stalk decomposition and soil physical and chemical properties to Nitrogen fertilizer application LIANG Meng, WANG Zhifang, MA Jian, LI Chenhua 2021, 58(8): 1427-1434.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2021.08.007 Abstract ( )   PDF (1197KB) ( )   【Objective】 To investigate the effects of different nitrogen fertilizer treatments on cotton stalk decomposition and soil physical and chemical properties. 【Methods】 The typical agricultural soil - grey desert soil in arid area was taken as the research object. Five nitrogen treatment levels (0 kg/hm2), low nitrogen (N1: 112.5 kg/hm2, N2:225 kg/hm2 ), medium nitrogen (N3:450 kg/hm2), and high nitrogen (N4:750 kg/hm2) were set in random block group with no straw addition and nitrogen fertilizer (CK) as the control. In the middle of October, 2019, the cotton straw was interrupted for 3-5 cm and put into 18 experimental plots with a medium returning quantity. The contents of cellulose, hemicellulosic, lignin, soil organic carbon, total nitrogen, pH and electrical conductivity of cotton stalk returned to the field were measured regularly during the decay of cotton stalk for one year. The evolvement characteristics of main components content of cotton straw and corresponding physical and chemical properties of soil were analyzed with the extension of decomposition time. 【Results】 Compared with nitrogen-free treatment, nitrogen-added treatment significantly reduced the lignin content of cotton stalk returned to the field in the early stage of decomposition (day 256), while cellulose and hemicellulose significantly decreased in the later stage, indicating that lignin was more sensitive to nitrogen fertilizer addition in the early stage of decomposition; In the early stage of cotton stalk decay, the organic carbon content of all soil treated with nitrogen increased significantly, but decreased in the late stage of decomposition. The organic carbon content of cotton stalk treated with low nitrogen (N1 and N2) was the highest. There was no significant difference in total nitrogen content between treatments. Nitrogen addition treatment significantly reduced the pH value and salinity of soil; Soil organic carbon content was negatively correlated with lignin and hemicellulosic content of cotton stalks (P<0.05, P<0.01). 【Conclusion】 Returning straw to the field and applying nitrogen fertilizer can accelerate the decomposition of cotton straw, while the low-nitrogen treatment (N1 and N2) can not only accelerate the degradation of straw, but also increase the content of soil organic carbon, so as to fertilize the soil.

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Effects of Synergist on Reduction and Synergism of Two Common Nicotine Insecticides to Control Cotton Aphids ZHANG Qian, WANG Yan, HUANG Shansong, DONG Ming, FENG Guoyi, WANG Yongqiang, LIU Xu, LIANG Qinglong, LIN Yongzeng, QI Hong, WANG Shulin 2021, 58(8): 1435-1440.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2021.08.008 Abstract ( )   PDF (563KB) ( )   【Objective】 To study the effects of synergists on reduction and synergism to control cotton aphids with imidacloprid and thiamethoxam in the hope of providing theoretical data base for scientific and efficient use of synergists and pesticides. 【Methods】 Through field plot spray test, we determined the suitable dosage of synergist, and the control effect of imidacloprid and thiamethoxam was compared by adding synergist on the basis of 10%, 20% and 30% reduction. 【Results】 0.15% field Max EC had obvious synergistic effect on imidacloprid and thiamethoxam, and the suitable dosage was 450.0-675.0 mL/hm2; 1 day after application, the control effects of 70% imidacloprid WG and 25% thiamethoxam WG were 65.5%-81.4% and 62.2%-78.5% respectively, and the control effects of 10% and 20% reduction and adding synergist were significantly higher than that of conventional dosage, while the control effects of 30% reduction and conventional dosage had no significant difference; 3 days after application, the control effects of 70% imidacloprid WG and 25% thiamethoxam WG were 68.4%-85.2% and 63.5%-79.6% respectively, and the control effect of 10% and 20% reduction and adding synergist were significantly higher than that of conventional dosage, and there was no significant difference between 30% reduction and conventional dosage; 7 days after application, the control effect of 70% imidacloprid WG and 25% thiamethoxam WG with 10%-30% reduction was 59.2%-78.5% and 56.5%-71.1% respectively, and the control effect of 10% and 20% reduction and adding synergist were significantly higher than that of conventional dosage, and there was no significant difference between 30% reduction and conventional dosage. 【Conclusion】 0.15% fieldor Max EC has obvious reduction and synergistic effect on imidacloprid and thiamethoxam, and the suitable dosage is 450.0-675.0 mL/hm2. When the dosage of imidacloprid and thiamethoxam was reduced by 10%-20%, the control effect of synergist was significantly higher than that of conventional dosage, and there is no significant difference between 30% reduction and conventional dosage. Using synergists has good application value to reduce the use of insecticides and improve the control effects.

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Sensitive Band Ranges Screening of the adult alatae Aphis gossypii Glover AN Jingjie, GAO Zhanlin, DANG Zhihong, GUO Jianglong, LIU Chunhong, LI Yaofa 2021, 58(8): 1441-1446.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2021.08.009 Abstract ( )   PDF (1136KB) ( )   【Objective】 To explore the luring and monitoring strategy of this aphids in field according to the phototaxis of the adult alatae ofAphis gossypii. 【Methods】 The best adaptation time and lighting time ofA. gossypii were selected by using a self-designed insect wavelength selector, and then the selective band ranges of this aphid to 8 spectral bands was evaluated. 【Results】 The results showed that the best dark adaptation of cotton aphid adults was 20 min, and the best light time was 15 min. According to these results, 5 spectra with stronger attraction effect on cotton aphid were selected from 8 different wavelengths to enter the next round of experiment by using the method of last elimination, which were 450, 500, 550, 600 and 650 nm, respectively. The last experiment showed that the adult alatae of this aphid had a strong selection tendency for 500 and 550 nm bands, and the attraction rates were 37.28% and 51.56%, respectively, which were significantly higher than others. 【Conclusion】 The spectral bands of 500 and 550 nm have the strongest attraction effect onA. gossypii, which is expected to be the alternative spectrum for the trap monitoring ofA. gossypii during the migration period.

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Temperature Effect of Tetrachlorantraniliprole on the Biological Activity to Helicoverpa armigera Hübner and the Related Mechanism on Detoxification Enzymes DOU Yanan, SUN Xiaonuo, AN Jingjie, GAO Zhanlin, GUO Jianglong, DANG Zhihong, LI Yaofa 2021, 58(8): 1447-1453.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2021.08.010 Abstract ( )   PDF (914KB) ( )   【Objective】 To clarify the temperature effect and its degree on the biological activity of tetrachlorantraniliprole to Helicoverpa armigera, and to explore the influence mechanism of four detoxification enzymes of H. armigera to this temperature effect.【Methods】 The authors respectively determined the indoor biological activities of tetrachlorantraniliprole to H.armigera at 15, 20, 25, 30 and 35℃ with the leaf dipping method, and then determined the specific activities of carboxyl esterase (CarE), glutathione S-transferase (GST), multifunctional oxidase (MFO) and UDP-glycosyltransferase (UGT) of H.armigera treated by the sublethal doses of tetrachlorantraniliprole.【Results】 Tetrachlorantraniliprole had a significant positive temperature effect on the biological activity to H.armigera. Compared with 15℃, the temperature coefficient increased from +5.52 to +1,257.35. From the study about the mechanism of the four detoxification enzymes of H.armigera to the temperature effect, it was found that the positive temperature effect might be related to GST and MFO. Among them, the activity of GST at lower temperatures changed more significantly, while CarE and UGT were not clearly related to the positive temperature effect on the biological activity of tetrachlorantraniliprole. 【Conclusion】 Tetrachlorantraniliprole was an insecticide with an obviously positive temperature coefficient to H. armigera and the biological activity would be best when used at high temperature. The biological activity of tetrachlorantraniliprole against H. armiger may increase when the activity of GST is inhibited at low temperature.

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Indoor Toxicity and Field Efficacy of Three Neonicotinoids Against Aphis gossypii YAN Hongjiang, LI Weizheng, LIANG He, NING Zongxiong, LU Wei 2021, 58(8): 1454-1459.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2021.08.011 Abstract ( )   PDF (593KB) ( )   【Objective】 To evaluate the insecticidal activity of chlorfenapyr, flupirfuranone, nitenpyram, 22% flupirfenapyr SC, 17% flupirfuranone SC and 5% nitenpyram against cotton Aphis gossypii by indoor toxicity test and field efficacy test. 【Methods】 indoor toxicity test and field efficacy test were conducted by leaf dipping method and stem leaf spray method respectively. 【Results】 The results of indoor toxicity test showed that the 24 h LC50 of fipronil flupyrfuranone and nitenpyram to Aphis gossypii were 2.41, 1.49 and 0.81 μg/mL respectively, and the 48 h LC50 were 1.35, 0.72 and 0.32 μg/mL respectively. The results of field trials showed that 22% fipronil SC and 7% flupyrfuranone SC had good quick effect on Aphis gossypii, and the average control effect was more than 70%. 【Conclusion】 Fipronil, flupyrfuranone and nitenpyram can effectively control Aphis gossypii, and they are ideal substitutes for high toxic pesticides to control Aphis gossypii in cotton production.

Plant Protection·Horticultural Special Local Products·Physiology and Biochemistry·Agricultural Equipment Engineering and Mechanization

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Effects of orthogonal combination on the diseases of korla pear in storage period ZHAO Xiaomei, FAN Guoquan, WU Yupeng, ZHANG Shikui, WANG Shaopeng, WANG Yatong, SUN Zhaozhan 2021, 58(8): 1460-1467.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2021.08.012 Abstract ( )   PDF (1374KB) ( )   【Objective】 The orthogonal combination of Calcium and 1-MCP were found to control the incidence of calyx tip black spot in korla pear during postharvest storage.【Method】 The effects of different treatments on fruit quality and incidence of calyx terminal black spot were studied by using the orthogonal combination of 0.014%, 0.017% and 0.020% calcium fertilizer before harvest and 1.0, 2.0 and 3.0 μ/L 1-MCP treatments after harvest.【Result】 Low concentration of calcium before harvest combined with 1-mcp treatment after harvest could make the fruit maintain a higher hardness and bright skin color. And spraying calcium into the tree body before harvest could enhance the postharvest fruit's ability to resist the occurrence of calyx tip black spot and other diseases.【Conclusion】 (0.017% liquid calcium + 2.0 μL/L 1-MCP) treatment could maintain higher hardness and better skin color.(0.014% liquid calcium + 2.0 μL/L 1-MCP) treatment could significantly reduce the rate of calyx tip dark spot and its rate of decay during storage, and had the best inhibitory effect on calyx tip black spot.(0.020% liquid calcium + 1.0 μ/L 1-MCP) treatment could maintain the integrity of fruit cell membrane.

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Effects of Supplemental Lighting of Leaves on Growth and Photosynthetic Performance of Tomato (Coreopsis tinctoria) Seedlings under Sub-Low Temperature Stress SONG Yangfan, XU Jingcheng, LU Tao, QIN Yong 2021, 58(8): 1468-1475.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2021.08.013 Abstract ( )   PDF (887KB) ( )   【Objective】 This experiment aims to clarify the physiological response of tomato seedlings to supplemental lighting under sub-low temperature stress by studying the effects of supplemental lighting on tomato seedling growth and photosynthetic performance with a view of providing theoretical basis and technical support for the cultivation of strong tomato seedlings under such stress.【Method】 The experiment used the tomato variety 'Money Maker' as the material and employed regular Hoagland nutrient solution for regular quantitative irrigation, and applied white: blue (2∶1) compound light to treat tomato seedlings under sub-low temperature conditions of 15℃/8 (day/night) supplemental lighting. A total of four treatments were set, namely normal temperature without light treatment (CK), normal temperature with supplemental lighting (CK+USL), sub-low temperature stress (LT), sub-low temperature stress supplemental lighting (LT+USL).【Result】 Compared with the sub-low temperature stress, plant height and stem diameter of tomato plants increased significantly by 24.92% and 4.58%, respectively, and the fresh weight of leaves, stems, roots and total fresh weight increased significantly by 24.71%, 23.68%, 31.01% and 25.23%, respectively, total root length, surface area, total volume and projected area of tomato seedlings increased significantly by 25.73%, 29.31%, 25.93% and 14.22% , respectively. In addition, leaf net photosynthetic rate (Pn), stomatal conductance (Gs) and transpiration rate (Tr) increased by 85.77%, 19.09% and 44.59%, respectively, while the intercellular carbon dioxide concentration (Ci) decreased by 15.60% after supplemental lighting under sub-low temperature.【Conclusion】 Under sub-low temperature stress, supplemental lighting of the leaves can significantly improve the photosynthetic performance of tomato seedlings, thus promoting robust growth of tomato seedlings.

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Determination of Flavonoids in Wild Apricot Flesh by RP-HPLC DAI Xiaohua, GU Hongfei, JIN Kexu, SHU Jiamin, YANG Ruolan, WU Menglan, PAN Hui, ZHAO Hongqiong 2021, 58(8): 1476-1485.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2021.08.014 Abstract ( )   PDF (1157KB) ( )   【Objective】 To establish a method for simultaneous determination of four flavonoids (proanthocyanidins, rutin, naringin dihydrochalcone and quercetin) in the sarcocarp of Xinjiang wild apricot by high performance liquid chromatography.【Method】 Four flavonoids from Xinjiang wild apricot sarcocarp were separated by Hubble C18 (4.6 mm ×250 mm, 5 m) column, mobile phase A (methanol)∶ B (0.5% phosphoric acid solution) = 45∶55, elution at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min. The method was validated by instrument precision, stability, repeatability and recovery.【Result】 The chromatographic peaks of proanthocyanidin, rutin and quercetin were well separated within 20 minutes. The linear range was 0.52-56 g/mL (r = 0.999,8-1). The recovery was 92.13%-96.70% and RSD was 0.89%-1.96%. The content of proanthocyanidins, rutin and quercetin were 7.325 mg/kg, 0.630 mg/kg and 0.009,58 mg/kg respectively. Naringin dihydrochalcone was not detected under this condition.【Conclusion】 The method is simple, rapid, accurate, stable and reproducible. It is suitable for the separation and determination of three flavonoids in Xinjiang wild apricot flesh.

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Changes of Physiological Substances during the Dormancy of Underground Buds of Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. WANG Xueru, YAN Feng, ZHANG Haiyan, MA Jinyan, ZHANG Yanhui 2021, 58(8): 1486-1492.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2021.08.015 Abstract ( )   PDF (1043KB) ( )   【Objective】 Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. is a kind of warm-season turfgrass, which slowly enters the yellowish state after entering autumn, that is, it enters a dormant state. The underground rhizomes and buds of it support its life. The physiological substances in the buds play an important role in responding to dormancy. Understanding the physiological response of dormancy can guide the establishment and management of bermudagrass.【Method】 In this paper, the underground buds of bermudagrass from 8 different regions were collected, and physiological indicators such as osmotic adjustment, membrane oxidation, and enzyme activity of Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. was measured.【Result】 The physiological substances in bermudagrass buds kept evolving with the dormant process (summer - early autumn - late autumn), and the content of free proline and soluble protein in the buds increased continuously, and showed consistency in 8 bermudagrass; The content of SOD and POD reached its peak in the early autumn (dormant start), and then slowly decreased, showing a trend of first increase and then decrease, indicating that the enzyme activity accumulated at the start of dormant; the increase of MDA content indicated that the dormant process was accompanied by oxidation of membrane lipids.【Conclusion】 It can be seen from this that physiological substances play an important role in bermudagrass dormancy. A large increase in free proline and soluble protein can be used as a reference index to determine the beginning of dormancy. This study reveals the physiological substance response during bermudagrass dormancy and lays the foundation for further exploring the dormancy mechanism of Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.

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Prevention and Control Techniques of Ragweed and Giant Ragweed Based on Synergistic Effect of Synergistic Agent and Herbicide DING Shiqiang, FU Kaiyun, DING Xinhua, HE Jiang, Tursun Ahmat, GUO Wenchao 2021, 58(8): 1493-1500.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2021.08.016 Abstract ( )   PDF (930KB) ( )   【Objective】 Based on the synergistic use of synergists and herbicides, we focused on chemical control of ragweed Ambrosia artemisiifolia L. and giant ragweed Ambrosia trifida L. by reducing pesticide and increasing efficiency technique.【Method】 Field plot experiment was conducted to compare and analyze the field control effect of two under 15%, 30% and 50% reduction.【Results】 Jijian had better control effect on plant and fresh weight on the 45 days or 78 days after herbicide at 15%, 30% and 50% drug reduction levels with synergist, and the control effects were 64.23%-98.84% and 65.37%-98.09% respectively for ragweed or giant ragweed. At the level of 15%, 30% drug reduction, the control effects of the two herbicides were 99.24%, 97.59% and 100.00%, 97.69% respectively after 45 days or 78 days, the control effect of the treatment combined with synergist Jijian was 87.70%-98.65% and 88.77%-97.96%, respectively. And the control effect was similar to that of the plant with the optimum dosage in the field, and the difference was 0.59%-11.54% and 0.27%-11.23%, respectively. Under 50% drug reduction with synergist Jijian, the control effects were 54.30%-67.00% and 55.63%-67.14% respectively, and the control effect was lower than the sui Table dosage in the field, whose difference was 30.59%-44.94% and 30.55%-44.37% respectively.【Conclusion】 21% aminopyralid AS 17.50 mL /667m2, 75% saflufenacil and glyphosate WG 42.00 mL /667m2, the occurrence and damage of ragweed with plant height of 23 cm or so in May and 12 cm or so in June can be effectively controlled by adding synergists, so it is feasible to reduce the application rate by 30%, but the synergistic effect of different synergistic agents is different to some extent. In actual production, it is recommended to use the synergist Jijian 15.00 mL /667m2, followed by synergist Orange Peel oil 15.00 mL /667m2.

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The Regularity of Ethylene Synthesis in Fruit Development and Ripening of Xinjiang Apricots XU Min, ZHOU Weiquan, ZHAO Shirong, PAN Yan, FAN Guoquan, ZHANG Shikui, WANG Yatong, LIAO Kang 2021, 58(8): 1501-1510.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2021.08.017 Abstract ( )   PDF (1528KB) ( )   【Objective】 To explore the regularity of ethylene synthesis in the development of Xinjiang apricots in the hope of providing theoretical basis for the regulation of ethylene on the ripening mechanism of apricot fruits. 【Methods】 In this study, 3 cultivar apricots: Luntaibaixing, Kuchebaixing and Kumaiti were taken as research materials to test some indicators, such as ethylene release, respiration rate, ethylene synthetic precursor substance content, enzyme activity associated with ethylene synthesis, fruit hardness and fruit soluble solids content. And also, the variation of ethylene synthesis and its influence on fruit ripening index in Xinjiang were analyzed and compared. 【Results】 After flowering 42-56 d, the 3 cultivar apricots produced a little ethylene in system Ⅰ, and on the self-catalysis basis, after flowering 63 and 77 d, the 3 cultivar apricots produced a large number of ethylene in system Ⅱ. In the mature stage the ethylene release of 'Luntaibaixing' was significantly higher than that of the other two cultivars (P<0.05), and the time of a little of ethylene produced was earlier than the other two cultivars. During the stage of fruit development and ripening, the respiration rate showed a bimodal curve, and the fruit hardness decreased significantly with the increase of ethylene, among which the hardness of Luntaibaixing' decreased more significantly than that of the other two cultivars, and the soluble solid content increased significantly. The fruit soluble solids content of 3 cultivar apricots fruits showed an increasing trend. The changes of related enzyme activities showed a trend of gradual increase after flowering 49 days. There were significant differences in enzyme activity and precursor content among different apricot cultivars (P<0.05). The correlation analysis of the three cultivars of apricot showed that there was significant correlation between ethylene and enzyme activity and the content of precursor metabolites. 【Conclusion】 The regularity of ethylene synthesis and the contents of precursor substances in the whole development and ripening stage of Xinjiang apricot are divided into two stages. The increasing activity of related enzymes in the development of apricot fruits coincided with the increasing ethylene release. The synthesis of ethylene decreased the hardness, increased the soluble solid content and respiratory jump occurred to regulate fruit ripening.

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Effects of Dung from Two Insects on the Growth and Fruit Quality of Pepper ZHANG Lianjun, LI Jinlan, ZHANG Shuai, ZHANG Guangjie, YANG Liu, XU Tao, MA Deying, LIU Yusheng 2021, 58(8): 1511-1518.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2021.08.018 Abstract ( )   PDF (1015KB) ( )   【Objective】 The larvae dung of Tenebrio molitor (L) and Protaetia (Liocola) brevitarsis (Lewis) are both rich in nutrients. This project aims to explore the application potential of the dung from two insects in improving crop yield and quality.【Method】 Pepper was chosen as the experimental vegetable, with non-addition of dung group as CK and the plant height, chlorophyll content and vitamin C, total sugar and nitrate content of the fruit were detected by pot culture (10 treatments) with the addition of 0.5%, 1%, 2%, 4% and 8% of Tenebrio molitor larvae dung, and the addition of 2.5%, 5%, 10%, 20%, 40% and 80% Protaetia (Liocola) brevitarsis dung, respectively, there are 10 treatments, and a control treatment without adding insect dung.【Result】 All of the plants died in the treatment of 8% dung addition from Tenebrio molitor. After 90 days of pepper planting, highest values of the pepper height, chlorophyll content and yield were achieved in treatment of 1% addition, which were 71.40 cm, 73.39 and 278.23 g/plant, respectively. Moreover, its fruit quality was also the best compared with other treatments, vitamin C, total sugar and nitrate content were 117.15mg / kg, 4.21% and 299.60 mg/kg respectively. When the Protaetia (Liocola) brevitarsis larvae dung was added, the highest plant height with 72.83 cm was observed in treatment of 20% addition. The chlorophyll content of the peppers treated with 80% was the highest, which was 67.14. The highest yield of peppers per plant was 291.45 g in the treatment of 40% addition with significant difference in comparison of the control. The better fruit quality was obtained in the treatment of 20% addition, whose contents of vitamin C, total sugar and nitrate were 144.78 mg/kg, 4.01% and 247.82 mg/kg, respectively. Among them, the contents of vitamin C and total sugar were significantly higher than those of the control.【Conclusion】 The addition of 1% Tenebrio molitor larvae dung or 20% Protaetia (Liocola) brevitarsis larvae dung showed the best effect on plant height, chlorophyll content, yield and fruit quality of pepper, and the recommended application range of the two kinds of insect dung are 1%-2% and 20%-40%, respectively.

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Screening and Optimization of Clarifiers for Thompson Seedless Wine CHEN Ya, LEI Jing, LIAN Weijia, HAN Chen, WU Bin, Ayijianali Jiapaer 2021, 58(8): 1519-1528.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2021.08.019 Abstract ( )   PDF (1537KB) ( )   【Objective】 To study the effect of clarifier on Thompson seedless wine and lay the foundation for producing high quality Thompson seedless wine. 【Methods】 The effects of three factors including chitosan addition amount, bentonite addition amount, gelatin addition amount and their interaction on transmittance were studied by single factor test and response surface method. Regression equations were established and analyzed by significance and variance. The optimum clarification agent of Thompson seedless wine were then obtained and verified by experiment. 【Results】 Among the five single clarifiers (chitosan, bentonite, gelatin, pectinase and phytic acid), chitosan, gelatin and bentonite had a better clarification effect on Thompson seedless wine. The addition amount of chitosan, bentonite and gelatin was used as single factor test. The Optimum clarifying agent of thompson seedless wine by single factor experiment and response surface method. The transmittance was 98.45%, which was basically consistent with the theoretical value (98.473,1%). 【Conclusion】 The best compound clarifiers for Thompson seedless wine were chitosan addition amount 0.09 g/L, bentonite addition amount 0.16 g/L, gelatin addition amount 0.11 g/L. Under these conditions, Thompson seedless wine has the best clarification effect.

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Optimization of Pulsed Sudden Decompression Flash Drying Process for Crispy Raisin by Response Surface Methodology LEI Jing, BI Jingfeng, LIAN Weijia, CHEN Ya, HAN Chen 2021, 58(8): 1529-1539.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2021.08.020 Abstract ( )   PDF (1986KB) ( )   【Objective】 Response surface methodology was used to optimize the flash drying process of raisin crisp fruit in the hope of providing technical support for raisin processing enterprises and new ideas for the development of raisin in Turpan. 【Methods】 In this project, the seedless white raisin was used as raw material and the factors affecting the quality of raisin crisp fruit were obtained by single factor experiment and variance analysis. The effect of each factor on the sensory score of raisin crisp fruit was analyzed and the optimum flash drying technology determined by response surface methodology. 【Results】 The single factor experiment selected three factors which had great influence on extraction temperature, flash temperature and flash time, and further set up a three-factor and three-level Box-Behnken central composite experiment, from which, the mathematical model of all factors and the sensory score of raisin crisp fruit was obtained as: Y = 93.92-1.46A-0.97B-0.64C+0.42AB-0.65AC-0.18BC-3.21A2-2.19B2-1.46C2. 【Conclusion】 The optimum conditions for pulsed sudden decompression flash drying of puffed raisins are that the extraction temperature is 58.86℃, flash temperature is 103.80℃, flash time is 5.42 h,and the maximum theoretical value of the sensory score is 94.3.

Agricultural Water and Soil Engineering·Agricultural Product Analysis and Detection

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Experiment and Optimization Analysis of Air Suction Type for Almonds Shell Kernel Sorting Device ZHANG Li, BIAN Bo, Tuluhong Tuerdi, WANG Xuenong 2021, 58(8): 1540-1546.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2021.08.021 Abstract ( )   PDF (1072KB) ( )   【Objective】 To achieve the purpose of separating the shell and kernel materials of almond after breaking the shell, this project aims to design the air suction type separation device based on the principle of air suction, and optimize the parameters by software. 【Methods】 Finite element software Fluent 18.0 was used to simulate the three-dimensional model of air cavity. The results showed that part turbulence would be formed in the air chamber during the working process, and cleaning efficiency could be appropriately improved by adjusting the relative position of the transition port of the air chamber. The air separation test data was analyzed and calculated by using data analysis software Design Expert, the influence order of each factor on the loss ratio was feeding amount, vibration frequency and fan speed; The contribution rate of each factor on the selection rate from large to small was feeding amount, fan speed and vibration frequency. 【Results】 Through the optimization function, the best parameter combination was obtained as follows: feeding amount 4 kg/min, fan speed 2,300 r/min and vibration frequency 53 Hz, the verification test results showed that the selection rate was 95.68%, and the loss ratio was 2.85%. 【Conclusion】 Through the simulation analysis, the structure is improved, the test data optimized and the working parameter i adjusted. The selection rate index of the sorting device is obviously increased during the verification tests and the research results can provide a theoretical reference for the research development and optimization on the almond shell and kernel sorting by air suction equipment.

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Research Status and Analysis of Automatic Target Spraying Technology for Facility Vegetables YANG Zhenghe, YANG Huimin, YU Chen, CHEN Yifei, ZHOU Xin, MA Yan, WANG Xuenong 2021, 58(8): 1547-1557.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2021.08.022 Abstract ( )   PDF (1978KB) ( )   【Objective】 This paper aims to review and summarize the research status and development direction of automatic target spraying technology in facility vegetables at home and abroad in the hope of providing theoretical and scientific basis for the development and application of the technology in automatic target spraying robot of vegetable in facility vegetables. 【Methods】 Relevant literatures at home and abroad were collected, field research conducted, and after that, they were systematically summarized and sorted out. 【Results】 Overseas navigation technology mainly adopts path recognition and intelligent obstacle avoidance technology based on GPS, machine vision, ladar and other technologies, and has been widely applied. In China, it mainly adopts electromagnetic induction, road edge acquisition and road identification technology based on GPS, ladar and vision technology. At the present stage, image recognition, infrared imaging, hyperspectrum and deep learn-based pest identification technologies are mainly used in foreign countries, which are relatively mature. At present, image recognition technology is mainly used in China to identify crops with color, texture and shape features. In the developed countries, machine vision, laser active vision and ultrasonic technology combined with sensor identification are employed to identify target crops, and variable speed spraying technology is applied in crops, such as lettuce, tomato and other crops, domestic scholars have developed greenhouse autonomous spraying robot, using machine vision technology to obtain target pest and disease location information, the nozzle is controlled separately to achieve the effect of accurate target application. 【Conclusion】 Navigation technology, pest and disease identification technology and target spraying technology are the core of automatic target spraying technology. Navigation in the greenhouse by using machine vision and laser radar technology compared with the GPS technology is more reliable, flexible, and accurate. In the aspect of pest and disease identification, we should develop pest and disease identification technology combined with hyperspectral and deep learning to improve the efficiency. The identification of target crops and the judgment of dense degree of branches and leaves need more in-depth study.

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Evaluation of Enrichment Effect of Common Greening Tree Species on Expressway PENG Xiaodong, Aliya Baidurela, LIU Li, Yumti Halik, HU Mengling, SUN Guili 2021, 58(8): 1558-1567.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2021.08.023 Abstract ( )   PDF (978KB) ( )   【Objective】 Evaluation of Enrichment Effect of Common Greening Tree Species on Expressway To find out the dominant tree species for heavy metal restoration in traffic roads in the hope of providing suggestions for the selection of green plants in arid oasis cities.【Method】 In this study, the common greening tree species on the side of Jingxin expressway in Urumqi were studied. The heavy metal content of each sample was determined by inductively coupled plasma emission spectrometer. The enrichment ability and transport characteristics of heavy metal Cu, Pb, Ni and Zn in soil by different greening tree species were analyzed. A membership function method was used to comprehensively evaluate the enrichment and transshipment capacity.【Results】 The results showed that the average values of Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn in the rhizosphere soil were 40.27, 48.03, 29.24, and 120.77 mg / kg, respectively, which were 1.51, 1.91, 1.53, and 1.76 times the environmental values of heavy metals in Xinjiang soil. The Nemelo comprehensive pollution index was used to evaluate the study area, which was lightly polluted. Through the analysis of the heavy metal content of the tree species, the heavy metal content of the underground part of the tree species was higher than that of the above-ground part, which indicated that the Ulmus pumila and Picea koraiensis Nakai had a super-enrichment effect on heavy metals Pb.【Conclusion】 According to the analysis, the BTF of the five common tree species to the four heavy metals is Pb＞ Ni＞ Zn＞ Cu; The comprehensive transport capacity of various tree species to heavy metals Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn is: Ulmus densa＞ Ulmus pumila ＞ Picea koraiensis Nakai ＞ Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica ＞ Fraxinus chinensis Roxb.