核桃叶片焦枯症特征与成因分析

doi:10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2022.06.019

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】 研究新疆南疆核桃叶片焦枯症特征及成因。【方法】 以叶片焦枯症核桃树为研究对象,调查园间;采集健康树与病树叶片、根区土壤样品和灌溉水样品,测定其元素含量特征,统计元素含量差异;结合气象数据,系统分析核桃叶片焦枯症成因。【结果】 核桃叶片焦枯症发病高峰期为7月底~8月初,主要集中在公路两侧,5年以下幼树发病严重。病树与健康树相比,叶片中Cl^-、Ca²⁺和Mg²⁺含量存在显著差异。病树叶片Cl^-、Ca²⁺含量分别为37.54和16.77 g/kg,显著大于健康树叶片;病树叶片Mg²⁺含量为2.27 g/kg,显著小于健康树叶片。病树土壤中速效磷含量较高,在0~20 cm、20~40 cm土层含量分别为17.78和18.47 mg/kg;叶片中较高含量的Cl^-、Ca²⁺并非来自灌溉水中。【结论】 叶片焦枯症的发病主要是核桃园在高温、干燥和降雨量小的环境下,强烈的蒸腾作用使得叶片快速失水,导致叶片功能受到破坏,元素比例失衡,造成焦枯。

关键词: 核桃; 元素; 焦枯; 成因; 土壤

Abstract:

【Objective】 This project aims to study the causation of walnut wihtered leaf symptom in southern Xinjiang. 【Methods】 In this research, an inter-garden survey was carried out on walnut trees with withered leaf symptom. By collecting samples of normal and bad walnut leaves, soil samples from the root area and samples of irrigation water, element content characteristics were determined and element content differences were statistically analyzed. The causes of walnut withered leaf symptom were systematically analyzed combined with meteorological data. 【Results】 The peak period of the incidence of walnut withered leaf symptom was from the end of July to early August, mainly concentrated on both sides of the highway and young trees less than 5 years witnessed serious incidence. There were distinct differences of chlorin ion, natrium ion and magnesium ion between bad leaves and normal leaves. The content of chlorin ion magnesium ion in bad leaves was 37.54, 16.77 g/kg, remarkably higher than normal leaves. The content of magnesium ion in bad leaves was 2.27 g/kg,remarkably lower than normal leaves. The content of phosphorus ion in bad leaves was higher than normal leaves at 0-20, 20-40 cm soil layer, 17.78 and 18.47 mg/kg respectively.The enrichment of chlorin ion and calcium ion in the leaves were not from irrigation water. 【Conclusion】 From the research above, the incidence of walnut withered leaf symptom was mainly caused by the high temperature, arid air and shortage of precipitation in walnut garden. With the strong transpiration and postponed irrigation, the leaves lost water quickly. This has led to the damage of the leaves function and the imbalance of elements proportion, which ultimately caused withered leaf symptom.

Key words: walnut; element; withered; cause; soil

中图分类号:

S436.64

李源, 蒲胜海, 马晓鹏, 张计峰, 李青军. 核桃叶片焦枯症特征与成因分析[J]. 新疆农业科学, 2022, 59(6): 1475-1481.

LI Yuan, PU Shenghai, MA Xiaopeng, ZHANG Jifeng, LI Qingjun. Study on Characteristics and Causation of Walnut Withered Leaf Symptom[J]. Xinjiang Agricultural Sciences, 2022, 59(6): 1475-1481.

图/表 8

表1 核桃叶片元素含量特征

Table 1 The leaf content of walnut

叶片健康状况 Health condition of leaf	有机质 Organic matter (g/kg)	氮 Nitrogen (g/kg)	磷 Phosphors (g/kg)	钾 Potassium (g/kg)	Cl^- (g/kg)	Ca²⁺ (g/kg)	Mg²⁺ (g/kg)	Na⁺ (g/kg)
焦枯叶片 Withered leaf	371.68^a	20.4^a	1.35^a	12.98^a	37.54^a	16.77^a	2.27^a	0.65^a
健康叶片 Leaves	390.26^a	22.87^a	1.54^a	13.09^a	20.76^b	6.86^b	4.36^b	0.64^a

表2 土壤养分含量

Table 2 soil nutrient content

	深度 Depth (cm)	有机质 Organic matter (g/kg)	硝态氮 Nitrate nitrogen (mg/kg)	铵态氮 Ammonium nitrogen (mg/kg)	速效磷 Available phosphors (mg/kg)	速效钾 Available potassiu (mg/kg)
焦枯叶片 Withered leaf	0~20	11.84^a	15.51^a	4.73^a	17.78^a	126.55^a
健康叶片 Leaves	0~20	8.91^a	8.67^a	4.56^a	7.37^b	108.931^a
焦枯叶片 Withered leaf	0~20	8.37^a	5.13^a	6.22^a	18.47^a	130.06^a
健康叶片 Leaves	20~40	12.89^a	16.37^a	2.93^a	9.8^b	127.62^a

表3 土壤矿质元素含量

Table 3 The content of mineral element in soil

	深度 Depth (cm)	pH	HC $O 3 -$ (g/kg)	Cl^- (g/kg)	S $O 4 2 -$ (g/kg)	Ca²⁺ (g/kg)	Mg²⁺ (g/kg)	K⁺ (g/kg)	Na⁺ (g/kg)	总盐 Total salt (g/kg)
焦枯叶片 Withered leaf	0~20	8.42	0.256^a	0.033^a	0.084^a	0.058^a	0.036^a	0.026^a	0.038^a	0.63^a
健康叶片 Leaves	0~20	8.7	0.137^a	0.035^a	0.098^a	0.064^a	0.057^b	0.03^a	0.024^a	0.55^b
焦枯叶片 Withered leaf	20~40	8.7	0.15^a	0.056^a	0.15^a	0.064^a	0.02^a	0.028^a	0.08^a	0.83^a
健康叶片 Leaves	20~40	8.52	0.141^a	0.097^a	0.126^a	0.041^a	0.043^b	0.02^a	0.038^a	0.675^a

表3 土壤矿质元素含量

Table 3 The content of mineral element in soil

	深度 Depth (cm)	pH	HC $O 3 -$ (g/kg)	Cl^- (g/kg)	S $O 4 2 -$ (g/kg)	Ca²⁺ (g/kg)	Mg²⁺ (g/kg)	K⁺ (g/kg)	Na⁺ (g/kg)	总盐 Total salt (g/kg)
焦枯叶片 Withered leaf	0~20	8.42	0.256^a	0.033^a	0.084^a	0.058^a	0.036^a	0.026^a	0.038^a	0.63^a
健康叶片 Leaves	0~20	8.7	0.137^a	0.035^a	0.098^a	0.064^a	0.057^b	0.03^a	0.024^a	0.55^b
焦枯叶片 Withered leaf	20~40	8.7	0.15^a	0.056^a	0.15^a	0.064^a	0.02^a	0.028^a	0.08^a	0.83^a
健康叶片 Leaves	20~40	8.52	0.141^a	0.097^a	0.126^a	0.041^a	0.043^b	0.02^a	0.038^a	0.675^a

表4 灌溉水元素含量

Table 4 The element content in irrigation water

灌溉水类型 Type of irrigation water	pH	C $O 3 2 -$ (g/L)	HC $O 3 -$ (g/L)	Cl^- (g/L)	S $O 4 2 -$ (g/L)	Ca²⁺ (g/L)	Mg²⁺ (g/L)	K⁺ (g/L)	Na⁺ (g/L)	矿化度 (g/L)
渠水 Water	7.87	0	0.06	0.075	0.136	0.058	0.023	0.005	0.06	0.46
井水 Water	7.73	0	0.062	0.044	0.06	0.056	0.009	0.004	0.029	0.247

表4 灌溉水元素含量

Table 4 The element content in irrigation water

灌溉水类型 Type of irrigation water	pH	C $O 3 2 -$ (g/L)	HC $O 3 -$ (g/L)	Cl^- (g/L)	S $O 4 2 -$ (g/L)	Ca²⁺ (g/L)	Mg²⁺ (g/L)	K⁺ (g/L)	Na⁺ (g/L)	矿化度 (g/L)
渠水 Water	7.87	0	0.06	0.075	0.136	0.058	0.023	0.005	0.06	0.46
井水 Water	7.73	0	0.062	0.044	0.06	0.056	0.009	0.004	0.029	0.247

图1 叶片焦枯症特征

Fig.1 Characteristics of withered leaf

图2 不同月份日均气温

Fig.2 The daily in different months

图3 不同月份日均日照时数

Fig.3 The daily average hours of sunshine

图4 7月日最高气温

Fig.4 Daily maximum temperatures in July

参考文献 13

[1]	高瑞霞. 新疆沙井子垦区环境因子对核桃焦叶病的影响[D]. 阿拉尔: 塔里木大学, 2017.
	GAO Ruixia. Study on effect of environment factors on disease of walnut leaf scorch in Xinjiang Shajingzi[D]. Alar Tarim University, 2017.
[2]	梁智, 张计峰, 井然, 等. 土壤及叶面调控对核桃“叶片焦枯病”的防控效果[J]. 新疆农业科学, 2014, 51(9):1652-1657.
	LIANG Zhi, ZHANG Jifeng, JING Ran, et al. The Prevention Effect of Soil and Foliar Regulation on “Leaf Margin Scorch Disease” of Walnut[J]. Xinjiang Agricultural Sciences, 2014, 51(9): 1652-1657.
[3]	梁智, 张计峰, 井然, 等. 核桃“叶缘焦枯”生理病害调控技术[J]. 新疆农业科技, 2014,(1):19-20.
	LIANG Zhi, ZHANG Jifeng, JING Ran, et al. physiological disease adjusting technology on “Leaf Margin Scorch Disease” of Walnut[J]. Xinjiang Agricultural Science and Technology, 2014,(1):19-20.
[4]	张计峰, 梁智, 邹耀湘, 等. 新疆南疆核桃叶缘焦枯病成因分析研究[J]. 新疆农业科学, 2012, 49(7):91-95.
	ZHANG Jifeng, LIANG Zhi, ZOU Yaoxiang, et al. Study on Causation of walnut withered leaf symptom in southern Xinjiang[J]. Xinjiang Agricultural Sciences, 2012, 49(7):91-95.
[5]	周玲玲, 王晓炜, 蒋萍. 阿克苏核桃生产园链格孢菌核桃叶枯病的诊断[J]. 中国林副特产, 2015,(5):13-15.
	ZHOU Linlin, WANG Xiaowei, JIANG Pin, et al. Identification of Alternaria alternata Leaf Spot of Juglans regia L.in Aksu Orchards[J]. Forest By-Product and Specialty in China, 2015(5):13-15.
[6]	韩敏, 蒋萍. 核桃叶斑病病原菌的分子鉴定[J]. 新疆农业科学, 2015,(1):91-96.
	HAN Min, JIANG Pin. Identification of the Pathogens of Walnut Leaf Spot Disease[J]. Xinjiang Agricultural Sciences, 2015,(1):91-96.
[7]	李源, 马文强, 朱占江, 等. 新疆核桃产业发展现状及对策建议[J]. 农学学报, 2019,(7):80-86.
	LI Yuan, MA Wenqiang, ZHU Zhangjiang, et al. The Current Situation of the Walnut Industry and Development Strategies in Xinjiang[J]. Journal of Agriculture, 2019,(7):80-86.
[8]	许志刚. 普通植物病理学[M]. 北京: 中国农业出版社, 2003.
	XU Zhigang. General Plant Pathology[M]. Beijing: China Agriculture Press, 2003.
[9]	蒯传化, 刘三军, 吴国良. 葡萄日灼病阂值温度及主要影响因子分析[J]. 园艺学报, 2009, 36 (8):1093-1098.
	KUAI Chuanhua, LIU Sanjun, WU Guoliang, et al. Analysis of the Main Factors and Threshold Temperature on Vitis Berry Sunburn[J]. Acta Horticulturae Sinica, 2009, 36 (8):1093-1098.
[10]	李长存. 山楂果实日烧的发生与综合防治[J]. 河北农业科技, 1993, 1(6): 27.
	LI Changcun. Occurrence and prevention of fruit sunburn of hawthorn[J]. Hebei Agricultural Science and Technology, 1993, 1(6): 27.
[11]	刘新华, 虎胆·吐马尔白, 焦萍. 荒漠区绿洲滴灌核桃耗水规律与产量研究[J]. 水利科学与寒区工程, 2019, 2(6):31-36.
	LIU Xinhua, Hudan Tumarday, JIAO Ping. Study on water consumption and yield of adult under drip irrigation in desert oasis[J]. Hydro Science And Cold Zone Engineering, 2019, 2(6):31-36.
[12]	赵付勇. 南疆滴灌核桃树茎流变化特征及需水规律的研究[D]. 乌鲁木齐: 新疆农业大学, 2016.
	ZHAO Fuyong. Study on stew flow characteristics and the water requirement law of Walnut tree stem in Xinjiang under drip irrigation[D]. Urumqi: Xinjiang Agricultural University, 2016.
[13]	傅玉瑚, 程福厚, 陈敬谊, 等. 杏树叶片焦边病的初步研究[J]. 河北果树, 1992,(1):19-23.
	FU Yuhu, CHEN Fuhou, CHEN Jinyi, et al. Study on Causation of almond withered leaf[J]. Hebei Fruits, 1992,(1):19-23.

[1]	朱玉洁, 林玲, 唐光木, 张云舒, 徐万里. 改性棉秆炭对新疆灰漠土氮肥氨挥发特征的影响[J]. 新疆农业科学, 2023, 60(9): 2128-2137.
[2]	席丽, 李思瑶, 夏晓莹, 陈玉雯, 李林, 王杰, 马小龙, 米尔扎提·柯尼加里木, 阿丽耶·麦麦提, 王卫霞. 不同郁闭度天山云杉林土壤养分特征[J]. 新疆农业科学, 2023, 60(9): 2216-2222.
[3]	马明杰, 赵经华, 李冬民, 杨胜春, 王克贤, 李池. 不同灌溉方式对苜蓿土壤水分与灌溉水利用效率的影响[J]. 新疆农业科学, 2023, 60(9): 2306-2313.
[4]	李雪玲, 郭俊先, 陈莉, 宋鹤岭, 张众. 不同覆膜宽度对棉花农田环境的影响[J]. 新疆农业科学, 2023, 60(8): 1840-1847.
[5]	王苹, 孔娜, 潘俨, 孙席平, 徐斌, 张婷. ClO₂熏蒸处理对湿鲜核桃贮藏效果的影响[J]. 新疆农业科学, 2023, 60(8): 1940-1949.
[6]	蒲敏, 阮向阳, 肖乐乐, 索常凯, 陈国永, 冶军, 高波. 枸溶性钙镁肥对加工番茄钙、镁吸收及品质的影响[J]. 新疆农业科学, 2023, 60(8): 1987-1995.
[7]	王燕, 武兴宝, 秦新惠, 张永久, 杨丽, 赵哈林. 荒漠绿洲农田盐渍化过程中的土壤碳、氮、磷生态化学计量特征[J]. 新疆农业科学, 2023, 60(8): 1996-2005.
[8]	徐静, 石书兵, 秦小钢, 朱军. 核桃林间作西红花对其土壤微生物数量的动态变化[J]. 新疆农业科学, 2023, 60(8): 2022-2027.
[9]	李志强, 陈昱东, 吕光辉, 王金龙, 蒋腊梅, 王恒方, 李韩鹏, 张磊. 荒漠草本植物功能性状的土壤水盐响应特征及生态策略[J]. 新疆农业科学, 2023, 60(8): 2038-2045.
[10]	梁志国, 王泽鹏, 贾宋楠, 范凤翠, 刘胜尧, 张哲, 杜凤焕, 秦勇. 不同土壤水分对设施茄子生长、产量、品质及水分利用效率的影响[J]. 新疆农业科学, 2023, 60(7): 1713-1721.
[11]	薛正轩, 蔡志平, 张智健, 彭天祥, 黄志伟, 黄恩泽, 王佩玲, 陆宴辉. 基于铷元素标记技术分析多异瓢虫在甘草带与棉田间的迁移范围[J]. 新疆农业科学, 2023, 60(7): 1741-1747.
[12]	陈乙煌, 邢利, 东珍珍, 马小梅, 黄建军, 罗晓霞. 柽柳根际土壤放线菌的分离及拮抗活性筛选[J]. 新疆农业科学, 2023, 60(7): 1790-1797.
[13]	赖宁, 耿庆龙, 李永福, 李娜, 信会男, 步生兵, 陈署晃. 有机无机配施对超晚播冬小麦产量、氮磷养分吸收利用及土壤肥力的影响[J]. 新疆农业科学, 2023, 60(6): 1335-1343.
[14]	罗四维, 贾永红, 张金汕, 王凯, 李丹丹, 王润琪, 董艳雪, 石书兵. 不同滴头间距和毛管间距对匀播冬小麦土壤水分空间分布、根系形态及产量的影响[J]. 新疆农业科学, 2023, 60(6): 1344-1352.
[15]	曹艺洁, 艾沙江·买买提, 仙米斯娅·塔依甫, 史智勇, 玉苏甫·阿不力提甫. 库尔勒香梨不同类型果柄差异比较[J]. 新疆农业科学, 2023, 60(6): 1442-1450.