新疆农业科学 ›› 2022, Vol. 59 ›› Issue (3): 625-633.DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2022.03.012
廉苇佳(), 陈雅, 韩琛, 李海峰, 刘志刚, 徐桂香, 雷静(), 吴久赟()
收稿日期:
2021-03-11
出版日期:
2022-03-20
发布日期:
2022-03-28
通信作者:
雷静,吴久赟
作者简介:
廉苇佳(1991-),女,甘肃会宁人,助理研究员,硕士,研究方向为农产品加工与安全,(E-mail) 1634321773@qq.com
基金资助:
LIAN Weijia(), CHEN Ya, HAN Chen, LI Haifeng, LIU Zhigang, XU Guixiang, LEI Jing(), WU Jiuyun()
Received:
2021-03-11
Online:
2022-03-20
Published:
2022-03-28
Correspondence author:
LEI Jing, WU Jiuyun
Supported by:
摘要:
【目的】研究运用响应面法优化热泵干燥绿色葡萄干防褐变工艺。【方法】采用干燥效率高、产品品质好的热泵干燥技术,在单因素实验基础上,选择干燥温度、干燥相对湿度和排潮时间为影响因子,褐变指数BI值为指标,通过响应曲面法设计和分析,得到二次多项式回归方程预测模型,确定清洗后绿色葡萄干热泵干燥的最佳条件。【结果】绿色葡萄干BI值的数学模型为BI=25.70-1.18A+0.26B-0.081C+0.99AB-0.032AC-0.50BC+3.13A2+0.85B2+0.47C2,热泵干燥清洗后绿色葡萄干的最佳条件为干燥温度51.19℃,相对湿度6.68%,排潮时间2.93 min,受热泵干燥设备参数限制,选取干燥温度51℃、相对湿度7%和排潮时间3 min验证实验,葡萄干的褐变指数BI值仅为25.55,较传统热风干燥降低23.23%。【结论】绿色葡萄干清洗后的干燥极其重要,对绿色葡萄干色泽的保持有重要影响。热泵干燥技术不仅能够快速除去葡萄干表面水分、减少褐变,而且能够较好的保持葡萄干碧绿色泽及风味营养。
中图分类号:
廉苇佳, 陈雅, 韩琛, 李海峰, 刘志刚, 徐桂香, 雷静, 吴久赟. 响应面法优化热泵干燥绿色葡萄干防褐变工艺[J]. 新疆农业科学, 2022, 59(3): 625-633.
LIAN Weijia, CHEN Ya, HAN Chen, LI Haifeng, LIU Zhigang, XU Guixiang, LEI Jing, WU Jiuyun. Study on Optimization of Anti-browning Technology of Heat Pump Drying Seedless Green Raisins by Response Surface Methodology[J]. Xinjiang Agricultural Sciences, 2022, 59(3): 625-633.
水平 Levels | 因素 Factors | ||
---|---|---|---|
A干燥温度 A Drying temperature (℃) | B相对湿度 B relative humidity (%) | C排潮时间 C Tide drainage time (min) | |
+1 | 55 | 8 | 4 |
0 | 50 | 7 | 3 |
-1 | 45 | 6 | 2 |
表1 响应曲面设计实验因素水平和编码
Table 1 Response surface factors and levels
水平 Levels | 因素 Factors | ||
---|---|---|---|
A干燥温度 A Drying temperature (℃) | B相对湿度 B relative humidity (%) | C排潮时间 C Tide drainage time (min) | |
+1 | 55 | 8 | 4 |
0 | 50 | 7 | 3 |
-1 | 45 | 6 | 2 |
干燥温度 Drying temperature (℃) | L* | a* | b* | △E* | BI |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
35 | 20.89 ± 0.33a | -8.81 ± 0.48a | 11.04 ± 0.29a | 25.22 ± 0.06a | 32.44 ± 0.93a |
40 | 20.86 ± 0.42a | -10.15 ± 0.12b | 11.61 ± 0.32a | 25.95 ± 0.48a | 30.65 ±1.98ab |
45 | 20.41 ± 0.62a | -10.24 ± 0.18b | 11.18 ± 0.48a | 25.43 ± 0.69a | 27.48 ± 3.13bc |
50 | 21.22 ± 1.04a | -10.50 ± 0.23b | 11.29 ± 0.47a | 26.23 ± 1.09a | 25.46± 1.35c |
55 | 20.70 ± 0.40 a | -9.87 ± 0.21b | 11.49 ± 0.19a | 25.65 ± 0.36a | 31.48 ± 1.23ab |
表2 不同干燥温度下葡萄干色泽变化
Table 2 Effect of different drying temperature on raisin color
干燥温度 Drying temperature (℃) | L* | a* | b* | △E* | BI |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
35 | 20.89 ± 0.33a | -8.81 ± 0.48a | 11.04 ± 0.29a | 25.22 ± 0.06a | 32.44 ± 0.93a |
40 | 20.86 ± 0.42a | -10.15 ± 0.12b | 11.61 ± 0.32a | 25.95 ± 0.48a | 30.65 ±1.98ab |
45 | 20.41 ± 0.62a | -10.24 ± 0.18b | 11.18 ± 0.48a | 25.43 ± 0.69a | 27.48 ± 3.13bc |
50 | 21.22 ± 1.04a | -10.50 ± 0.23b | 11.29 ± 0.47a | 26.23 ± 1.09a | 25.46± 1.35c |
55 | 20.70 ± 0.40 a | -9.87 ± 0.21b | 11.49 ± 0.19a | 25.65 ± 0.36a | 31.48 ± 1.23ab |
相对湿度 Relative humidity(%) | L* | a* | b* | △E* | BI |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
5 | 20.41 ± 0.62a | -10.24± 0.18b | 11.18 ± 0.48a | 25.43 ± 0.69a | 27.48± 3.13b |
6 | 20.10± 0.41a | -9.84± 0.16b | 10.90 ± 0.29a | 24.89 ±0.50a | 27.85 ± 1.58b |
7 | 19.54 ± 0.31a | -9.96 ± 0.03b | 10.48± 0.16a | 24.31 ± 0.31a | 24.60 ± 0.98b |
8 | 20.17 ± 0.65a | -8.58 ± 0.30a | 10.68 ± 0.52a | 25.08± 0.47a | 32.23 ± 1.43a |
9 | 20.77 ± 0.47a | -8.71 ± 0.18a | 11.02 ± 0.23a | 24.82 ± 0.67a | 33.00 ± 0.78a |
表3 不同相对湿度下葡萄干色泽变化
Table 3 Effect of different relative humidity on raisin color
相对湿度 Relative humidity(%) | L* | a* | b* | △E* | BI |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
5 | 20.41 ± 0.62a | -10.24± 0.18b | 11.18 ± 0.48a | 25.43 ± 0.69a | 27.48± 3.13b |
6 | 20.10± 0.41a | -9.84± 0.16b | 10.90 ± 0.29a | 24.89 ±0.50a | 27.85 ± 1.58b |
7 | 19.54 ± 0.31a | -9.96 ± 0.03b | 10.48± 0.16a | 24.31 ± 0.31a | 24.60 ± 0.98b |
8 | 20.17 ± 0.65a | -8.58 ± 0.30a | 10.68 ± 0.52a | 25.08± 0.47a | 32.23 ± 1.43a |
9 | 20.77 ± 0.47a | -8.71 ± 0.18a | 11.02 ± 0.23a | 24.82 ± 0.67a | 33.00 ± 0.78a |
排潮时间 Tide discharge time (min) | L* | a* | b* | △E* | BI |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 21.19 ± 0.99a | -10.19 ± 0.15a | 11.73 ± 0.35a | 26.28 ± 0.93a | 30.74 ± 1.91a |
2 | 20.70 ± 0.31a | -10.13± 0.29a | 11.43 ± 0.18 ab | 25.73 ± 0.29a | 29.65 ± 2.17 a |
3 | 19.39 ± 0.31b | -10.25 ± 0.47a | 10.82 ± 0.18c | 24.46 ± 0.51b | 26.47 ± 1.77 a |
4 | 20.18 ± 0.20ab | -10.31 ± 0.23a | 11.07 ± 0.14bc | 25.22± 0.31 ab | 26.73 ± 0.55 a |
5 | 21.07 ± 0.26a | -10.20 ± 0.40a | 11.47 ± 0.18ab | 26.07 ± 0.39a | 28.76 ± 1.56 a |
表4 不同排潮时间下葡萄干色泽变化
Table 4 Effect of tide time on raisin color
排潮时间 Tide discharge time (min) | L* | a* | b* | △E* | BI |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 21.19 ± 0.99a | -10.19 ± 0.15a | 11.73 ± 0.35a | 26.28 ± 0.93a | 30.74 ± 1.91a |
2 | 20.70 ± 0.31a | -10.13± 0.29a | 11.43 ± 0.18 ab | 25.73 ± 0.29a | 29.65 ± 2.17 a |
3 | 19.39 ± 0.31b | -10.25 ± 0.47a | 10.82 ± 0.18c | 24.46 ± 0.51b | 26.47 ± 1.77 a |
4 | 20.18 ± 0.20ab | -10.31 ± 0.23a | 11.07 ± 0.14bc | 25.22± 0.31 ab | 26.73 ± 0.55 a |
5 | 21.07 ± 0.26a | -10.20 ± 0.40a | 11.47 ± 0.18ab | 26.07 ± 0.39a | 28.76 ± 1.56 a |
实验号 Experiment number | 因素 Factors | 褐变指 数BI值 Browning index BI value | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
A 干燥温度 A Drying temperature (℃) | B相对湿度 B relative humidity (%) | C排潮时间 C Tide drainage time (min) | ||
1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 26.65 |
2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 25.70 |
3 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 29.65 |
4 | -1 | 1 | 0 | 30.23 |
5 | 1 | -1 | 0 | 27.13 |
6 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 25.58 |
7 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 25.62 |
8 | 0 | 1 | -1 | 27.91 |
9 | 1 | 0 | -1 | 28.29 |
10 | 0 | -1 | 1 | 27.13 |
11 | 0 | -1 | -1 | 26.39 |
12 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 28.16 |
13 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 25.88 |
14 | -1 | 0 | -1 | 30.38 |
15 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 25.72 |
16 | -1 | -1 | 0 | 31.69 |
17 | -1 | 0 | 1 | 30.38 |
表5 响应面试验设计及BI值
Table 5 Response surface experiment design and BI value
实验号 Experiment number | 因素 Factors | 褐变指 数BI值 Browning index BI value | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
A 干燥温度 A Drying temperature (℃) | B相对湿度 B relative humidity (%) | C排潮时间 C Tide drainage time (min) | ||
1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 26.65 |
2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 25.70 |
3 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 29.65 |
4 | -1 | 1 | 0 | 30.23 |
5 | 1 | -1 | 0 | 27.13 |
6 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 25.58 |
7 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 25.62 |
8 | 0 | 1 | -1 | 27.91 |
9 | 1 | 0 | -1 | 28.29 |
10 | 0 | -1 | 1 | 27.13 |
11 | 0 | -1 | -1 | 26.39 |
12 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 28.16 |
13 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 25.88 |
14 | -1 | 0 | -1 | 30.38 |
15 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 25.72 |
16 | -1 | -1 | 0 | 31.69 |
17 | -1 | 0 | 1 | 30.38 |
变异源 Source of variation | 平方和 Sum of square | 自由度 Degrees of freedom | 均方 Mean square | F值 F value | P值 P value | 显著性 Distinctiveness | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
模型 model | 64.31 | 9 | 7.15 | 315.01 | ﹤0.000 1 | | |||
A干燥温度 A Drying temperature | 11.16 | 1 | 11.16 | 492.14 | ﹤0.000 1 | | |||
B 相对湿度 B relative humidity | 0.55 | 1 | 0.55 | 24.30 | 0.001 7 | | |||
C 排潮时间 C Tide drainage time | 0.053 | 1 | 0.053 | 2.33 | 0.170 9 | ||||
AB | 3.96 | 1 | 3.96 | 174.59 | ﹤0.000 1 | | |||
AC | 4.225E-003 | 1 | 4.225E-003 | 0.19 | 0.679 0 | ||||
BC | 1.00 | 1 | 1.00 | 44.09 | 0.000 3 | | |||
A2 | 41.22 | 1 | 41.22 | 1817.16 | ﹤0.000 1 | | |||
B2 | 3.02 | 1 | 3.02 | 132.94 | ﹤0.000 1 | | |||
C2 | 0.95 | 1 | 0.95 | 41.66 | 0.000 3 | | |||
残差 Residual | 0.16 | 7 | 0.023 | ||||||
失拟项 Mismatch | 0.11 | 3 | 0.035 | 2.62 | 0.187 9 | ||||
纯误差 Pure error | 0.054 | 4 | 0.013 | ||||||
总和 sum | 64.47 | 16 | |||||||
R2=0.997 5 | | C.V.%=0.54 |
表6 回归模型及方差
Table 6 Regression model and analysis of variance
变异源 Source of variation | 平方和 Sum of square | 自由度 Degrees of freedom | 均方 Mean square | F值 F value | P值 P value | 显著性 Distinctiveness | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
模型 model | 64.31 | 9 | 7.15 | 315.01 | ﹤0.000 1 | | |||
A干燥温度 A Drying temperature | 11.16 | 1 | 11.16 | 492.14 | ﹤0.000 1 | | |||
B 相对湿度 B relative humidity | 0.55 | 1 | 0.55 | 24.30 | 0.001 7 | | |||
C 排潮时间 C Tide drainage time | 0.053 | 1 | 0.053 | 2.33 | 0.170 9 | ||||
AB | 3.96 | 1 | 3.96 | 174.59 | ﹤0.000 1 | | |||
AC | 4.225E-003 | 1 | 4.225E-003 | 0.19 | 0.679 0 | ||||
BC | 1.00 | 1 | 1.00 | 44.09 | 0.000 3 | | |||
A2 | 41.22 | 1 | 41.22 | 1817.16 | ﹤0.000 1 | | |||
B2 | 3.02 | 1 | 3.02 | 132.94 | ﹤0.000 1 | | |||
C2 | 0.95 | 1 | 0.95 | 41.66 | 0.000 3 | | |||
残差 Residual | 0.16 | 7 | 0.023 | ||||||
失拟项 Mismatch | 0.11 | 3 | 0.035 | 2.62 | 0.187 9 | ||||
纯误差 Pure error | 0.054 | 4 | 0.013 | ||||||
总和 sum | 64.47 | 16 | |||||||
R2=0.997 5 | | C.V.%=0.54 |
图1 干燥温度和相对湿度对BI值的影响响应面图(a)和等高线图(b)
Fig.1 Response surface figure (a) and contour map (b) of effect between drying temperature and relative humidity on BI value
图2 干燥温度和排潮时间对BI值的影响响应面图(a)和等高线图(b)
Fig.2 Response surface figure (a) and contour map (b) of effect between drying temperature and discharge tide time on BI value
图3 相对湿度和排潮时间对BI值的影响响应面图(a)和等高线图(b)
Fig.3 Response surface figure (a) and contour map (b) of effect between relative humidity and discharge tide time on BI value
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