基于响应面法优化桑葚果酒主发酵工艺及其品质评价

doi:10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2022.03.013

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】基于响应面法研究对桑葚果酒的主发酵工艺,评价其品质,为新疆桑葚果酒的工业化生产提供科学依据。【方法】以新疆桑葚品种仟格丽桑葚果为原材料,在单因素试验的基础上进行Box-Behnken响应面优化试验,确定桑葚果酒最优主发酵工艺参数:酵母添加量0.22 g/kg、发酵温度21~23℃、二氧化硫(SO₂)添加量为80 mg/kg。并对最优主发酵工艺酿造出的桑葚果酒理化指标、感官风味、挥发性香气进行分析。【结果】桑葚果酒不仅口感佳,且富含总黄酮(2.66 g/L)、花色苷(0.34 g/L)等活性物质,鉴定出桑葚果酒中24种挥发性香气化合物主要挥发性香气化合物,其中酯类物质含量占总香气物质含量的77.86%,其次是醇类物质占19.07%。【结论】桑葚果酒最优主发酵工艺参数:酵母添加量0.22 g/kg、发酵温度21~23 ℃、二氧化硫添加量为80 mg/kg。

关键词: 响应面设计; 桑葚果酒; 工艺; 香气; 品质

Abstract:

【Objective】 To study the chief fermentation technology of mulberry wine with Xinjiang native variety “Qiangeli” mulberry as raw material. 【Methods】 Based on the single factor test, the box Behnken response surface optimization test was carried out and the optimal main fermentation technology parameters of mulberry wine were determined through the test: yeast addition 0.22 g/kg, fermentation temperature 21-23℃, sulfur dioxide addition 80 mg/kg. 【Results】 The results showed that mulberry wine not only had good taste, but also was rich in total flavonoids (2.66 g/L), anthocyanins (0.34 g/L) and other active substances. Meanwhile, 24 volatile aroma compounds were identified, including esters 77.86% of the total aroma substances, followed by 19.07% of the alcohols. 【Conclusion】 The optimal main fermentation parameters of mulberry fruit wine were obtained: the addition of yeast was 0.22 g/kg, the fermentation temperature was 21-23 ℃, and the addition of sulfur dioxide was 80 mg / kg.

Key words: response surface design; mulberry wine; technology; aroma; quality

中图分类号:

S663.9
S38

杨璐, 范少丽, 李宏, 程平, 张志刚. 基于响应面法优化桑葚果酒主发酵工艺及其品质评价[J]. 新疆农业科学, 2022, 59(3): 634-644.

YANG Lu, FAN Shaoli, LI Hong, CHENG Ping, ZHANG Zhigang. Optimization of Chief Fermentation Process and Quality Evaluation of Mulberry Wine Based on Response Surface Method[J]. Xinjiang Agricultural Sciences, 2022, 59(3): 634-644.

图/表 11

表1 Box-Behnken 设计实验因素水平表及编码

Table 1 factors of box-behnken scheme design and horizontal coding

水平编码 Horizontal coding	A	B	C
水平编码 Horizontal coding	发酵温度 Fermentation temperature (℃)	酵母浓度 Yeast concentration (g/kg)	SO₂添加量 SO₂ addition (mg/kg)
-1	16~18	0.1	30
0	20~22	0.2	50
1	24~26	0.3	80

表2 色谱条件:升温程序

Table 2 Chromatographic conditions: heating procedure

升温速率 Heating rate (℃/min)	温度 Temperature (℃)	保持时间 Holding time (min)
/	50	2
5	120	2
6	250	10

图1 不同酵母品种下桑葚果酒酒精度、pH、还原糖、残糖量、可滴定酸变化注:不同小写字母表示具有显著性差异(P<0.05),下同

Fig.1 Effect of yeast varieties on the alcohol content, pH value, reducing sugar, residual sugar content, total acid of mulberry wine Note: There are significant differences in the expression of different lowercase letters (P < 0.05), the same as below

图2 不同酵母浓度下桑葚果酒酒精度、pH、还原糖、残糖量、可滴定酸变化

Fig.2 Effect of yeast concentration on the alcohol content, pH value, reducing sugar, residual sugar content, total acid, of mulberry wine

图3 不同发酵温度下桑葚果酒酒精度、pH、还原糖、残糖量、可滴定酸变化

Fig.3 Effect of fermentation temperature on the alcohol content, pH value, reducing sugar, residual sugar content, total acid of mulberry wine

表3 响应面试验设计及结果

Table 3 Design and results of response interview experiments

序号 No.	A酵母浓度 Yeast concentration (g/kg)	B发酵温度 Fermentation temperature(℃)	CSO₂添加量 SO₂ dosage (mg/kg)	酒精度 Alcohol content (%vol)
1	-1	0	-1	10.2
2	1	0	1	10.9
3	1	-1	0	9.8
4	-1	1	0	10.6
5	0	0	0	11.2
6	0	-1	1	10.3
7	0	0	0	11.4
8	0	1	1	11.1
9	1	0	-1	10.7
10	-1	-1	0	9.6
11	0	1	-1	11.5
12	-1	0	1	11.5
13	0	0	0	11.2
14	0	0	0	11.3
15	1	1	0	11.0
16	0	-1	-1	9.8
17	0	0	0	11.3

表4 实验结果回归模型方差

Table 4 Experimental results regression model variance analysis

方差来源	平方和	自由度	均方	F值	P值	显著性
模型 Model	6.05	9	0.67	13.62	0.001 2	$* *$
A-酵母浓度Yeast concentration	0.031	1	0.031	0.63	0.452 3
B-发酵温度Fermentation temperature	2.76	1	2.76	55.94	0.000 1	$* *$
C-SO₂添加量Content of SO₂	0.32	1	0.32	6.48	0.038 3	^*
AB	1.00E-02	1	1.00E-02	0.2	0.666 2
AC	0.3	1	0.3	6.13	0.042 5	^*
BC	0.2	1	0.2	4.1	0.082 5
A^2	0.82	1	0.82	16.52	0.004 8	$* *$
B^2	1.47	1	1.47	29.7	0.001	$* *$
C^2	9.47E-04	1	9.47E-04	0.019	0.893 7
残差 Residual	0.35	7	0.049
失拟项 Lack of Fit	0.32	3	0.11	15.12	0.012	^*
纯误差Pure Error	0.028	4	7.00E-03
总和Cor Total	6.4	16

表4 实验结果回归模型方差

Table 4 Experimental results regression model variance analysis

方差来源	平方和	自由度	均方	F值	P值	显著性
模型 Model	6.05	9	0.67	13.62	0.001 2	$* *$
A-酵母浓度Yeast concentration	0.031	1	0.031	0.63	0.452 3
B-发酵温度Fermentation temperature	2.76	1	2.76	55.94	0.000 1	$* *$
C-SO₂添加量Content of SO₂	0.32	1	0.32	6.48	0.038 3	^*
AB	1.00E-02	1	1.00E-02	0.2	0.666 2
AC	0.3	1	0.3	6.13	0.042 5	^*
BC	0.2	1	0.2	4.1	0.082 5
A^2	0.82	1	0.82	16.52	0.004 8	$* *$
B^2	1.47	1	1.47	29.7	0.001	$* *$
C^2	9.47E-04	1	9.47E-04	0.019	0.893 7
残差 Residual	0.35	7	0.049
失拟项 Lack of Fit	0.32	3	0.11	15.12	0.012	^*
纯误差Pure Error	0.028	4	7.00E-03
总和Cor Total	6.4	16

图4 因素之间交互作用3D响应曲面

Fig.4 3D response surface of interaction between factors

表5 各处理酒样中挥发性香气化合物的 GC-MS 分析

Table 5 GC-MS analysis of volatile aroma compounds

序号 No.	香气化合物 Aroma compounds	保留时间 Retention time (min)	含量 Content (%)	气味描述 Odor description
A	酯类
1	己酸乙酯	9.311	8.483	果香、草莓香^[17]
2	琥珀酸氢乙酯	14.350	0.477	/
3	丁二酸二乙酯	14.678	4.786	/
4	辛酸乙酯	15.185	9.659	果香、奶油味^[18]
5	甘油1,2-二乙酸酯	16.436	0.343	/
6	苯乙酸乙酯	16.488	0.304	蜂蜜香^[17]
7	乙酸苯乙酯	16.835	0.459	玫瑰、茉莉花香^[17]
8	壬酸乙酯	17.963	0.602	酒心巧克力香味^18]
9	苯丙酸乙酯	19.417	8.291	草莓香、奶酪味^[18]
10	癸酸乙酯	20.657	20.163	奶油味、果香^[19]
12	月桂酸乙酯	25.560	16.716	甜香、蜂蜡香^[18]
13	苯甲酸乙基己酯	28.139	0.224	/
14	肉豆蔻酸乙酯	29.970	4.423	椰子、蜂蜡香^[17]
15	棕榈酸乙酯	34.001	2.705	水果味、奶油味^[17]
序号 No.	香气化合物 Aroma compounds	保留时间 Retention time (min)	含量 Content (%)	气味描述 Odor description
16	亚油酸乙酯	37.084	0.226	/
B	醇类
17	乙醇	1.133	17.972	/
18	苯乙醇	12.717	1.094	玫瑰花香、甜香^[20]
C	酸类
19	己酸	8.823	0.777	乳酪、甜香^[18]
20	辛酸	14.457	0.603	脂肪味、奶油味^[18]
F	其他
21	2,3-二氢-3,5-二羟基-6-甲基-4H-吡喃-4-酮	13.574	0.574	/
22	丁香酚	19.502	0.433	丁香香气^[21]
23	二氢大马酮	20.234	0.354	/
24	4-羟基-4-甲基-4H-萘-1-酮	20.391	0.331	/

表6 桑葚果酒理化指标

Table 6 Results of physical and chemical indexes of mulberry wine

项目 Project		测定结果 Determination results
pH		4.11±0.02
色差 Chromatic aberration	L值	22.3±0.6
	a值	3.3±2.1
	b值	-6.3±1.5
可溶性固形物 Soluble solids (%)		12.27±0.06
总糖 Total sugar (g/L)		20.22±0.77
可滴定酸 Total acid (g/L)		13.26±0.03
酒精度 Alcohol content (%vol)		11.3±0.29
总酚 Total phenols (g GAE/L)		17.29±0.22
总黄酮 Total flavonoids (g/L)		2.66±0.06
花色苷 Anthocyanins (g/L)		0.34±0.04

图5 感官分析雷达图

Fig.5 Radar map of sensory analysis

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