施氮对棉花生长发育、产量及棉田土壤养分的影响

doi:10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2025.05.006

新疆农业科学 ›› 2025, Vol. 62 ›› Issue (5): 1092-1101.DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2025.05.006

• 作物遗传育种·耕作栽培·生理生化 • 上一篇下一篇

施氮对棉花生长发育、产量及棉田土壤养分的影响

陈创洲¹(), 张炎²^,³(), 哈丽哈什·依巴提²^,³, 佘玲艺¹, 樊林鑫¹, 张优¹

1.新疆农业大学资源与环境学院,乌鲁木齐 830052
2.新疆维吾尔自治区农业科学院农业资源与环境研究所,乌鲁木齐 830091
3.农业农村部荒漠绿洲作物生理生态与耕作重点实验室,乌鲁木齐 830091

收稿日期:2024-10-05 出版日期:2025-05-20 发布日期:2025-07-09
通信作者: 张炎(1965-),女,天津人,研究员,硕士生导师,研究方向为土壤与植物营养和高效施肥技术,(E-mail)yanzhangxj@163.com
作者简介:陈创洲(1996-),男,甘肃庆阳人,硕士研究生,研究方向为棉花养分高效管理,(E-mail)1071087186@qq.com
基金资助:
新疆维吾尔自治区重大科技专项(2020A01002-3);农业农村部荒漠绿洲作物生理生态与耕作重点实验室开放课题(25107020-202104)

Effects of different nitrogen application rates on growth, development and yield composition of cotton

CHEN Chuangzhou¹(), ZHANG Yan²^,³(), Halihash Yibati²^,³, SHE Lingyi¹, FAN Linxin¹, ZHANG You¹

1. College of Resources and Environment, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi 830052, China
2. Institute of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Rogion Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Urumqi 830091, China
3. Key Laboratory of Desert Oasis Crop Physiological Ecology and Tillage, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Areas, Urumqi 830091, China

Received:2024-10-05 Published:2025-05-20 Online:2025-07-09
Supported by:
Major Scientific R & D Program Project of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region(2020A01002-3);Farmland Intelligent Fertilization Project(05);Open Project of the Key Laboratory of Physiology, Ecology and Farming in Desert Oasis, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs(25107020-202104)

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】研究不同施氮量对棉花生长发育、产量及棉田土壤养分的影响,为棉花科学合理施氮提供理论依据。【方法】2021年和2022年在新疆阿克苏地区沙雅县海楼镇,设置施氮量为0(N₀)、120(N₁₂₀)、240(N₂₄₀)、360(N₃₆₀)、480(N₄₈₀) kg/hm²的氮梯度试验。分别于棉花苗期、蕾期、花期、铃期及吐絮期采集棉株样本,依据器官组织分为茎、叶、蕾+花+壳、絮和籽,测定干物质量及产量。棉花收获后,在每个小区内采集0~20 cm和20~40 cm的土壤,测定土壤有机质、碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾、pH值和电导率。【结果】在棉花生育期内,干物质积累量呈先升高后降低的趋势。其中,N₂₄₀处理的干物质积累量最大,2021年和2022年分别为16 696和12 167 kg/hm²。随着生育期推进,棉花营养器官的干物质分配比例整体上呈逐渐降低的趋势,茎的干物质占比平均由苗期的35.50%降低至吐絮期的31.10%;叶的干物质平均占比由苗期的63.51%降低至吐絮期的19.11%;生殖器官的干物质分配比例逐渐升高,由蕾期干物质平均7.82%的占比增加至吐絮期的42.55%。施氮能显著提高棉花单铃重、单株铃数和产量,棉花产量随着施氮量的增加符合线性加平台的肥料效应函数关系,其中,N₂₄₀处理的棉花产量最高,2021年和2022年分别为4 960和6 172 kg/hm²,较N₀处理分别增产23.26%和31.70%。同一土层中施氮对棉田的有机质、速效磷、速效钾、电导率和pH值无显著影响,对碱解氮影响显著,随着施氮量的增加,碱解氮也随着增大,0~20 cm中土壤养分要高于20~40 cm。【结论】依据生育期内棉花干物质积累和分配的规律变化,结合施氮对产量及构成因子的影响,收获后棉田土壤养分的变化,根据棉花肥料效应模型,2021年和2022年供试土壤的推荐施氮量分别为256和217 kg/hm²。

关键词: 施氮量; 棉花; 干物质; 产量; 土壤养分

Abstract:

【Objective】 The effects of different nitrogen application rates on cotton growth, yield and soil nutrients in cotton fields were studied in order to provide theoretical basis for scientific and rational nitrogen application of cotton. 【Methods】 Nitrogen gradient tests of 0(N₀),120(N₁₂₀),240(N₂₄₀),360(N₃₆₀)and 480(N₄₈₀) kg/hm² were conducted in Hailou Town, Shaya County, Aksu Prefecture, Xinjiang in 2021 and 2022. Cotton plant samples were collected at seedling stage, bud stage, flowering stage, boll stage and batting stage, and were divided into stem, leaf, bud + flower + shell, batting and seed according to organ tissue, and the dry matter quality and yield were determined. After harvesting cotton, 0-20 cm and 20-40 cm soil were collected in each plot, and soil organic matter, alkali-hydrolable nitrogen, available phosphorus, available potassium, pH and electrical conductivity were measured. 【Results】 During the growing period of cotton, dry matter accumulation increased at first and then decreased. Among them, N₂₄₀ treated the largest amount of dry matter accumulation, 16,696 kg /hm² in 2021 and 12,167 kg /hm² in 2022. With the progress of growth stage, the proportion of dry matter in vegetative organs of cotton gradually decreased, and the proportion of dry matter in stems decreased from 35.50% in seedling stage to 31.10% in flopping stage. The proportion of dry matter in leaves decreased from 63.51% in seedling stage to 19.11% in batting stage. The proportion of dry matter in reproductive organs increased gradually from 7.82% in bud stage to 42.55% in floc stage. Nitrogen application can significantly improve cotton boll weight per plant, boll number per plant and yield, and cotton yield conforms to the fertilizer effect function relationship of linear addition platform with the increase of nitrogen application rate. Among them, cotton yield under N₂₄₀ treatment is the highest, which will be 4,960 kg/hm² in 2021 and 6,172 kg/hm² in 2022, respectively. Compared with N₀ treatment, the yield increased by 23.26% and 31.70%, respectively. Nitrogen application in the same soil layer had no significant effects on organic matter, available phosphorus, available potassium, electrical conductivity and pH value of cotton field, but had significant effects on alkali-hydrolyzed nitrogen. With the increase of nitrogen application, alkali-hydrolyzed nitrogen also increased, and the soil nutrient in 0-20cm was higher than that in 20-40cm.【Conclusion】 Based on the changes of dry matter accumulation and distribution of cotton during the growth period, combined with the effects of nitrogen application on yield and component factors, and the changes of soil nutrients in cotton field after harvest, according to the cotton fertilizer effect model, the recommended nitrogen application amount of soil tested in 2021 and 2022 is 256 and 217 kg/hm², respectively.

Key words: nitrogen application; cotton; dry matter; yield; soil nutrient

中图分类号:

S512

陈创洲, 张炎, 哈丽哈什·依巴提, 佘玲艺, 樊林鑫, 张优. 施氮对棉花生长发育、产量及棉田土壤养分的影响[J]. 新疆农业科学, 2025, 62(5): 1092-1101.

CHEN Chuangzhou, ZHANG Yan, Halihash Yibati, SHE Lingyi, FAN Linxin, ZHANG You. Effects of different nitrogen application rates on growth, development and yield composition of cotton[J]. Xinjiang Agricultural Sciences, 2025, 62(5): 1092-1101.

图/表 6

参考文献 18

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年份 Years	土层 Soil Horizon (cm)	有机质 Organic Matter (g/kg)	碱解氮 Alkaline Hydrolysis Nitrogen (mg/kg)	速效磷 Available Phosphorus (mg/kg)	速效钾 Available Potassium (mg/kg)	pH值 pH value	电导率 Electric Conductivity (us/cm)
2021	0~20	12.77	26.32	12.20	128.36	8.38	253
2021	20~40	13.57	24.25	10.80	111.24	8.44	237
2022	0~20	10.37	52.21	26.02	125.09	7.66	533
2022	20~40	10.06	52.85	21.63	152.94	7.73	428

年份 Years	土层 Soil Horizon (cm)	有机质 Organic Matter (g/kg)	碱解氮 Alkaline Hydrolysis Nitrogen (mg/kg)	速效磷 Available Phosphorus (mg/kg)	速效钾 Available Potassium (mg/kg)	pH值 pH value	电导率 Electric Conductivity (us/cm)
2021	0~20	12.77	26.32	12.20	128.36	8.38	253
2021	20~40	13.57	24.25	10.80	111.24	8.44	237
2022	0~20	10.37	52.21	26.02	125.09	7.66	533
2022	20~40	10.06	52.85	21.63	152.94	7.73	428

年份 Years	处理 Treatments	株数 Plantn number (株/hm²)	单株铃数 Bollnumber Perplant (个/株)	单铃重 Single boll Weight (g)	籽棉产量 Seed yield (kg/hm²)
2021	N₀	188 276±308^a	3.56±0.02^b	5.68±0.10^b	3 806±50^c
	N₁₂₀	188 348±709^a	3.82±0.01^b	5.95±0.21^a	4 277±157^b
	N₂₄₀	187 921±1 186^a	4.28±0.05^a	6.17±0.02^a	4 960±24^a
	N₃₆₀	188 426±483^a	4.17±0.21^a	5.93±0.03^ab	4 737±4^a
	N₄₈₀	187 694±1 183^a	4.13±0.26^a	5.91±0.17^ab	4 741±65^a
2022	N₀	185 490±133^a	4.75±0.06^c	4.78±0.01^d	4 215±57^d
	N₁₂₀	185 582±111^a	5.46±0.15^b	5.00±0.08^c	5 062±65^c
	N₂₄₀	185 462±6^a	5.87±0.33^a	5.67±0.02^a	6 172±332^a
	N₃₆₀	185 410±108^a	5.68±0.09^ab	5.26±0.05^b	5 541±99^b
	N₄₈₀	185 415±60^a	5.65±0.13^ab	5.27±0.06^b	5 529±190^b

年份 Years	处理 Treatments	株数 Plantn number (株/hm²)	单株铃数 Bollnumber Perplant (个/株)	单铃重 Single boll Weight (g)	籽棉产量 Seed yield (kg/hm²)
2021	N₀	188 276±308^a	3.56±0.02^b	5.68±0.10^b	3 806±50^c
	N₁₂₀	188 348±709^a	3.82±0.01^b	5.95±0.21^a	4 277±157^b
	N₂₄₀	187 921±1 186^a	4.28±0.05^a	6.17±0.02^a	4 960±24^a
	N₃₆₀	188 426±483^a	4.17±0.21^a	5.93±0.03^ab	4 737±4^a
	N₄₈₀	187 694±1 183^a	4.13±0.26^a	5.91±0.17^ab	4 741±65^a
2022	N₀	185 490±133^a	4.75±0.06^c	4.78±0.01^d	4 215±57^d
	N₁₂₀	185 582±111^a	5.46±0.15^b	5.00±0.08^c	5 062±65^c
	N₂₄₀	185 462±6^a	5.87±0.33^a	5.67±0.02^a	6 172±332^a
	N₃₆₀	185 410±108^a	5.68±0.09^ab	5.26±0.05^b	5 541±99^b
	N₄₈₀	185 415±60^a	5.65±0.13^ab	5.27±0.06^b	5 529±190^b

年份 Years	土层深度 Soil Horizon (cm)	处理 Treatments	有机质 Organic Matter (g/kg)	碱解氮 Alkaline Hydrolysis Nitrogen (mg/kg)	速效磷 Available Phosphorus (mg/kg)	速效钾 Available Potassium (mg/kg)	pH值 pH value	电导率 Electric Conductivity (us/cm)
2021	0~20	N₀	14.37±0.25^a	32.08±2.18^c	13.45±0.35^a	138.96±5.48^a	8.44±0.015^a	261±7.00^a
		N₁₂₀	14.51±0.39^a	41.17±1.85^b	13.43±0.19^a	140.17±2.67^a	8.47±0.04^a	259±7.63^a
		N₂₄₀	14.62±0.11^a	58.62±4.84^a	13.51±0.40^a	142.07±1.79^a	8.45±0.052^a	259±7.09^a
		N₃₆₀	14.66±0.18^a	60.79±3.38^a	13.58±0.28^a	144.56±3.53^a	8.45±0.010^a	257±2.51^a
		N₄₈₀	14.67±0.49^a	63.40±3.82^a	13.43±0.34^a	145.57±2.91^a	8.46±0.025^a	258±8.02^a
	20~40	N₀	12.80±0.79^a	29.89±0.62^c	10.31±0.08^a	122.77±2.46^a	8.49±0.025^a	237±6.50^a
		N₁₂₀	12.85±0.08^a	34.09±1.94^b	11.50±1.10^a	124.51±1.56^a	8.53±0.146^a	239±5.85^a
		N₂₄₀	13.05±0.27^a	49.15±4.13^a	11.60±1.17^a	126.40±0.75^a	8.52±0.073^a	245±6.65^a
		N₃₆₀	13.18±0.31^a	52.02±0.22^a	11.77±0.47^a	126.02±4.46^a	8.53±0.045^a	246±5.29^a
		N₄₈₀	13.20±0.04^a	54.91±5.07^a	11.45±1.89^a	124.81±7.77^a	8.57±0.010^a	243±4.50^a
2022	0~20	N₀	11.05±0.62^a	52.51±0.19^c	32.56±0.41^a	122.39±0.74^a	8.06±0.51^a	511±6.50^a
		N₁₂₀	11.08±0.89^a	64.80±3.10^b	32.71±0.47^a	123.20±1.18^a	7.92±0.28^a	512±2.08^a
		N₂₄₀	11.21±0.12^a	75.14±4.76^a	34.26±2.36^a	123.82±3.90^a	8.21±0.04^a	519±1.15^a
		N₃₆₀	11.23±0.05^a	79.03±9.93^a	34.10±0.69^a	122.35±1.91^a	7.96±0.79^a	516±3.00^a
		N₄₈₀	11.23±0.16^a	82.63±2.57^a	34.60±0.32^a	124.76±1.93^a	8.24±0.13^a	517±5.50^a
	20~40	N₀	10.64±0.08^a	50.79±0.46^c	26.02±1.37^a	112.31±1.47^a	8.11±0.08^a	430±2.64^a
		N₁₂₀	10.65±1.25^a	59.17±5.23^b	27.05±0.58^a	114.04±1.36^a	8.09±0.07^a	433±2.64^a
		N₂₄₀	10.85±1.07^a	67.85±0.41^a	27.21±1.18^a	114.21±1.53^a	7.99±0.10^a	434±8.18^a
		N₃₆₀	11.12±0.62^a	69.65±5.08^a	27.06±0.97^a	114.53±1.05^a	8.09±0.09^a	438±6.24^a
		N₄₈₀	11.16±0.89^a	73.01±5.54^a	27.20±1.40^a	114.87±5.55^a	8.12±0.10^a	435±8.18^a

施氮对棉花生长发育、产量及棉田土壤养分的影响

Effects of different nitrogen application rates on growth, development and yield composition of cotton

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