生草模式对南疆苹果园土壤及微环境的影响

doi:10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2025.06.012

新疆农业科学 ›› 2025, Vol. 62 ›› Issue (6): 1397-1407.DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2025.06.012

• 园艺特产·农产品加工工程 • 上一篇下一篇

生草模式对南疆苹果园土壤及微环境的影响

邵莉¹^,²(), 梅闯²(), 冯贝贝², 闫鹏², 艾沙江·买买提², 蔡海山², 王继勋², 于坤¹()

1.石河子大学农学院,新疆石河子 832031
2.新疆维吾尔自治区农业科学院果蔬研究所/农业部新疆地区果树科学观测试验站,乌鲁木齐 830091

收稿日期:2024-10-30 出版日期:2025-06-20 发布日期:2025-07-29
通信作者: 于坤(1985-),男,山东泰安人,教授,博士,硕士生导师,研究方向为果树植物营养生理生态,(E-mail)yukun410@163.com;
梅闯(1985-),男,四川南充人,副研究员,博士,研究方向为果树育种与生物技术,(E-mail)meichuangxj@163.com
作者简介:邵莉(2000-),女,甘肃天水人,硕士研究生,研究方向为果树植物营养生理生态,(E-mail)2119904189@qq.com
基金资助:
新疆林果产业技术体系(XJLGCYJSTX04-2024);新疆维吾尔自治区重点研发项目(2023B02018);国家现代苹果产业技术体系资助(CARS-27)

Effect of grass growth pattern on soil environment of apple orchard in southern Xinjiang

SHAO Li¹^,²(), MEI Chuang²(), FENG Beibei², YAN Peng², Aishajiang Maimaiti², CAI Haishan², WANG Jixun², YU Kun¹()

1. College of Agriculture, Shihezi University, Shihezi Xinjiang 832031, China
2. Xinjiang Fruit Science Observation and Experimental Station, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs / Fruit and vegetable research institute, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Urumqi 830091, China

Received:2024-10-30 Published:2025-06-20 Online:2025-07-29
Supported by:
Xinjiang Forest Fruit Industry Technology System Project(XJLGCYJSTX04-2024);Major Scientific R & D Program Special Project of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region(2023B02018);China Agriculture Research System of MOF and MARA(CARS-27)

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】研究新疆南疆苹果园不同生草模式对果园气候环境和土壤的生态效应影响,为选择适宜南疆果园绿色可持续生产的人工生草模式提供理论依据。【方法】研究自然生草、三叶草和蒲公英3种生草模式对苹果园温度、湿度、土壤理化性质的影响,调查新疆南疆4个生草园的生草情况。【结果】(1)自然生草果园中萹蓄作为优势草种,表现为生长旺盛,高度适中,但覆盖力不强;三叶草生草园中三叶草表现为高度适宜,覆盖力较强,但产量有所欠缺;蒲公英生草园中蒲公英表现为整体高度适宜,且长势优良,但对地表的覆盖不佳。(2)苹果园三叶草和蒲公英生草模式可以有效降低果园小环境空气温度,升高空气湿度;果园乔化栽培生草处理下,近地面温度的降低幅度和湿度的升高幅度皆高于矮化栽培。(3)与其清耕处理相比,自然生草处理可以显著提高30~60 cm土层碱解氮含量;与其清耕处理相比,三叶草生草处理能显著提高0~30 cm和30~60 cm土层土壤有机质、全氮、碱解氮、速效磷、有效钙含量,及30~60 cm土层有效钾含量;与其清耕处理相比,蒲公英生草处理可以显著降低降低0~30 cm和30~60 cm土层土壤可溶性盐含量,有效提高30~60cm土层土壤有机质含量。【结论】苹果园生草对果园气候环境的影响显著,近地面温度下降,湿度上升,在一定程度上也提高了土壤碱解氮及各养分含量,有助于改善土壤环境及果园环境。

关键词: 苹果; 生草模式; 果园微环境; 土壤理化性质

Abstract:

【Objective】 To clarify the ecological effects of different grass growing modes on climate environment and soil of apple orchards in southern Xinjiang in the hope of providing theoretical basis for the selection of artificial grass growing modes suitable for green and sustainable production of apple orchards in the region. 【Methods】 The effects of natural grass, clover and dandelion on temperature, humidity and soil physicochemical properties of apple orchards were studied, and the grass conditions of 4 grass orchards in southern Xinjiang were investigated. 【Results】(1) Polygonum aviculare were the dominant species in natural herbarium, with vigorous growth and moderate height, but poor coverage; Clover in the garden was highly suitable and had strong covering power, but its yield was deficient. In the dandelion garden, the overall height of dandelion was suitable, and the growth was good, but the ground cover was not. (2) Apple orchard clover and dandelion grass models could effectively reduce the ambient air temperature and increase air humidity; the decrease range of near ground temperature and the increase range of humidity under the cultivation of grass were higher than those under the cultivation of dwarf grass. (3) Compared with clear tillage treatment, natural grass treatment could significantly increase the content of 30-60 cm alkali-hydrolytic nitrogen. The contents of organic matter, total nitrogen, alkali-hydrolyzed nitrogen, available phosphorus and available calcium in 0-30 cm and 30-60 cm soil and the contents of available potassium in 30-60 cm soil were significantly increased under the treatment of clover. Compared with clear tillage treatment, dandelion grass treatment could significantly reduce the soluble salt content of 0-30 cm and 30-60 cm soil, and effectively increase the organic matter content of 30-60 cm soil. 【Conclusion】 The effect of grass on the climate environment of apple orchard is significant. The temperature near the ground and the humidity increase, and the content of soil alkali-hydrolytic nitrogen and various nutrients increases to a certain extent, which helps to improve the soil environment and the orchard environment.

Key words: apple; grass growth pattern; orchard microenvironment; soil physical and chemical properties

中图分类号:

S661.1

邵莉, 梅闯, 冯贝贝, 闫鹏, 艾沙江·买买提, 蔡海山, 王继勋, 于坤. 生草模式对南疆苹果园土壤及微环境的影响[J]. 新疆农业科学, 2025, 62(6): 1397-1407.

SHAO Li, MEI Chuang, FENG Beibei, YAN Peng, Aishajiang Maimaiti, CAI Haishan, WANG Jixun, YU Kun. Effect of grass growth pattern on soil environment of apple orchard in southern Xinjiang[J]. Xinjiang Agricultural Sciences, 2025, 62(6): 1397-1407.

图/表 6

参考文献 41

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果园编号 Orchard number	生草类型 Grass type	栽植地点 Planting place	经纬度 Longitude and latitude	栽培模式 Cultivation mode	主栽品种 Main varieties
1	蒲公英	阿克苏市依干其乡尤喀科克巴什村	41°3'N,80°20'E	乔化栽培	长富2号
2	三叶草	阿克苏市依干其乡尤喀克巴里当村	41°11'N,80°10'E	矮化密植	天红2号、2001富士
3	自然生草	阿克苏市阿依巴格乡托万科克巴什村	41°1'N,80°21'E	矮化密植	烟富7、2001富士
4	自然生草	喀什地区叶城县洛克乡阿热买里村	37°85'N,77°56'E	矮化密植	烟富7、2001富士

果园编号 Orchard number	生草类型 Grass type	栽植地点 Planting place	经纬度 Longitude and latitude	栽培模式 Cultivation mode	主栽品种 Main varieties
1	蒲公英	阿克苏市依干其乡尤喀科克巴什村	41°3'N,80°20'E	乔化栽培	长富2号
2	三叶草	阿克苏市依干其乡尤喀克巴里当村	41°11'N,80°10'E	矮化密植	天红2号、2001富士
3	自然生草	阿克苏市阿依巴格乡托万科克巴什村	41°1'N,80°21'E	矮化密植	烟富7、2001富士
4	自然生草	喀什地区叶城县洛克乡阿热买里村	37°85'N,77°56'E	矮化密植	烟富7、2001富士

生草园类型 Grass garden type	分组 Group	优劣种 Strengths and weaknesses	草种名称 Grass species name	密度 Density (株/m²)	鲜重 Fresh weight (kg)	干重 Dry weight (kg)	干物质率 Dry matter rate (%)	平均株高 Average plant height (cm)
叶城县自然生草园 Yecheng County Natural grass garden	A组	优势种	苦菊草	127	1.550	0.250	16.12	65
	B组	优势种	苦菊草	160	2.700	0.500	18.51	/
	B组	劣势种	滨藜	26	0.500	0.104	20.80	/
	C组	优势种	苦菊草	163	3.450	0.400	13.04	54
		劣势种	芦苇	3	0.100	0.005 2	5.20	/
			地肤子	9	0.100	0.012 9	12.90	/
			马刺	3	0.095	0.013 5	14.21	/
			滨藜	3	0.100	0.010 4	10.40	/
阿克苏市自然生草园 Aksu City natural grass garden	A组	优势种	萹蓄	638	2.725	1.065	39.08	18
	B组		萹蓄	153	2.430	0.845	34.77	49
	C组		节节草	397	3.300	0.580	17.58	69
三叶草生草园 Clover grass garden	A组	优势种	三叶草	871	4.335	0.685	15.80	41
	B组			837	3.795	0.550	14.49	38
	C组			427	2.790	0.565	20.25	33
蒲公英生草园 Dandelion grass garden	A组	优势种	蒲公英	90	0.970	0.440	45.36	36
	B组			75	0.575	0.190	33.04	32
	C组			144	1.015	0.370	36.45	35

生草园类型 Grass garden type	分组 Group	优劣种 Strengths and weaknesses	草种名称 Grass species name	密度 Density (株/m²)	鲜重 Fresh weight (kg)	干重 Dry weight (kg)	干物质率 Dry matter rate (%)	平均株高 Average plant height (cm)
叶城县自然生草园 Yecheng County Natural grass garden	A组	优势种	苦菊草	127	1.550	0.250	16.12	65
	B组	优势种	苦菊草	160	2.700	0.500	18.51	/
	B组	劣势种	滨藜	26	0.500	0.104	20.80	/
	C组	优势种	苦菊草	163	3.450	0.400	13.04	54
		劣势种	芦苇	3	0.100	0.005 2	5.20	/
			地肤子	9	0.100	0.012 9	12.90	/
			马刺	3	0.095	0.013 5	14.21	/
			滨藜	3	0.100	0.010 4	10.40	/
阿克苏市自然生草园 Aksu City natural grass garden	A组	优势种	萹蓄	638	2.725	1.065	39.08	18
	B组		萹蓄	153	2.430	0.845	34.77	49
	C组		节节草	397	3.300	0.580	17.58	69
三叶草生草园 Clover grass garden	A组	优势种	三叶草	871	4.335	0.685	15.80	41
	B组			837	3.795	0.550	14.49	38
	C组			427	2.790	0.565	20.25	33
蒲公英生草园 Dandelion grass garden	A组	优势种	蒲公英	90	0.970	0.440	45.36	36
	B组			75	0.575	0.190	33.04	32
	C组			144	1.015	0.370	36.45	35

土层深度 Soil depth (cm)	处理 Treatments	碱解氮 Alkeline - N (g/kg)	速效磷 Olsen - P (g/kg)	有效钾 Effective - K (g/kg)	有效钙 Effective - Ca (g/kg)	有效铁 Effective - Fe (g/kg)
0~30	Z清耕	0.76±0.14^a	0.52±0.03^a	0.31±0.09^a	2.14±0.13^a	0.21±0.03^a
	Z	0.51±0.06^b	0.46±0.03^a	0.18±0.04^a	2.16±0.17^a	0.26±0.02.^a
	T清耕	0.70±0.06^b	1.65±0.16^b	0.16±0.02^a	1.52±0.11^b	0.23±0.03^a
	T	1.15±0.16^a	4.75±0.25^a	0.12±0.03^a	2.11±0.22^a	0.15±0.01^b
	M清耕	0.48±0.03^a	0.19±0.03^a	0.12±0.01^a	2.27±0.11^a	0.12±0.02^a
	M	0.59±0.09^a	0.14±0.03^a	0.20±0.06^a	1.83±0.19^b	0.12±0.01^a
30~60	Z清耕	0.39±0.04^b	0.16±0.02^a	0.27±0.03^a	1.98±0.10^a	0.13±0.03^a
	Z	0.51±0.05^a	0.11±0.01^b	0.16±0.05^b	2.16±0.40^a	0.10±0.04^a
	T清耕	0.67±0.05^a	0.67±0.06^b	0.12±0.03^b	1.47±0.03^b	0.14±0.08^a
	T	0.55±0.05^a	1.70±0.16^a	0.23±0.04^a	2.22±0.19^a	0.12±0.01^a
	M清耕	0.28±0.02^a	0.05.±0.18^a	0.23±0.07^a	1.99±0.21^a	0.09±0.04^a
	M	0.16±0.04^b	0.02±0.37^b	0.20±0.07^a	1.82±0.28^a	0.07±0.05^b

生草模式对南疆苹果园土壤及微环境的影响

Effect of grass growth pattern on soil environment of apple orchard in southern Xinjiang

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