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Identification and Screening of Differentially Expressed Proteins in Maize TasseLAt Anthesis under Drought Stress YANG Jie, HAN Dengxu, WANG Yejian, Abulaiti Abula, LIANG Xiaoling, XI Haojiang, LI Mingdong , WANG Xian 2020, 57(2): 197-208.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2020.02.001 Abstract ( )   PDF (2078KB) ( )   【Objective】 In this project, PHBA6 with strong drought tolerance and J63 with weak drought tolerance were used as testing materials to design drought stress and normal irrigation treatment. The difference of protein expression in maize inbred lines with different drought tolerance during flowering period was further studied, the main metabolic pathways of maize in response to drought stress were mastered, and valuable drought tolerance genes were discovered, and the differential expression proteome in response to drought stress was screened and identified.【Methods】 During the flowering period of maize, the protein was extracted from male tassel florets under drought stress, and the protein was separated by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, gel image scanning and mass spectrometry.【Results】 A total of 542 protein spots with high resolution and strong repeatability were screened by mass spectrometry. Among them, there were 59 protein sites with the differential expression abundance of more than 2.0 times, 26 in the strong drought-tolerant line PHBA6, 37 in the weak drought-tolerant line J63, and 4 in the strong drought-tolerant line PHBA6 and the weak drought-tolerant line J63.【Conclusion】 Drought stress proteins were involved in the synthesis of metabolites and energy precursors, nucleotide metabolism, REDOX coenzyme metabolism, protein translation regulation, regulation of celLProtein and amino acid metabolism, synthesis and metabolism of sulfur containing compounds, biosynthesis and metabolism of cysteine, and photosynthesis. The classification of cell components showed that the differentially expressed proteins were related to chloroplasts and their structures, and the cell components of differentially expressed proteins were consistent, but the differences in biological metabolic processes and molecular functions were significantly different. These significantly differentially expressed proteins may be the main reason for the formation of drought tolerance between different strains.

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Study on the Distribution of Yield and Quality Traits and Their Correlations in F2 Generation Island Cottons with Different Fruit Branches WANG Tianyou, FENG Chunhui, WANG Youwu , CAO Xinchuan, GUO Weifeng, LIU Chunyan, HUANG Guangwei, HE Liangrong 2020, 57(2): 209-218.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2020.02.002 Abstract ( )   PDF (2506KB) ( )   【Objective】 To compare and analyze the yield and quality traits of hybrid F2 generation between zero-fruit branches and long-fruit branches island cottons, in order to provide reference for cotton plant breeding.【Method】 Island cotton F2 generation 9122N (zero-fruit branches)×H7124 (long-fruit branches ) had three types of fruit branches: zero branch, long branch and mixed branch, and 300 individual plants of each type were harvested respectively. Comparison of yield and quality traits of different fruit branch types in F2 hybrid was made with R language and correlation analysis among them was conducted. 【Result】 There were significant or extremely significant differences in yield and quality traits among the F2 generation cotton plants. In terms of yield traits, the mixed branches had the best performance, followed by the long branches, and then the zero branches. As for quality traits, long fruit branches was the best, followed by mixed branches, and then zero branches. The correlation analysis between yield traits and quality traits showed that there were different correlations among the three types of fruit branches, but some traits showed the same trend. When it came to the yield traits, there were significant positive correlations between seed cotton yield and boll numbers and between seed cotton yield and single boll weight, and the correlation coefficients between seed cotton yield and boll numbers in three types of fruit branches were above 0.85, and it was higher than the correlation coefficient between seed cotton yield and boll weight. But there was negative correlation between boll numbers and boll weight. The correlations between lint percent and other yield traits were not significant. The results showed that the number of bolls per plant played an important role in seed cotton yield. Among the quality traits, in the zero fruit branches there were significant or extremely significant positive correlation between five fiber quality traits. However, in the other two branch types, there were significant or extremely significant positive correlations among length, uniformity, strength and elongation, except for the micronaire. The correlations between yield traits and quality traits showed that, in zero fruit branches, there were significantly or significantly positive correlations between boll weight and five fiber quality traits, but in long branches and mixed branches, there were significantly negative correlations between lint percent and fiber length, strength and elongation.【Conclusion】 The correlation analysis showed that there were mutual influence between yield and quality traits in different fruit branch types. The study demonstrated that, in the three branch types, the mixed branch was the ideal plant type with the best yield and quality traits for the island cotton breeding in southern Xinjiang.

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Effects of Saline-alkali Stress on Growth and Ion Group Content Distribution of Different Cotton Varieties LIAO Huan, HOU Zhenan 2020, 57(2): 219-232.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2020.02.003 Abstract ( )   PDF (2526KB) ( )   【Objective】 To study the effects of saline-alkali stress on cotton growth, physiology and ion balance and explore the intrinsic mechanism of salt tolerance of cotton from the perspective of ion balance. 【Method】 In this experiment, cotton of Lumianyan 24 and Xinluzao 45 were used as materials, and two salinities of no salt (CK) and mixed salt (SA) were set. 【Result】 (1) Under saline-alkali stress, the growth and photosynthesis of Lumianyan 24and Xinluzao 45 were significantly inhibited, and the relative conductivity, malondialdehyde and proline contents were significantly increased. (2) The content of P in Lumianyan 24 leaves increased significantly by 55.80%, while Xinluzao 45 did not change significantly. Na content in organs of Lumianyan 24 and Xinluzao 45 increased significantly, K content in stems and roots of Lumianyan 24 increased by 25.20% and 26.04%, respectively. K content in leaves and Ca and Mg content in plants decreased.(3) The contents of Zn, Al, Mn and Mo in the overground part of Lumianyan 24 and Xinluzao 45 increased significantly, while those in the underground part decreased significantly. 【Conclusion】 Xinluzao 45 absorbs more Na than Lumianyan 24 under saline-alkali stress, which leads to a decrease in the selective absorption ability of plants to N, P, K, Ca and Mg plasma, and Lumianyan 24 has a stronger ability to transport various ions to overground parts than Xinluzao 45, thus improving its salt tolerance under saline-alkali stress.

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Response of Photosynthetic Characteristics and Dry Matter Accumulation to Drought of Two Cotton Varieties with Different Drought Resistance GAO Hongyun, LI Junhong, WANG Yuanyuan, XIA Jun, Shi Xiaojuan, HAO Xianzhe, TIAN Yu, LUO Honghai 2020, 57(2): 233-244.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2020.02.004 Abstract ( )   PDF (2603KB) ( )   【Objective】 The study aims to clarify the response mechanism in physiological characteristics as well as dry matter accumulation and distribution to drought of cotton varieties with different drought resistance in the hope of providing theoretical basis for stress-resistant cultivation and drought-tolerant variety breeding of cotton. 【Method】 Xinluzao 17 (drought sensitive variety) and Xinluzao 22 (drought-tolerant variety) were used as materials and conventional irrigation (4,500 m3/hm2, CK), mild drought (2,700 m3/hm2, W1) and moderate drought (900 m3/hm2, W2) were set for water treatment under the conditions of soil column cultivation. The changes of leaf area, chlorophyll content, gas exchange parameters, chlorophyll fluorescence parameters and dry matter accumulation and distribution during the stages of yield formation were determined. 【Result】 Leaf area, chlorophyll a content (Chl a), chlorophyll b content (Chl b), total chlorophyll content (Chl), net photosynthetic rate (Pn), stomatal conductance (gs), intercellular carbon dioxide concentration (Ci) and transpiration rate (Tr) decreased significantly with the increase of drought stress, and the performance of the variety was that the decline of Xinluzao 22 was smaller than that of Xinluzao 17. Compared with CK, the maximum photochemical efficiency (Fv/Fm) of the two cotton varieties treated by W1 was not significantly reduced, but the actual photochemical efficiency [Y(II)] and photochemical quenching coefficient (qP) of Xinluzao 17 were inhibited. The non-photochemical quenching coefficient (NPQ) was significantly increased during the mild and moderate drought stress. The dry matter of reproductive organs and vegetative organs at the boll opening stage of Xinluzao 17 treated by W1 were 30.44% and 16.61% lower than CK, respectively. However, Xinluzao 22 was only 12.50% and 5.74% lower than CK, respectively. In addition, the root to shoot ratio of Xinluzao 22 was 2.54%, 9.56% and 14.48% higher than that of Xinluohao 17 treated by CK, W1 and W2 at the full boll stage. 【Conclusion】 Xinluzao 22, a cotton variety with strong drought tolerance, maintains better photosynthetic performance and larger root-shoot ratio to guarantee the accumulation of dry matter of the reproductive organs to adapt to drought stress.

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Simulating Effects of Nitrogen Application on Growth and Development and Soil Nitrate Nitrogen of Cotton under Mulched Drip Irrigation MA Tengfei, LI Jie, CHEN Zhi, GUO Feng, HAN Yongxiang, LOU Shanwei, GUO Lei, HE Hong, MA Xingwang, ZHANG Pengzhong 2020, 57(2): 245-253.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2020.02.005 Abstract ( )   PDF (2025KB) ( )   【Objective】 To clarify the effect of nitrogen application rate on cotton growth and soil nitrate nitrogen under mulched drip irrigation. 【Methods】 Xinluzao 52 was used as the testing material, and a total of five treatments were set: N0 (no nitrogen application), N150 (150 kg/hm2), N250 (250 kg/hm2), N350 (350 kg/hm2) and N450 (450 kg/hm2) were set in the hope of finding out the operation rule of nitrogen fertilizer and the optimum application amount under mulched drip irrigation and providing the theoretical basis for the relevant management. 【Results】 The results showed that the above-ground bioaccumulation of different nitrogen fertilizers was consistent with the logistic curve model Y=a/(1+b×exp (-k×t)), the maximum accumulation rate appeared from 71to 77 d, and entered the rapid accumulation period from 56 d to 60 d. In the two testing years, the LAI of each treatment showed: N450 > N350 > N250 > N150 > N0, and the maximum was between 4.51-4.81. In the 0-60 cm soil layer, the change of nitrate nitrogen content showed a trend of increasing at first and then decreasing with the depth of soil layer. In the 20-40 cm soil layer, the nitrate nitrogen content was the highest, and the soil nitrate nitrogen was more consumed in the bud stage and the boll stage. In the two year experiments, the yield, fertilizer utilization rate, and nitrogen fertilizer contribution rate were the highest under N350 treatment, which were 7,477.5, 7,731.7 kg/hm2; 40.32%, 43.24%; 56.09% and 57.02%, respectively. 【Conclusion】 Considering all the factors, the N350 (350 kg/hm2) treatment’s effect was the best among the five treatments in our study and the simulation showed that the nitrogen application rate was within the threshold range of 327.70-340.67 kg/hm2, which was conducive to high cotton yield and improvement of fertilizer utilization rate.

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Comparative Study on Production Performance of 10 Oat Varieties WANG Yanchao, SONG Lei, ZHANG Fanfan, WANG Xuzhe, SUN Yanmei, MA Chunhui 2020, 57(2): 254-263.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2020.02.006 Abstract ( )   PDF (2090KB) ( )   【Objective】 By observing the agronomic traits, production performance and nutritional quality of 10 oat varieties at different growth stages, the varieties suitable for local cultivation were selected. 【Method】 The following varieties were selected for experiments: Qingyin 1, Denmark 440, Monida, Jiayan 2, Bayan 3, Charisma, Forage plus, Lena, Baler 2, Everleaf. They were sown on April 28, 2018, and the agronomic traits at heading stage, milking stage and maturity stage were observed, and the nutritional indexes of each variety were measured at the same time. 【Result】 The growth period of early-maturing varieties was 78-83 days, the early-maturing and mid-maturing varieties were 88 days, the middle-maturing varieties were 88-92 days and the late-maturing varieties were 91-103 days. The plant height increased with the growth of oats. The plant height of Baylor 2 was the highest and at the maturity period it reached 128.26 cm. The growth rate of Jiayan 2 at heading stage was significantly higher than that of other varieties (P< 0.05). The yield of hay in milky stage was the highest, and Ivo hay was significantly higher than other oat varieties (P< 0.05), and the yield in milky stage was 10.68 t/hm2. In terms of nutritional quality, crude protein, neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber decreased with the growth of oats, while crude fat increased with the growth of oats. The nutrient indexes of crude protein was between 8.75% and 15.88%, and the crude fat was 1.98%-5.25%, the neutral fiber was 41.84%-59.45%, the acid detergent fiber was 20.35%-39.42%. Everleaf had the highest crude protein content, Lena, Forage plus and Baler 2 had the highest crude fat content. Charisma neutral detergent fibers had the highest content, while Everleaf and Baler 2 neutral detergent fibers had the lowest content. Bayan 3 and Monida acid detergent fibers had the higher content than that of Baylor 2 generation. 【Conclusion】 According to the comprehensive evaluation of membership function, the late-maturing cultivars to be recommended were Everleaf and Baler 2, the early and middle-maturing cultivars to be recommended were Jiayan 2, and the best cutting time was at the milky stage.

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Spatial Variation of Soil Salinity in the Typical Oasis Irrigation Area of the Lower Reaches of Tarim River DING Bangxin, LIU Xueyan, BAI Yungang, LIU Hongbo, DING Ping, XIAO Jun 2020, 57(2): 264-273.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2020.02.07 Abstract ( )   PDF (2034KB) ( )   【Objective】 To study the salinization characteristics and spatial distribution of soils at different depths in typical oasis irrigation areas. 【Methods】 GPS localization technique was used for investigation and sampling, and combined with the results of indoor sample determination, the soil salt content and salt ion content in 31st regimental farm irrigation area of the lower reaches of Tarim River were statistically analyzed and Kriging spatial interpolation was carried out. 【Results】 The results showed that the soil in this study area was alkaline -with a high soil salt content. And the soil in each layer was in different degrees of salinization. Chloride-sulfate was the main component of salt, which was affected by the season and evaporated strongly in the salt accumulation stage (autumn). The rhizosphere (0-60 cm) soil salinity was greater than that of deep layer (60-100 cm). The semi-variance function fitting model of rhizosphere salt, Cl-, Mg2+, SO2- 4conformed to exponential model. The deep salinity and K++Na+ conformed to Gaussian model, and HCO-3, Ca2+ conformed to spherical model. The salinity of rhizosphere was mostly in light and moderate salinization, and the heavily salinization areas were mainly concentrated in the middle of the study area, with high degree of desertification and complex terrain. The deep soil salinity was affected by the phreatic water evaporation in autumn, and most of them were in mild salinization, with a small range of variation and a relatively distribution. The anions in each soil layer were mainly SO2-4 and the cations were mainly K+ and Na+, moreover, SO2-4, Cl-, K++ and Na+ had the same distribution characteristics as that in rhizosphere. 【Conclusion】 The soil content of the study area is high, and the soil in each layer is in different degrees of salinization 47.12% of the root zone (0-60 cm) soil salinity is in the state of moderate salinization, and 90.01% of the deep layer (60-100 cm) soil salinity is in a state of mild salinization.

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Photosynthetic Characteristics and Light Response Curve Model of Mature Jujube in Southern Xinjiang ZHANG Mengli, YUE Chunfang, LI Yizhen 2020, 57(2): 274-282.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2020.02.008 Abstract ( )   PDF (2064KB) ( )   【Objective】 To explore the variation of photosynthetic characteristics of jujube under different irrigation quota conditions and the light response curve model suitable for drip irrigation mode in the hope of providing data support and theoretical basis for accurate drip irrigation decision of jujube (Zizyphus jujuba Mill.) 【Methods】 The photosynthetic photosynthetic response curve under different water treatment conditions was determined by field test with 6-year red jujube tree for surface drip irrigation in Aksu area. 【Result】 The maximum net photosynthetic rate of 6-year-old jujube showed a decreasing trend in the irrigation water amount range of [20 m3/667 m2, 30 m3/667 m2]. The order of fitting effects of the four models on photosynthetic response of jujube leaves was: rectangular hyperbola modified model > non-rectangular hyperbola model > exponential model > rectangular hyperbola model. 【Conclusion】 The analysis of photosynthetic properties of jujube trees in southern Xinjiang showed that in the condition of mild water stress, the net photosynthetic rate and the water use efficiency were improved; in the model fitting aspect, the right-angle hyperbola modified model had the best applicability to the leaf of the date-growing jujube in the southern Xinjiang.

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Study on Pollen Germination Characteristics of Jujube and its Response to Gibberellin Abudoukayoumu Ayimaiti, FAN Dingyu, HAO Qing, ZENG Bin, ZHANG Xiangfei, YU Zhenfan, TANG Yilian 2020, 57(2): 283-291.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2020.02.009 Abstract ( )   PDF (2739KB) ( )   【Objective】 Spraying gibberellin in flowering stage is an important measure to promote fruit setting of jujube trees. To have a clearer understanding of its effect on the Biological characteristics of jujube flower reproductionwill provide a theoretical basis for the scientific application of gibberellin in production. 【Method】 The effects of gibberellin (GA3) on the germination and vitality of jujube pollen were analyzed by using the in vitro culture medium, iodine potassium iodide staining and benzidine hydrogen peroxide method. 【Result】 By spraying different concentrations of gibberellin during the flowering stage of jujube, the pollen germination rate, pollen viability and pollen amount of Huizao and Junzao were significantly different from those of the control. Low concentration (10-30 mg/L) gibberellin significantly promoted pollen germination rate, pollen tube length, pollen viability, pollen quantity and stigma receptivity of the fruits. With the increase of gibberellin concentrations, the germination characteristics of pollen were inhibited; the pollen germination rate and pollen viability of 7 d after gibberellin treatment were not significantly different from those of the control. 【Conclusion】 The response of pollen germination, pollen tube length, pollen quantity and pollen activity to exogenous gibberellin was promoted by low concentration and inhibited by high concentration.

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Ecological Vulnerability Assessment in Xinjiang Based on VSD Model LU Haiyan, SUN Guili, LI Lu, LU Hang, BAI Yichun 2020, 57(2): 292-302.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2020.02.010 Abstract ( )   PDF (3085KB) ( )   【Objective】 Ecological vulnerability assessment is an important way to understand ecological status of region. Scientific assessment of ecological vulnerability and its changes is important for the formulation of ecological protection measures and regional sustainable development.【Method】 In this project, 14 prefectures and cities in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous region were taken as the research object, and the evaluation index system was constructed based on VSD (Vulnerability Scoping Diagram) evaluation model. Principal component analysis and comprehensive index method were used to quantitatively evaluate the ecological vulnerability and comprehensive vulnerability of various prefectures and cities in Xinjiang from 2007 to 2017.【Result】 (1) On the whole, Turpan City was in an extremely vulnerable area affected by climatic conditions, most of the southern Xinjiang was in a severe vulnerable area, while the northern Xinjiang was mainly a mild vulnerable area. (2) Exposure index and sensitivity index of Xinjiang changed little from 2007 to 2017,but the adaptability index increased and the comprehensive ecological vulnerability showed a slight downward trend. (3) The ecological vulnerability was higher in the southern Xinjiang than in northern Xinjiang, which might be closely related to the improvement of adaptability.【Conclusion】The key to reduce the vulnerability is to focus on improving the ecological adaptability of the moderate and severe vulnerable areas.

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Indoor Toxicity Test and Pesticide Screening of Five Pesticides to the Stephanitis nashi Esaki et Takeya FAN Weiyan, ZHANG Jiayu, YANG Desong, ZHANG Guoqiang, CHEN Liusheng 2020, 57(2): 303-310.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2020.02.011 Abstract ( )   PDF (1038KB) ( )   【Objective】 In order to screen out insecticides with good control effect on nymphs and adults of Stephanitis nashi Esaki et Takeya, and provide references for the control of the pest. 【Methods】 The toxicity of five insecticides to the Stephanitis nashi Esaki et Takeya was determined by the method of leaf immersion bioassay in laboratory. 【Results】 45% chlorpyrifos EC 800, 1,000 times liquid, 25% thiamethoxam WG 500, 1,000 times liquid, 20% acetamiprid SP 500, 1,000 times liquid had better control effect on Stephanitis nashi Esaki et Takeya. The LC50 values of nymphs were 497.476, 574.765, and 589.343 mg/L, respectively; the LC50 values for adults were 505.445, 545.484, and 596.254 mg/L respectively. The virulence of these five agents ranked as 45% chlorpyrifos EC > 25 g/elevated potency Cyhalothrin EC > 20% acetamiprid SP > 25% thiamethoxam WG > 6% averochlorobenzoyl SC.【Conclusions】 5% chlorpyrifos EC 800, 1,000 times liquid, 25% thiamethoxam WG 500, 1,000 times liquid, 20% acetamiprid SP 500, 1,000 times liquid can be used for the prevention and treatment of Stephanitis nashi Esaki et Takeya.

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An Ultra Low Spray Control Technique for Corn Borer Based on Synergist and Insecticide WANG Zhihui, DING Xinhua, JIA Zunzun, FU Kaiyun, Tursun Ahmat, HE Jiang, GUO Wenchao 2020, 57(2): 311-318.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2020.02.012 Abstract ( )   PDF (1405KB) ( )   【Objective】 The aim of this paper is to establish a new technology of reducing application and increasing effect of insecticides on corn borer by using new synergies with insecticides. 【Method】 By selecting Dajang T16 plant protection UAV as the application instrument, and taking the scientific application amount of 2 representative insecticides as the reduction baseline, the field control effect of corn borer under the coordinated application of 3 new synergistic agents (0, -15%, -30%) was compared and analyzed. 【Result】 The best control effect was 28 days after 15% reduction and 30% reduction, and the best control effect was 80.06% - 92.17%. The best synergistic effect was Huifeng when 20% chlorophenylbenzamide was used in combination with synergistic agent, and the highest was 13.80% in the combination of 20% chlorochlor benzamide and no synergistic agent in 28 days after administration of 15% and 30% of the drug, The best synergistic effect was Oaxony when the insecticide 34% ethoxoate was used in combination with the synergistic agent, and the highest synergistic effect was 2.77% compared with that without the addition of the synergistic agent, and the synergistic effect of the insecticide was the best when the insecticide was used in combination with the synergistic agent. Among them, 34% CS35.00 mL/667m2 Maidao flight control agent 15.00 mL/667m2 was the most effective. The control effect was 98.28% on 28 days after treatment; 34% CS29.75 mL/mu plus flight control agent 15.00 mL/667m2 plus Oaxony 30.00 mL/667m2 with the control effect: 92.47% after 28 days. The worst control effect was 34% CS24.50 mL/667m2 plus Maidao flight control agent 15.00 mL/667m2 plus 15.00 mL/667m2 Huifeng enhancer 10.00 mL/667m2, and the control effect was 53.92% on the 28th day after treatment. 【Conclusion】 It is completely feasible to reduce application by 30% on the basis of original scientific application level of flight prevention by adding new synergistic agents reasonably, but the synergistic effect of different synergistic agents is different to some extent. In actual production, it is necessary to use them according to the type and nature of pesticides.

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Comparison Analysis of the Thermal Stabilities between Nanobodies, Heavy Chain Antibodies and Conventional Antibodies in Xinjiang Camelus bactrianus Kunduziayi Abudushalamu, JIANG Zhiqiang, LIU Yafei, XIONG Jingfan, Nasibai Abuduwahp, LI Jiangwei 2020, 57(2): 319-325.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2020.02.013 Abstract ( )   PDF (1466KB) ( )   【Objective】 To explain the unique porterty of nanobodies by comparison analysis of the thermal stabilities between Heavy Chain Antibodies (HCAbs) and Convention Antibodies (ConAbs) from Xinjiang Camelus bactrianus. 【Method】 IgG2 and IgG3 isotypic HCAbs and IgG1 isotypic ConAbs were isolated and purified from lysozyme, alliinase and spaA immunized camel serum by protein A and Protein G affinity chromatography. Nanobodies were obtained from our previous works and expressed in BL21 and purified by Ni-gel affinity chromatography. The thermal stabilities of different antibodies were expressed as residual antigen binding activities after series of heat treated and renatured to room temperature in ELISA. 【Results】 Three isotypic antibody of IgG1, IgG2 and IgG3 with M.W. of 50 KD+25 KD, 46 KD and 43 KD were purified from camel serum separately. Nanobody Lys-23, Spa-G26 and Ali-A4 were purified as well. The antigen binding ELISA results showed Camel IgG2 and IgG3 heavy chain antibodies had higher thermal stability than IgG1, in which IgG3 tended to be more tolerant to temperature than IgG2. The three camel nanobodies possessed the highest thermal stabilities when compared with their HCAbs and ConAbs partners. 【Conclusion】 The isotypic and molecular size of camel antibodies might significantly influence the thermal stabilities. Whether these tolerances are related to the immune characteristics of camels adapted to extreme environments is worthy of further discussion.

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Pollution Distribution and Drug Resistance of Salmonella from Cattle and Sheep in Designated Slaughterhouse and Trade Markets LIU Yingyu, ZHENG Xiaofeng, LI Ruipeng, ZHENG Xiaoqin, ZHU Menghan, XU Lan, ZHU Mingyue, LU Wei, YAO Gang 2020, 57(2): 326-332.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2020.02.014 Abstract ( )   PDF (1252KB) ( )   【Objective】 To investigate the contamination and drug resistance of Salmonella from cattle and sheep in designated slaughterhouse and trade markets in Xinjiang. 【Method】 A total of 841 carcass swabs, meat swabs and processing gear swabs were collected in Urumqi designated slaughterhouses, Korla designated slaughterhouses and trade markets. The national standard method GB 4789.4-2016 was used to isolate and identify Salmonella. The drug resistance of 17 kinds of drug-sensitive paper was investigated. 【Result】 In our study, 47 Salmonella strains were isolated, and the isolation rate was 5.59%. The contamination degree of Salmonella in designated slaughterhouse was as follows: carcass swab < processing tool swab < meat sample. The contamination degree of Salmonella in trade markets was as follows: processing tool swab < meat sample < carcass swab. There were different degrees of resistance to 17 kinds of antibacterial drugs. The drug resistance rate was 2.13% -59.57%. Only seven strains of Salmonella were sensitive. The number of multidrug-resistant Salmonella was more. Only one strain of Salmonella was resistant to 12 antibiotics. 【Conclusion】 Salmonella multidrug resistance in the market is more severe than in slaughterhouses and it is contaminated in slaughtering and marketing, and most of the strains are drug-resistant ones.

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Effects of Training on Blood Gas Indexes of Yili Horse in 1,000 m Speed Race WANG Jianwen, YAO Xinkui, CHU Hongzhong, REN Wanlu, WANG Chuankun, MENG Jun 2020, 57(2): 333-339.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2020.02.015 Abstract ( )   PDF (1038KB) ( )   【Objective】 The purpose of this experiment is to study the influence of training on the blood gas indexes of Yili horse in 1,000 m speed race in the hope of providing data reference for the formulation of domestic speed step horse race training scheme.【Method】 healthy female Yili horse were selected as the experimental subjects. Through the special speed step training for 2 months, the speed-step test competitions were organized before and after the training, and the blood sample and its blood gas indexes of horses were collected and determined before, immediately after the exercise and at 15 min after the exercise. The differences of measurement indexes before, immediately after the exercise and at 15 min after the exercise were analyzed, and the independent sample T test was carried out before and after training. 【Results】 The results showed that before training, the blood pH value of Yili horse in 1 000 m speed race immediately after exercise was significantly lower than that of 15 min after exercise(P<0.01), the concentration of HCO-3 and beecf immediately after exercise was significantly lower than that before exercise (P<0.05), and the concentration of Hct and Hb immediately after exercise was significantly lower than that before exercise(P<0.01), and significantly higher than that of 15 min after exercise(P<0.05). After training, the blood pH value of Yili horse in 1,000 m trotter immediately after exercise was significantly lower than that before exercise and the concentration of Na+ at 15 minutes after exercise was significantly higher than that before exercise(P<0.05), and the concentration of Hct and Hb was significantly higher than that of 15 min immediately after exercise(P<0.05). Through the comparison between before and after the training, it was found that the concentration of beecf in venous blood before and after Yili horse in 1,000 m trotter training immediately after training was significantly higher than that before training(P<0.05). As for 15 min after the exercise, PCO2 before training was significantly lower than that after training, Hb concentration before 15 min training after exercise was significantly higher than that after training(P<0.05), and Hct before training was significantly higher than that after training(P<0.01)【Conclusion】 To sum up, training could enhance the acid-base balance, gas exchange and blood transport capacity of Yili horse in 1,000 m speed race, and effectively reduce the body damage of horses during exercise.

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The Influence of Different Warm-up Degrees on the Blood Gas of Yili Horses YAO Runchen, MENG Jun, YAO Xinkui , WANG Jianwen , KONG Qisen , ZHANG Yue, REN Wanlu, LI Changlin, LIU Ye, Bayan Wulimuhan 2020, 57(2): 340-348.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2020.02.016 Abstract ( )   PDF (1059KB) ( )   【Objective】 the impact of different warm-up degrees on the state and performance of the Yili horses 1,000 m speed race data support and theoretical basis for the establishment of the optimal warm-up condition before the Yili horses 1,000 m speed race.【Method】 speed type Yili horses as research objectsAfter warming up in the nine warm-up groups, the 1,000 m speed race will be heldhe differences in blood gas indexes after warm-up of each group were analyzed. 【Result】 The results showed that:The Glu concentration in group II was greatly significantly higher than that in group (P<0.01), significantly higher than that in group, group and VIII group (P<0.05);The concentration of Hct and Hb in group II was greatly significantly higher than that in group V (P<0.01);The Cl- concentration of group VI was greatly significantly higher than that of group II and IV (P<0.01);The Cl- concentration in group IX was significantly higher than that in group II and IV (P<0.05);The concentration of Na+ in group VI and group VII was significantly higher than that in group II and group III (P<0.05);The K+ concentration in group VI was greatly significantly higher than that in group III (P<0.01);The K+ concentration in group I was significantly higher than that in group III (P<0.05);The pO2 of group II was greatly significantly higher than that of group III and VIII (P<0.01), significantly higher than that of group VI and IX (P<0.05);The TCO2 in group VII was greatly significantly higher than that in group II (P<0.01);The TCO2 in group IV was significantly higher than that in group II and III (P<0.05);The SO2 in group II was greatly significantly higher than group III, group VIII and group IX (P<0.01);The pH value of group II was greatly significantly higher than that group V and IX (P<0.01), significantly higher than that group VIII (P<0.05);The concentration of Lac in group VII and group IX was significantly higher than that in group II, III and V (P<0.05);The concentration of BE(ecf) in group I, group II, group VI and group VII was significantly higher than that in group V (P<0.05).【Conclusion】 The horses participating in the Yili horses 1,000-meter speed race have a good lung function after warming up in the warm-up of Group II; aerobic metabolism level is good; the horse movement state is improved, which lays a foundation for further improvement of the horse race level.

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The Study on the Effects of Age, Temperature and Fat Condition on the Follicular Development of Yili Horse REN Wanlu, MENG Jun , WANG Jianwen, WANG Xuguang, TUAN Yong, LI Yuntao, WANG Hao, LIU Run, GAO Ying, YAO Xinkui 2020, 57(2): 349-356.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2020.02.017 Abstract ( )   PDF (1046KB) ( )   【Objective】 The purpose of this study is to explore the follicular development and change law of Yili mare in the estrus cycle in Zhaosu area of Xinjiang, and make an analysis on the influence of age, temperature and fat condition on follicular development of Yili mare. The above steps can provide theoretical basis for further mastering follicular development and growth law of Yili mare.【Method】 Eighty-four mares were selected as the research object. These horses were grazing in the same pasture in Kangsu Horse Breeding Station of Zhaosu County, Yili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture. They were used to monitor follicular development during estrus. Through these, the differences of the effects of different ages, temperatures and fatness on follicular development duration of Yili horses were analyzed and compared. 【Results】 TF4-F5 and TF3-F5 in age group II significantly higher than those in age group III (P＜0.05). High temperature obviously the TF1-F2 (P＜0.05). The average high temperature group I TF1-F2 much higher than the average high temperature group II (P＜0.05). Low temperature seriously TF1-F2 (P＜0.01). The average low temperature group I TF1-F2 much higher than the average low temperature group II (P＜0.01). Accumulated temperature an important effect on TF1-F2 (P＜0.05). temperature group II TF1-F2 significantly higher than accumulated temperature group I (P＜0.01). Body condition significantly affects TF1-F2, TF3-F4, TF1-F5, TF2-F5, TF3-F5 (P＜0.01)in addition, it has significant effect on TF2-F3 (P＜0.05).TF1-F2 in body condition group I significantly higher than that in body condition group III (P＜0.01). TF2-F3 in group I significantly higher than that in group III (P＜0.05). TF3-F4 in body feeling group III much lower than that in body condition group I (P＜0.01). TF3-F4 in body condition group III significantly lower than that in body condition group I and body condition group II (P＜0.05). The TF1-F5 in group I significantly higher than that in group II and group III (P＜0.01), while the TF1-F5 in group II significantly higher than that in group III (P＜0.05).TF2-F5 in the body condition group I significantly higher than that in the body condition group III (P＜0.01), and TF2-F5 in the body condition group I much higher than that in the body condition group II and the body condition group III (P＜0.05).【Conclusion】 To a certain extent, age, temperature and body condition all have corresponding effects on the follicular development of Yili mare. Among them, body condition has a very significant effect on the follicular development, which can inhibit the follicular development of mare under the condition of poor body condition.

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Difference Analysis of Meat Edible Quality and Fatty Acid Composition in Different Parts of Yili Horses YAN Jing, MENG Jun, WNAG Jianwen, REN Wanlu , ZHENG Guopeng, LI Yunxia, ZHANG Xin, ZHANG Wen, YUAN Xinxin, YAO Xinkui 2020, 57(2): 357-364.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2020.02.018 Abstract ( )   PDF (1218KB) ( )   【Objective】 To study the effects of different parts on the meat quality and fatty acid composition of Yili horses in the hope of clarifying the meat quality and fatty acid content of different parts.【Method】 In the experiment, deltoid muscles, latissimus dorsi, triceps brachii, external obliques, and gluteal muscles were collected from nine Yili horses of one year old, and the water loss rate, cooked meat rate, shear force, crude fat content and fatty acid content were measured, respectively. After that, the content of saturated fatty acids (SFA), monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) were measured and their differences were analyzed. 【Result】 The results showed that: cooked meat rate of the deltoid muscles was significantly lower than that of the external oblique (P<0.01), the water loss rate of latissimus dorsi and triceps brachii was significantly lower than that of the gluteal muscles (P<0.05), and tridecanoic acid (C13∶0) content of deltoid muscle was significantly higher than those of latissimus dorsi, triceps brachii and external obliques (P<0.01); eicosadienoic acid (C20∶2) content of latissimus dorsi was significantly higher than that of gluteal muscles (P<0.01), arachidonic acid (C20∶4N6) content of latissimus dorsi was significantly higher than that of the external obliques (P<0.01), and eicosatetraenoic acid (C20∶3N3) content of latissimus dorsi was significantly higher than that of the gluteal muscle (P<0.01), and docosarcanoic acid (C24∶0) concent of latissimus dorsi, triceps brachii and external obliques was significantly higher than that of the gluteal muscle (P<0.01). The content ratio of PUFA to SFA was significantly higher in deltoid muscle and latissimus dorsi than that in external obliques (P<0.05).【Conclusion】 To sum up, there are differences in water loss rate, cooked meat rate and fatty acid content with different parts of Yili horse meat. It is rich in unsaturated fatty acids and a meat with high development value.

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Differential Analysis of Behavior Features of Yili Horses during Different Periods WANG Juhua, MENG Jun, WANG Jiangwen, KONG Qisen, YAO Xinkui, WANG Chuankun, JIANG Wendong, YAO Runchen, LIU Yuying, BAO Hongyan 2020, 57(2): 365-374.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2020.02.019 Abstract ( )   PDF (1056KB) ( )   【Objective】 To understand the behavior of horses and the process of change in the hope providing a theoretical reference for horse selection, training and health assessment.【Method】 12 Yili mares in good health were selected and video data which recorded various behavioral indicators of mares, such as feeding, resting, exploring, grooming and excreting were collected. In addition, the differences of behaviors in different periods were compared and analyzed. 【Result】 The behavior of Yili horses fed in the shed all day long was feeding > resting > exploring > other > grooming. The time of chewing and stretching in the afternoon was significantly longer than that in the morning and evening (P<0.01); the time of lying rest and standing rest in the evening was remarkably longer than that in the morning and afternoon (P<0.01); the time of standing and alerting in the morning and afternoon was longer than that in the evening (P<0.01); the time of nibbling in the morning was obviously longer than that in the evening; The time of itching in the morning was longer than that in the afternoon. In terms of the frequency indicators, the frequency of chewing in the afternoon was significantly greater than that in the evening (P<0.01) and morning(P<0.05); the frequency of licking and head shaking was obviously greater than that in the evening(P<0.01); the times of lying rest in the evening were significantly higher than that in the morning and afternoon (P<0.01); The times of alerting and standing in the morning and afternoon were remarkably higher than that in the evening (P<0.01); the times of nibbling and stretching in the morning were significantly higher than that in the afternoon (P<0.05); the times of defecation were different in the morning, afternoon and evening (P<0.01).【Conclusion】 The ingestion time of Yili horses in barn was the longest in the whole day, followed by resting, exploring, grooming and others. Chewing and licking were mostly concentrated in the morning and afternoon. Nibbling was mostly concentrated in the morning. Lying rest, standing rest and stretching were mostly concentrated in the evening; Standing and alerting were concentrated in all time periods during the day. And no differences were found in sniffing, rubbing, yawning, pawing, hoof lifting and urinating. Monitoring the behavior of horses by observing the behavioral indicators of different periods could provide objective reference index for horse management in the actual production process, which could reduce the damage to horses and prevent their bad habits.

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Study on Correlation between Gait Characteristics and Pace Speed in 1,000 Meter Speed Race of Yili Horse JIANG Wendong, MENG Jun, WANG Jianwen, KONG Qisen, YAO Xinkui, WANG Chuankun, CHEN Qing, ZHENG Mingde, Quhula Saiyitihazi 2020, 57(2): 375-383.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2020.02.020 Abstract ( )   PDF (1047KB) ( )   【Objective】 The aim of the experiment is to study the relationship between gait characteristics and speed in each stage of 1,000 meter speed race of Yili horse data reference for the training and sports performance in speed race.【Method】 obtain gait characteristics the difference of gait characteristics between different stages and the correlation between gait characteristics and pace speed 【Result】 The analysis results showed that the stride frequency at the straightway and was significantly higher than that at the start and end stages (P<0.01), and the gait frequency at the start was significantly higher than that at the end (P<0.01). The hindlimb stride length at the end and bendway was significantly larger than that at the start and straightway (P<0.01), and the straightway significantly larger than the start stages (P<0.01). The stride length of the double support phase in the straightway significantly larger than that in the bendway and the end stage (P<0.01). The forelimb stride length at the bendway was significantly larger than that of the start, straightway and end stages (P<0.01), and the stride length of forelimbs at the straightway and end was significantly larger than that at the start (P<0.01). The stride length at the bendway significantly larger than the start, straightway and end stages (P<0.01), and the stride length at the straightway and end was significantly larger than that at the start (P<0.01). The stride length of the free period at the bendway significantly larger than that of the start, straightway and end stages (P<0.01), differences among the start, straightway and end stages (P<0.01). The maximum opening at the straightway and bendway was significantly greater than that at the start and straightway (P<0.01), and the bendway was significantly larger than the straightway (P<0.05). The speed at the bendway significantly higher than the start, straightway and end stages (P<0.01), and the bendway was significantly larger than the straightway (P<0.05). Except for the positive correlation between the hindlimb stride length and the pace speed in the end stage but not significant (P>0.05), the gait characteristics of all other stages were positively correlated with the pace speed of the stage (P<0.01).【Conclusion】 Gait characteristics of horses in different stages of 1,000 meter speed race of Yili horse are greatly different. Therefore, in the future research on gait characteristics of this event, the stage classification should be studied to improve the scientific and accurate conclusion. Gait characteristics of each stage, such as stride length and stride frequency, are positively correlated with stride speed, and the correlation degree is high, can be used as a reference index for horse training, training and performance measurement, so as to improve the performance of the horse and the level of the sport.

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Preliminary Study on the Gait Characteristics of Obstacle Race Horses at Different Levels WANG Chuankun, ZENG Yaqi, MENG Jun, WANG Jiangwen, KONG Qisen, YAO Xinkui, YANG Xixi, YANG Liping, RAN Lijie, Jiesuer Tuerhongjiang 2020, 57(2): 384-392.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2020.02.021 Abstract ( )   PDF (1043KB) ( )   【Objective】 The aim of the experiment is to study the relationship between gait characteristics and limb angles of obstacle racing horses at different levels in the hope of providing basic data and theoretical references for the evaluation of obstacle horse racing performances and training.【Method】 horses of 7-12 year old obstacle sports horses in good health were selected according to obstacle crossing ability and then they were divided into excellent group, good group, ordinary group and poor group. A HD camera was used to take the dynamic video of the jumping obstacles of the test horses at 40cm, 60cm80cm, and analyzed. 【Result】 At 40cm and 60cm obstacle heights, the hind stride length of the excellent group extremely significantly larger than the good group and the ordinary group (P<0.01). The take-off point of the poor group extremely significantly larger than the ordinary group (P<0.01). The take-off angle of the poor group was extremely significantly larger than the good group (P<0.01 and significantly larger than the excellent group (P<0.05). Take-off point extremely positively with take-off angle and land angle (P<0.01). Take-off angle extremely positively with land angle (P<0.01). Hind stride length extremely negatively with jump distance, land point, and land angle (P<0.01), and significantly negatively with the take-off angle (P<0.05). At 80cm obstacle heights, the hind stride length of the excellent group and the poor group extremely significantly larger than the ordinary group (P<0.01). The take-off point of the excellent group and the good group significantly larger than the ordinary group (P<0.05).The take-off angle of the ordinary group and the poor group extremely significantly larger than the good group (P<0.01). Take-off angle extremely positively with land angle (P<0.01). Hind stride length extremely negatively with take-off position (P <0.01), and significantly negatively with jump distance and land angle (P <0.05).【Conclusion】 At 40cm, 60cm, and 80cm obstacle heights, the hind stride length, take-off point, and take-off angle of the horse can be used as selection indicators for evaluating obstacle jumping performance of obstacle horses. and training.