秸秆还田对棉田土壤养分和微生物多样性的影响

doi:10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2022.05.024

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】研究秸杆还田对棉田土壤的养分和微生物多样性的影响。【方法】通过棉秆粉碎还田后的重量变化计算棉秆降解率,测定土壤中有机质等养分和理化性质,采用平板培养法测量可培养微生物数量,运用高通量测序研究秸秆还田对土壤微生物多样性的影响。【结果】棉花秸秆还田180 d的降解率可达5.01%;可培养微生物总量提高9.8%,其中细菌数量提高64.6%,放线菌数量提高39.3%;秸秆还田后土壤速效氮和速效钾含量显著增加,分别提高7.40%和32.77%;秸秆还田对土壤微生物多样性有显著影响,微生物菌群结构变化明显。【结论】秸秆还田能够增加棉田土壤养分和可培养微生物的数量,提高土壤微生物多样性。

关键词: 棉秆; 还田; 土壤; 微生物多样性

Abstract:

【Objective】 To discuss the effects of straw returning on soil nutrients and microbial diversity in cotton field. 【Methods】 The degradation rate of cotton stalk was calculated by the weight change of cotton stalk. Soil nutrients such as organic matter content and physical and chemical properties of soil were determined. The number of cultivable microorganisms was measured by medium plate method. The effects of straw returning on soil microbial diversity were studied by high-throughput sequencing. 【Result】 The degradation rate of cotton straw could reach to 5.01%; The total amount of cultivable microorganisms increased by 9.8%, the number of bacteria increased by 64.6%, and the number of actinomycete increased by 39.3%; After returning straw, the contents of soil available nitrogen and available potassium increased significantly, which were 7.40% and 32.77%, respectively; High throughput sequencing data analysis showed that straw returning had an impact on microbial diversity, and the structure of the microbial flora, genus and species level changed obviously. 【Conclusion】 Straw returning can increase soil nutrients, increase the number of cultivable microorganisms and improve soil microbial diversity.

Key words: cotton stalk; returning to field; soil; microbial diversity

中图分类号:

S435.112.6

秦新政, 王玉苗, 王志慧, 谢成娟, 王博. 秸秆还田对棉田土壤养分和微生物多样性的影响[J]. 新疆农业科学, 2022, 59(5): 1236-1244.

QIN Xinzheng, WANG Yumiao, WANG Zhihui, XIE Chengjuan, WANG Bo. Effects of Straw Returning on Soil Nutrients and Microbial Diversity in Cotton Field[J]. Xinjiang Agricultural Sciences, 2022, 59(5): 1236-1244.

图/表 11

表1 不同还田时间下棉花秸秆降解程度变化

Table 1 Change of degradation degree of cotton straw under different returning time

处理 Treatment	重复Ⅰ Repeat	重复Ⅱ Repeat	重复Ⅲ Repeat	重复Ⅳ Repeat	重复Ⅴ Repeat	平均值 Average	降解率 Degradation rate(%)
还田前秸秆质量(N₀) Weight of straw before returning to field	32.15	33.18	32.56	34.12	33.19	33.04	0±0^c
60 d秸秆质量(N_x) 60 d straw weight	31.04	32.51	31.05	33.01	32.64	32.05	3.01±0.54^b
120 d秸秆质量(N_x) 120 d straw weight	30.69	32.21	30.71	32.85	32.15	31.72	3.99±0.5 $1 a b$
180 d秸秆质量(N_x) 180 d straw weight	30.31	32.05	30.35	32.24	31.97	31.38	5.02±0.64^a

表1 不同还田时间下棉花秸秆降解程度变化

Table 1 Change of degradation degree of cotton straw under different returning time

处理 Treatment	重复Ⅰ Repeat	重复Ⅱ Repeat	重复Ⅲ Repeat	重复Ⅳ Repeat	重复Ⅴ Repeat	平均值 Average	降解率 Degradation rate(%)
还田前秸秆质量(N₀) Weight of straw before returning to field	32.15	33.18	32.56	34.12	33.19	33.04	0±0^c
60 d秸秆质量(N_x) 60 d straw weight	31.04	32.51	31.05	33.01	32.64	32.05	3.01±0.54^b
120 d秸秆质量(N_x) 120 d straw weight	30.69	32.21	30.71	32.85	32.15	31.72	3.99±0.5 $1 a b$
180 d秸秆质量(N_x) 180 d straw weight	30.31	32.05	30.35	32.24	31.97	31.38	5.02±0.64^a

表2 不同秸秆还田下棉田土壤养分变化

Table 2 Changes of soil nutrients in cotton field under different straw returning

处理 Treat- ment	有机质 Organic matter (g/kg)	全氮 Total N (g/kg)	速效氮 Available N(mg/kg)	有效磷 Effective P(mg/kg)	速效钾 Available K(mg/kg)	水溶性盐总量 Total water soluble salt (g/kg)	EC us/cm	pH
CK	22.40±2.14	1.05±0.10	113.10±2.57	17.65±1.47	308.00±23.68	35.00±3.48	469.0±68.34	7.92±0.05
CS	22.01±2.77	1.05±0.03	121.48±10.11	18.88±2.63	408.93±21.45	36.32±3.89	229.4±55.12	8.09±0.04

表3 不同秸秆还田下土壤主要微生物群落数量变化

Table 3 Changes of soil microbial community quantity under different straw returning

微生物类群 Microorganisms (CFU/g)	对照 Contrast	处理 Treatment
细菌总数	5.53×10⁵	9.10×10⁵
真菌总数	9.35×10⁵	5.60×10⁵
放线菌总数	5.60×10⁵	7.80×10⁵
微生物总量	2.05×10⁶	2.25×10⁶

表4 不同秸秆还田下土壤真菌多样性变化

Table 4 Diversity of soil fungi under different straw returning

处理 Treatment	Chao1	Ace	Shannon	Simpson
CK	259.62	260.41	2.92	0.14
CS	197.33	197.55	3.83	0.05

表5 不同秸秆还田下土壤细菌群落多样性变化

Table 5 Changes of soil bacterial diversity under different straw returning

处理 Treatment	Chao1	Ace	Shannon	Simpson
CK	2 222.24	2 232.78	6.54	0.003 3
CS	2 392.62	2 398.91	6.65	0.002 9

图1 秸秆还田土壤真菌科群落组成注:CK为对照处理;CS为秸秆还田处理;下图相同。横坐标/纵坐标为样本名,纵坐标/横坐标为物种在该样本中所占的比例,不同颜色的柱子代表不同的物种,柱子的长短代表该物种所占比例的大小,下同

Fig.1 Community composition of Family level fungi in straw returning soil Note: CK is the control treatments sample; CS is the whole amount of straw returning to the field; The following Figure is the same. The abscissa/ordinate is the name of the sample, the ordinate/ordinate is the proportion of the species in the sample, different colors of the column represent different species, the length of the column represents the size of the proportion of the species, the same as below

图2 秸秆还田土壤真菌属水平群落组成

Fig.2 Community composition of Genus level of fungi in straw returning soil

图3 秸秆还田土壤真菌种水平群落组成

Fig.3 Community composition of Species level of fungi in straw returning soil

图4 秸秆还田土壤细菌科群落组成

Fig.4 Community composition of Family level of bacteria in straw returning soil

图5 秸秆还田土壤细菌属群落组成

Fig.5 Community composition of Genus level of bacteria in straw returning soil

图6 秸秆还田土壤细菌种水平群落组成

Fig.6 Community composition of Species level of bacteria in straw returning soil

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