5个无核葡萄品种在吐鲁番地区的栽培性状及制干特性分析

doi:10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2023.01.013

新疆农业科学 ›› 2023, Vol. 60 ›› Issue (1): 105-115.DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2023.01.013

5个无核葡萄品种在吐鲁番地区的栽培性状及制干特性分析

薛锋¹(), 潘绪兵¹, 魏登攀¹, 刘秀海¹, 范国元¹, 户金鸽², 赵荣华², 蔡军社², 谢辉³, 白世践²()

1.吐鲁番楼兰酒庄股份有限公司,新疆鄯善 838200
2.新疆维吾尔自治区葡萄瓜果研究所,新疆鄯善 838200
3.新疆农业科学院园艺作物研究所,乌鲁木齐 830091

收稿日期:2022-05-20 出版日期:2023-01-20 发布日期:2023-03-07
通信作者: 白世践(1986-),男,云南石屏人,高级农艺师,研究方向为葡萄育种与栽培,(E-mail)594748964@qq.com
作者简介:薛锋(1972-),男, 陕西人,高级农艺师,研究方向为葡萄栽培与加工,(E-mail)1092766696@qq.com
基金资助:
财政部和农业农村部:国家现代农业产业技术体系;国家自然科学基金(31960577);自治区重点研发计划(2020B01003-1)

Analysis on Cultivation Characteristics and Raisin Characteristics of Five Seedless Grape Cultivars in Turpan Region

XUE Feng¹(), PAN Xubing¹, WEI Dengpan¹, LIU Xiuhai¹, FAN Guoyuan¹, HU Jinge², ZHAO Ronghua², CAI Junshe², XIE Hui³, BAI Shijian²()

1. Research Institute of Grapes and Melons of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Shanshan Xinjiang 838200, China
2. Turpan Loulan Chateaus Co., Ltd., Shanshan Xinjiang 838200, China
3. Research Institute of Horticultural Crops, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Urumqi 830091, China

Received:2022-05-20 Published:2023-01-20 Online:2023-03-07
Correspondence author: BAI Shijian (1986-), male, Shiping, Yunnan, Senior agronomist, Bachelor of Agronomy, research direction: grape breeding and cultivation, (E-mail)594748964@qq.com
Supported by:
Fund project:Ministry of Finance and Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs:National modern agricultural industrial systen;National Natural Science Foundation of China(31960577);Key R & D Program Project of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region(2020B01003-1)

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】分析5个无核葡萄品种在吐鲁番地区的栽培性状、果实品质及制干特性差异,为新无核葡萄品种的推广利用和产区品种结构优化提供参考。【方法】以吐鲁番地区目前主栽(无核白)及新引入或推广(长粒无核白、无核白鸡心、波尔莱特、紫甜无核)的5个无核葡萄品种为试材,在露地栽培条件下,系统研究比较5个无核葡萄品种物候期、生长结果习性、果实品质及制干特性差异,利用主成分分析法评价各品种葡萄、葡萄干综合品质。【结果】5个无核葡萄品种在物候期、生长结果习性、果实品质及制干特性方面存在明显差异。无核白、长粒无核白、无核白鸡心熟性表现为中熟,紫甜无核中晚熟,波尔莱特晚熟;无核白鸡心、紫甜无核结果枝率均在65.00%以上,但无核白鸡心萌芽率仅53.70%;无核白平均单株产量超过35.00 kg,无核白鸡心仅14.28 kg;无核白鸡心、紫甜无核果粒质量均超过6.00 g,无核白仅3.79 g;紫甜无核葡萄可溶性固形物含量仅19.66%,而其他品种均超过21%;波尔莱特可滴定酸含量为0.65%,紫甜无核仅0.34%;无核白鸡心和紫甜无核分别具有淡玫瑰香味和淡牛奶香味;葡萄综合品质排序为紫甜无核>无核白鸡心>长粒无核白>波尔莱特>无核白。波尔莱特和无核白鸡心葡萄干单粒质量较大,分别为1.58和1.44 g,无核白仅0.79 g;无核白、长粒无核白可溶性固形物含量较大,分别为83.33%和82.84%;无核白鸡心和紫甜无核可滴定酸含量较低,分别为1.50%和1.75%;葡萄干综合品质排序为无核白鸡心>紫甜无核>长粒无核白>波尔莱特>无核白;紫甜无核制干出干率仅16.90%,极不饱满。【结论】紫甜无核鲜食品质优,丰产稳产,但出干率低,制干特性不佳;无核白鸡心葡萄干品质最优,但丰产、稳产性较差;吐鲁番地区鲜食兼制干用无核葡萄品种依旧缺乏,特别是集香味、大粒为一体及色泽多样的制干品种。

关键词: 无核葡萄; 吐鲁番地区; 栽培性状; 果实品质; 制干特性

Abstract:

【Objective】 To analyze the differences of cultivation characters, fruit quality and raisin characteristics of five seedless grape cultivars in Turpan in the hope of providing reference for the popularization and utilization of new seedless grape cultivar and the optimization of cultivar structure in the production area. 【Method】 Five seedless grape cultivars (Thompson seedless, Long-berry Thompson seedless, Centennial seedless, Polette, Zitian seedless) were used as materials in Turpan and their phenophase, growth and fruiting habit, fruit quality and raisin characteristics were compared under open field cultivation.Principal component analysis was used to evaluate the comprehensive quality of grape and raisin. 【Result】 The results showed that there were significant differences in phenophase, growth and fruiting habits, fruit quality and raisin characteristics among the five seedless grape cultivars.Thompson seedless, Long-berry Thompson seedless and Centennial seedless were mid-maturation, Zitian seedless belonged to mid-late maturity, and Polette was of late maturing, percentage of bearing shoots of Centennial seedless and Zitian seedless were above 65.00%, percentage of bud burst was only 53.70%, average yield per plant of Thompson seedless was over 35.00 kg, berry weight of Centennial seedless and Zitian seedless were more than 6.00 g, Thompson seedless was only 3.79 g, soluble solid content of Zitian seedless was 19.66%, however other varieties were more than 21%, total acid content of most of Polette was 0.65%, Zitian seedless was only 0.34%, Centennial seedless and Zitian seedless had slightly rose fragrance and light milk fragrance respectively, comprehensive quality ranking of Zitian seedless grapes was in the first place, followed by Centennial seedless, Long-berry Thompson seedless, Polette and Thompson seedless in order.Raisins weight of Polette and Centennial seedless were bigger than others, 1.58 g and 1.44 g respectively, but Thompson seedless was only 0.79 g, soluble solid content of Thompson seedless and Long-berry Thompson seedless were higher than others, 83.33% and 82.84% respectively, total acid content of most of Centennial seedless and Zitian seedless were lower than others, 1.50% and 1.75% respectively, drying rate of Zitian seedless was only 16.90%, very non-plump. 【Conclusion】 Zitian seedless has high and stable yield, but drying rate is very low, raisin characteristics is bad, raisins of Centennial seedless is the best, but high and stable yield are not good.There is still a lack of table and dried grape cultivars, especially those with aroma, large grains and color diversity.

Key words: seedless grape; Turpan region; cultivation characteristics; fruit quality; raisin characteristics

中图分类号:

S663.1

薛锋, 潘绪兵, 魏登攀, 刘秀海, 范国元, 户金鸽, 赵荣华, 蔡军社, 谢辉, 白世践. 5个无核葡萄品种在吐鲁番地区的栽培性状及制干特性分析[J]. 新疆农业科学, 2023, 60(1): 105-115.

XUE Feng, PAN Xubing, WEI Dengpan, LIU Xiuhai, FAN Guoyuan, HU Jinge, ZHAO Ronghua, CAI Junshe, XIE Hui, BAI Shijian. Analysis on Cultivation Characteristics and Raisin Characteristics of Five Seedless Grape Cultivars in Turpan Region[J]. Xinjiang Agricultural Sciences, 2023, 60(1): 105-115.

图/表 10

参考文献 30

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品质性状 Quality trait		分值 Score
品质性状 Quality trait		5	4	3	2	1
葡萄 Grape	果穗紧密度		适中	较紧或较疏	紧或疏	极紧或极疏
	果皮	薄	较薄	中厚	较厚	厚
	涩味	无	轻微	中等	较重	重
	果肉		脆	较脆	较软或较硬	软或硬
	甜度		极甜	甜	寡甜	酸甜
	香味		浓郁	中等	清淡	无
葡萄干 Raisin	果皮	薄	较薄	中厚	较厚	厚
	饱满度		饱满	较饱满	不饱满	极不饱满
	质地		软	较软	较硬	硬
	甜度		极甜	甜	寡甜	酸甜
	香味		浓郁	中等	清淡	无

品质性状 Quality trait		分值 Score
品质性状 Quality trait		5	4	3	2	1
葡萄 Grape	果穗紧密度		适中	较紧或较疏	紧或疏	极紧或极疏
	果皮	薄	较薄	中厚	较厚	厚
	涩味	无	轻微	中等	较重	重
	果肉		脆	较脆	较软或较硬	软或硬
	甜度		极甜	甜	寡甜	酸甜
	香味		浓郁	中等	清淡	无
葡萄干 Raisin	果皮	薄	较薄	中厚	较厚	厚
	饱满度		饱满	较饱满	不饱满	极不饱满
	质地		软	较软	较硬	硬
	甜度		极甜	甜	寡甜	酸甜
	香味		浓郁	中等	清淡	无

品种 Cultivar	萌芽期 Budding stage	展叶期 Leaf- expansion period	始花期 Blossom initiation	盛花期 Full blossom	花末期 Ending blossom	始熟期 Maturation initiation	完熟期 Materation	从萌芽到成熟历时 Growth duration (d)	熟性 Maturation
无核白 Thompson Seedless	13/4	18/4	15/5	17/5	20/5	28/6	15/8	125	中熟
无核白鸡心 Centennial Seedless	11/4	17/4	14/5	17/5	19/5	02/7	18/8	130	中熟
长粒无核白 Long-berry Thompson Seedless	12/4	17/4	14/5	18/5	20/5	02/7	16/8	127	中熟
波尔莱特 Polette	12/4	18/4	14/5	17/5	20/5	15/7	01/9	142	晚熟
紫甜无核 Zitian Seedless	12/4	17/4	15/5	19/5	21/5	05/7	25/8	136	中晚熟

品种 Cultivar	萌芽期 Budding stage	展叶期 Leaf- expansion period	始花期 Blossom initiation	盛花期 Full blossom	花末期 Ending blossom	始熟期 Maturation initiation	完熟期 Materation	从萌芽到成熟历时 Growth duration (d)	熟性 Maturation
无核白 Thompson Seedless	13/4	18/4	15/5	17/5	20/5	28/6	15/8	125	中熟
无核白鸡心 Centennial Seedless	11/4	17/4	14/5	17/5	19/5	02/7	18/8	130	中熟
长粒无核白 Long-berry Thompson Seedless	12/4	17/4	14/5	18/5	20/5	02/7	16/8	127	中熟
波尔莱特 Polette	12/4	18/4	14/5	17/5	20/5	15/7	01/9	142	晚熟
紫甜无核 Zitian Seedless	12/4	17/4	15/5	19/5	21/5	05/7	25/8	136	中晚熟

品种 Cultivar	萌芽率 Percentage of bud burst (%)	结果枝率 Percentage of bearing shoots (%)	结果系数 Fruiting coefficient	平均单株产量 Average single plant yield (kg)	生长势 Vigor of plant growth	丰产性 Yielding ability	稳产性 Yield stability
无核白 Thompson Seedless	73.33±9.06^a	54.09±1.53^b	1.12±0.03^ab	35.43±2.45^a	中	高	好
无核白鸡心 Centennial Seedless	53.70±6.44^b	66.96±8.01^a	1.180±0.08^a	14.28±2.58^c	强	低	差
长粒无核白 Long-berry Thompson Seedless	71.17±2.00^a	52.32±3.02^b	1.09±0.03^b	27.13±1.72^b	中	中	好
波尔莱特 Polette	66.91±3.32^a	47.97±6.03^b	1.07±0.03^b	27.22±1.67^b	中	中	好
紫甜无核 Zitian Seedless	68.01±6.97^a	68.58±3.48^a	1.18±0.03^a	25.62±3.02^b	中等偏弱	高	好

5个无核葡萄品种在吐鲁番地区的栽培性状及制干特性分析

Analysis on Cultivation Characteristics and Raisin Characteristics of Five Seedless Grape Cultivars in Turpan Region

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Metrics

品种 Cultivar	果穗质量 Cluster mass (g)	果粒质量 Berry mass (g)	果形指数 Fruit shape index	果粒形状 Fruit shape	果穗紧密度 Cluster density	果实颜色 Fruit color	果粒着色一致性 Berry color consistency
无核白 Thompson Seedless	530.05±73.82^b	3.79±0.84^c	1.43±0.06^bc	短椭圆形	较紧密	黄绿	一致
无核白鸡心 Centennial Seedless	755.42±197.51^a	6.73±0.79^a	1.62±0.05^b	鸡心形	适中	黄绿	一致
长粒无核白 Long-berry Thompson Seedless	657.65±61.80^ab	5.60±0.34^b	2.53±0.07^a	指形	较紧密	黄绿	一致
波尔莱特 Polette	687.50±124.98^ab	5.24±0.89^bc	1.57±0.18^b	倒卵圆形	适中	绿黄	一致
紫甜无核 Zitian Seedless	647.26±94.97^ab	6.21±0.62^ab	1.36±0.06^c	鸡心形	适中	紫黑-蓝黑	一致

品种 Cultivar	可溶性固形物 Soluble solids (%)	可滴定酸 Titratable acid (%)	固酸比 TSS/TA	VC VC(mg/kg)	香味 Aroma	口感 Taste
无核白 Thompson Seedless	23.40±0.85^a	0.46±0.02^c	50.51±0.28^ab	24.92±2.81^c	—	皮较薄无涩味、肉脆、极甜
无核白鸡心 Centennial Seedless	21.07±0.34^b	0.41±0.02^c	51.52±5.12^ab	36.05±2.89^b	淡玫瑰香	皮中厚有轻微涩味、肉脆、香甜
长粒无核白 Long-berry Thompson Seedless	24.43±0.87^a	0.54±0.04^b	45.89±2.48^b	22.46±0.18^c	—	皮较薄无涩味、肉脆、甜
波尔莱特 Polette	23.63±0.25^a	0.65±0.02^a	37.18±1.77^c	38.52±0.15^b	—	皮中厚有中等涩味、肉较脆、甜
紫甜无核 Zitian Seedless	19.66±1.09^c	0.34±0.04^d	58.02±6.34^a	51.46±0.77^a	淡牛奶香	皮较薄无涩味、肉较脆、清香甜

主成分 Principle factor		CI₁	CI₂	CI₃
特征值 Eigen value		5.696	3.995	1.496
贡献率 Contribution ratio (%)		47.470	33.288	12.466
累计贡献率 Cumulative contribution ratio(%)		47.470	80.757	93.223
特征向量 Eigen vector	果穗质量	0.31	-0.22	0.40
	果粒质量	0.36	-0.01	0.36
	果穗紧密度	0.39	-0.13	-0.19
	可溶性固形物	-0.34	-0.27	0.12
	可滴定酸	0.17	0.45	0.07
	固酸比	0.14	0.47	0.05
	VC	0.36	0.06	-0.40
	香味	0.36	0.23	0.13
	果皮	-0.20	0.37	-0.13
	涩味	-0.14	0.45	0.12
	果肉	-0.22	0.12	0.63
	甜度	-0.30	0.19	-0.21

品种 Cultivar	CI₁	CI₂	CI₃	D值 Value D	排名 Ranking
无核白 Thompson Seedless	-3.06	1.33	-0.57	-1.16	5
无核白鸡心 Centennial Seedless	2.14	-0.10	1.46	1.25	2
长粒无核白 Long-berry Thompson Seedless	-1.76	-0.18	1.18	-0.81	3
波尔莱特 Polette	0.32	-3.13	-1.04	-1.10	4
紫甜无核 Zitian Seedless	2.37	2.09	-1.03	1.81	1
权重 Index weight	0.51	0.36	0.13

主成分Principle factor		CI₁	CI₂
特征值Eigen value		5.081	3.229
贡献率Contribution ratio(%)		50.805	32.286
累计贡献率Cumulative contribution ratio(%)		50.805	83.091
特征向量 Eigen vector	单粒质量	0.27	-0.41
	葡萄干可溶性固形物	-0.41	0.08
	葡萄干可滴定酸	0.41	-0.03
	葡萄干固酸比	0.39	0.26
	葡萄干VC	0.41	-0.04
	葡萄干香味	0.38	0.24
	葡萄干果皮	-0.01	0.53
	饱满度	-0.29	-0.07
	葡萄干质地	0.11	0.46
	葡萄干甜度	-0.18	0.45

品种 Cultivar	CI₁	CI₂	D值 Value D	排名 Ranking
无核白Thompson Seedless	-3.01	1.28	-1.34	5
无核白鸡心 Centennial Seedless	2.74	0.84	2.00	1
长粒无核白 Long-berry Thompson Seedless	-1.29	-0.19	-0.86	3
波尔莱特Polette	0.10	-3.05	-1.12	4
紫甜无核Zitian Seedless	1.46	1.11	1.32	2
权重Index weight	0.61	0.39

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