减量施氮对滴灌春小麦群体结构和产量的影响

doi:10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2018.04.003

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 【目的】研究减氮栽培模式下,滴灌春小麦群体源库特征及产量形成的动态及规律,分析与产量目标相结合的高产稳产滴灌春小麦群体结构调控指标,寻求滴灌小麦最佳施氮量。【方法】供试品种为新春31号(高秆)和新春6号(矮秆),5个减氮梯度为300(N1)、275(N2)、250(N3)和225 kg/hm²(N4)和不施氮肥(N5)。【结果】在不同施氮量处理下,新春31号与新春6号分别在275 kg/hm²(N2)和250 kg/hm²(N3)群体质量表现为最优,茎蘖成穗率分别达到了79.19% 和75.91%,孕穗期LAI也达到7.7和6.8,粒数叶比与粒重叶比也分别达到了4 215.8粒/m²、199 g/m²和4 233.2粒/m²、203.9 g/m²,花后干物质累积对产量的贡献率分别达到75.04%和75.52%。新春31号以N2的产量最高,比其他处理提高了3.5%~37.7%;新春6号以N3的产量最高,比其他处理增产了2.5%~33.5%;对产量构成进行通径分析,新春31号和新春6号分别以千粒重和穗粒数对产量的综合作用最大系数为0.755 9和0.525 2;对施氮量和产量进行拟合,当两品种施氮量分别达到286和258 kg/hm²时产量达最高。【结论】在新疆麦区高产大量投入氮肥300 kg/hm²(N1)的基础上,降低施氮量,研究结果表明,减量施氮处理新春31号275 kg/hm²(N2)与新春6号250 kg/hm²(N3)明显改善了小麦群体结构。因此表明恰当的减量施氮,可以优化群体结构获得高产,但对于不同品种类型,应当选择适宜当地栽培条件的施氮量。

关键词: 春小麦; 减量施氮; 群体结构; 产量; 滴灌

Abstract: 【Objective】 The purpose of this project is to study the dynamics and rules of source sink characteristics and yield formation of spring wheat in drip irrigation under nitrogen-fixing cultivation and to propose a stable and high-yielding population structure control index in order to seek the best nitrogen application rate.【Method】Five nitrogen fertilizers gradients were set up in this experiment: Xinchun 31 (high pole) and Xinchun 6 (short pole), 300 kg/hm² (N1) and 275 kg/hm², 250 kg/hm² (N3), 225 kg/hm² (N4) and no nitrogen fertilizer (N5).【Result】The results showed that the quality of 275 kg/hm² (N2) and 250 kg/hm² (N3) populations was the best under the treatments of N application and Xinchun 6, The rate of LAI at the booting stage reached 7.7 and 6.8, respectively, and the ratio of grain number to leaf and grain weight to leaf also reached 4,215.8 seeds/m², 199 g/m² and 4,233.2 seeds/m², 203.9 g/m². The contribution rate of post-anthesis dry matter accumulation to yield also reached 75.04% and 75.52% respectively. The highest yield of N2 was obtained in New Year 31, which was 3.5%-37.7% higher than that of other treatments. The highest yield of N3 was obtained in Xinchun 6, which increased by 2.5%-33.5% compared with other treatments. Through the path analysis of yield components, the combination of 1,000-grain weight and grain number per spike had the greatest effect on the yield of Xinchun 31 and Xinchun 6, respectively, with coefficients of 0.755,9 and 0.525,2. After the nitrogen application rate and the yield were fitted, it was found that the yield reached the highest when the nitrogen application rates reached 286 and 258 kg/hm².【Conclusion】In this experiment, nitrogen fertilizer was reduced by 300 kg/hm² (N1) in high-yield nitrogen crops in wheat fields in Xinjiang. The results showed that the amount of nitrogen fertilizer applied in the treatment of Xinchun 31 was 275 kg/hm²(N2). Xinchun 6 was 250 kg/hm²(N3) significantly improved the wheat population structure. Therefore, it can be shown that appropriate reduction of nitrogen can optimize population structure to achieve high yield, but for different types of varieties, nitrogen application rates suitable for local cultivation conditions should be selected.

Key words: spring wheat; reduction of nitrogen application; population structure; yield; drip irrigation

中图分类号:

祁静玉,蒋桂英,李彦旬. 减量施氮对滴灌春小麦群体结构和产量的影响[J]. 新疆农业科学, 2018, 55(4): 609-617.

参考文献

[1] 侯翠翠,冯伟,李世莹,等.不同水氮处理对小麦耗水特性及产量的影响[J].麦类作物学报,2013,33(4):699-704.
   HOU Cui-cui, FENG Wei, LI Shi-ying, et al. (2013). Effects of Different Irrigation and Nitrogen Treatments on Water Consumption Characteristics and Grain Yield in Wheat [J]. Journal of Triticeae Crops , 33(4):699-704. (in Chinese)
[2] Chen, X., Cui, Z., Fan, M., Vitousek, P., Zhao, M., & Ma, W., et al. (2014). Producing more grain with lower environmental costs. Nature ,514(7523): 486-489.
[3] Heffer P. (2013). Assessment of fertilizer use by crop at the global level [R].2010-2010/11.International Fertilizer Industry Association, Paris, France: 1-9.
[4] Hawkesford, M. J. (2014). Reducing the reliance on nitrogen fertilizer for wheat production. Journal of Cereal Science , 59(3): 276.
[5]王敬国,林杉,李保国.氮循环与中国农业氮管理[J].中国农业科学,2016,(3):503-517.
   WANG Jing-guo, LIN Shan, LI Bao-guo. (2013). Nitrogen cycling and agricultural nitrogen management in China [J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica , (3):503-517. (in Chinese)
[6]刘其,刁明,王江丽,等.施氮对滴灌春小麦干物质、氮素积累和产量的影响[J].麦类作物学报,2013,33(4):722-726.
   LIU Qi, DIAO Ming, WANG Jiang-li, et al. (2013). .Effects of Nitrogen Application on Dry Matter and Nitrogen Accumulation and Yield of Spring Wheat in Drip Irrigation [J]. Acta Metallurgica Sinica ,33(4): 722-726. (in Chinese)
[7]窦晓静,张彦红,耿庆龙, 等.施氮量对春小麦生长及土壤养分积累的影响[J].新疆农业科学,2017,54(7):1-8.
   DOU Xiao-jing, ZHANG Yan-hong, GENG Qing-long, et al. (2017). Effects of nitrogen rates on spring wheat growth and soil nutrient accumulation [J]. Xinjiang Agricultural Sciences , 54(7):1-8. (in Chinese)
[8]张伟,李鲁华,吕新.不同施氮量对滴灌春小麦根系时空分布、氮素利用率及产量的影响[J].西北农业学报,2016,25(2):195-202.
   ZHANG Wei, LI Lu-hua, L Xin. (2016). Effects of different nitrogen application rates on spatiotemporal distribution, nitrogen utilization rate and yield of spring wheat under drip irrigation [J]. Northwest Agricultural Journal , 25(2):195-202. (in Chinese)
[9]段丽娜,章建新,薛丽华,等.施氮量对新疆滴灌冬小麦根系生长及产量的影响[J].麦类作物学报, 2016,36(6):773-778.
   DUAN Li-na, ZHANG Jian-xin, XUE Li-hua, et al. (2016).Effects of Nitrogen Application Rate on Root Growth and Yield of Winter Wheat in Drip Irrigation in Xinjiang [J]. Journal of Wheat Crops , 36(6):773-778. (in Chinese)
[10]串丽敏,何萍,赵同科,等.中国小麦季氮素养分循环与平衡特征[J].应用生态学报,2015,26(1):76-86.
   CHUAN Li-min, HE Ping, ZHAO Tong-ke, et al. (2015). Nitrogen cycling and balance for wheat in China [J]. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology , 26(1):76-86. (in Chinese)
[11]车升国,袁亮, 李燕婷,等.我国主要麦区小麦氮素吸收及其产量效应[J]. 植物营养与肥料学报,2016,22(2):287-295.
   CHE Sheng-guo, YUAN Liang, LI Yan-ting, et al. (2016). Chinese Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer [J]. Acta Agronomica Sinica , 22(2): 287-295. (in Chinese)
[12]李强,王朝辉,戴健,等.氮肥调控与地表覆盖对旱地冬小麦氮素吸收及残留淋失的影响[J].中国农业科学,2013,46(7):1 380-1 389.
   LI Qiang, WANG Chao-hui, DAI Jian, et al. (2013). Effects of nitrogen regulation and surface mulching on nitrogen absorption and residual leaching of winter wheat in dryland [J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica , 46(7):1,380-1,389. (in Chinese)
[13]张磊,邵宇航,谷世禄,等.减量施氮下基肥后移对南方冬小麦产量和氮素利用效率的影响[J].应用生态学报,2016,27(12):3 953-3 960.
   ZHANG Lei, SHAO Yu-hang, GU Shi-lu, et al. (2016). Effects of reduced basal fertilizer on yield and nitrogen use efficiency of winter wheat in southern China [J]. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology , 27(12): 3,953-3,960. (in Chinese)
[14]张珂珂,周苏玫,张嫚,等.减氮补水对小麦高产群体光合性能及产量的影响[J].应用生态学报,2016,27(3):863-872.
   ZHANG Ke-ke, ZHOU Su-mei, ZHANG Man, et al. (2016). Effects of nitrogen supplementation on photosynthetic performance and yield of wheat in high yield [J]. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology , 27(3):863-872. (in Chinese)
[15]张娜,徐文修,李兰海,等.施氮量对滴灌冬小麦冠层垂直结构特征、粒叶比及经济效益的影响[J].应用生报,2016,27(8):2 491-2 498.
   ZHANG Na, XU Wen-xiu, LI Lan-hai, et al. (2016). Effects of Nitrogen Application Rate on Canopy Vertical Structure,Grain Leaf Ratio and Economic Benefit of Winter Wheat in Drip Irrigation [J]. Application Journal , 27(8):2,491-2,498. (in Chinese)
[16]张学顺,朱云,张妮,等.不同施氮量对滴灌春小麦生长及氮素吸收规律研究[J].新疆农业科学,2014,51(11):1 976-1 983.
   ZHANG Xue-shun, ZHU Yun, ZHANG Ni, et al. (2014). Study on Growth and Nitrogen Uptake of Spring Wheat under Different Nitrogen Application Conditions [J]. Xinjiang Agricultural Sciences , 51(11):1,976-1,983. (in Chinese)
[17]史力超,朱云, 翟勇, 等.施氮对滴灌春小麦干物质积累、转运及产量的影响[J].麦类作物学报,2015,35(6):844-849.
   SHI Li-chao, ZHU Yun, ZHAI Yong, et al. (2015). Effects of Nitrogen Application on Dry Matter Accumulation, Translocation and Yield of Spring Wheat in Drip Irrigation [J]. Acta Metallurgica Sinica , 35(6):844-849. (in Chinese)
[18]张娜,仵妮平,徐文修,等.不同施氮水平对滴灌冬小麦干物质生产及产量的影响[J].中国农学通报,2015,31(33):21-26.
   ZHANG Na, XU Ni-ping, XU Wen-xiu, et al. (2015). Effects of different nitrogen application rates on dry matter production and yield of drip irrigation in winter wheat [J]. Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin ,31(33):21-26. (in Chinese)
[19]程裕伟,马富裕,冯冶磊,等.滴灌条件下春小麦耗水规律研究[J].干旱地区农业研究,2012,30(2):112-117.
   CHENG Yu-wei, MA Fu-yu, FENG Ye-lai, et al. (2012). Study on water consumption of spring wheat under drip irrigation [J]. Agrarian Regional Agriculture Research ,30(2):112-117. (in Chinese)
[20]李朝苏,汤永禄,吴春,等.播种方式对稻茬小麦生长发育及产量建成的影响[J].农业工程学报,2012,(18):36-43.
   LI Zhao-su, TANG Yong-lu, WU Chun, et al. (2012). Sowing methods on rice stubble wheat growth and yield was[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering , (18):36-43. (in Chinese)
[21]叶优良,王桂良,朱云集,等.施氮对高产小麦群体动态、产量和土壤氮素变化的影响[J].应用生态学报,2010,21(2):351-358.
   YE You-liang, WANG Gui-liang, ZHU Yun-ji, et al. (2010). Effects of nitrogen application on population dynamics,yield and soil nitrogen in high-yielding wheat[J]. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology ,21(2):351-358 . (in Chinese)
[22]安霞,张海军,蒋方山,等.氮肥用量对不同品种小麦群体动态及产量的影响[J].中国种业,2015,(12):65-67.
   AN Xia, ZHANG Hai-jun, JIANG Fang-shan,et al. (2015). Cui Liyan.Effects of nitrogen rates on population dynamics and yield of different wheat cultivars [J]. Chinese Seed Industry , (12):65-67. (in Chinese)
[23]陈静,王迎春,李虎,等.滴灌施肥对免耕冬小麦水分利用及产量的影响[J]. 中国农业科学,2014,(10):1 966-1 975.
   CHEN Jing, WANG Ying-chun, LI Hu, et al. (2014). Drip irrigation and fertilization effect on water use and yield of winter wheat no tillage [J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica , (10):1,966-1,975. (in Chinese)
[24]卢百关,杜永,李筠,等.黄淮地区稻茬小麦超高产群体特征研究[J].中国生态农业学报,2015,(1):43-51.
   LU Bai-guan, DU Yong, LI Yun, et al. (2015). The rice stubble wheat in Huanghuai area of super high yield characteristics of [J]. Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture , (1):43-51. (in Chinese)
[25]梁靖越,张敬昇, 王昌全,等.控释尿素对小麦籽粒产量和氮素利用率的影响[J].核农学报,2018,(1):157-164.
   LIANG Jing-yue, ZHANG Jing-sheng, WANG Chang-quan, et al. (2018). Effect of controlled release urea on grain yield and nitrogen utilization of wheat [J]. Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences , (1):157-164. (in Chinese)
[26]房琴,王红光, 马伯威,等.密度和施氮量对超高产冬小麦群体质量和产量形成的影响[J].麦类作物学报,2015,35(3):364-371.
   FANG Qin, WANG Hong-guang, MA Bai-wei, et al. (2015). Effects of nitrogen application rate and density on population quality and yield formation of super-high-yielding winter wheat [J]. Chinese Journal of Wheat Crops , 35(3):364-371. (in Chinese)
[27]吴中伟,樊高琼,王秀芳,等.氮肥运筹对四川丘陵区机播套作小麦群体质量及产量的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2012,(1):18-26.
   WU Zhong-wei, FAN Gao-qiong,WANG Xiu-fang et al. (2012).Effects of Nitrogen Application on population quality and yield of inter cropping wheat sowing in the hilly area of Sichuan [J]. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer , (1):18-26. (in Chinese)
[28] WU Wen-ge, ZHANG Hong-cheng, QIAN ZHAI, et al. (2008). Analysis on dry matter production characteristics of super hybrid rice. Rice Science , 15(2):110-118.
[29]李友军,付国占,刘丰明,等.拔节期重施氮肥对小麦群体质量和产量的影响[J].麦类作物学报,1997,(5):43-47.
   LI You-jun, FU Guo-zhan, LIU Feng-ming, et al. (1997). Effects of nitrogen fertilization at jointing stage on population quality and yield of wheat [J]. Journal of Wheat Crops ,(5):43-47. (in Chinese)
[30]孟维伟,于振文.施氮量对济麦20籽粒产量、蛋白质含量及氮肥利用率的影响[J].山东农业科学,2007,(1):75-76.
   MENG Wei-wei,YU Zhen-wen. (2007). Effects of nitrogen rates on grain yield, protein content and nitrogen use efficiency of Jimai 20 [J]. Shandong Agricultural Sciences , (1): 75-76. (in Chinese)
[31]同延安,赵营,赵护兵,等.施氮量对冬小麦氮素吸收、转运及产量的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2007,(1):64-69.
   TONG Yan-an, ZHAO Ying, ZHAO Hu-bing, et al. (2097). Effects of nitrogen rates on nitrogen absorption, transport and yield of winter wheat [J]. Chinese Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizers , (1):64-69. (in Chinese)
[32]易琼,张秀芝,何萍,等.氮肥减施对稻-麦轮作体系作物氮素吸收、利用和土壤氮素平衡的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2010,16(5):1 069-1 077.
   YI Qiong, ZHANG Xiu-zhi, HE Ping, et al. (2010). Effects of nitrogen application on crop nitrogen uptake and utilization and soil nitrogen balance in rice-wheat cropping system [J]. Chinese Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer , 16(5): 1,069-1,077. (in Chinese)