新疆农业科学 ›› 2023, Vol. 60 ›› Issue (6): 1433-1441.DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2023.06.016
杨寒珺1(), 黄星宇1, 王旭哲1, 张凤华2, 鲁为华1(
), 张凡凡1(
)
收稿日期:
2022-08-20
出版日期:
2023-06-20
发布日期:
2023-06-20
通信作者:
张凡凡(1989-),男,新疆乌鲁木齐人,副教授,博士,硕士生导师,研究方向为饲草生产与加工,(E-mail)zhangfanfan@shzu.edu.cn;作者简介:
杨寒珺(1996-),女,吉林四平人,硕士研究生,研究方向为牧草生产与加工,(E-mail)515706436@qq.com
基金资助:
YANG Hanjun1(), HUANG Xingyu1, WANG Xuzhe1, ZHANG Fenghua2, LUWeihua 1(
), ZHANG Fanfan1(
)
Received:
2022-08-20
Published:
2023-06-20
Online:
2023-06-20
Supported by:
摘要:
【目的】研究田间晾晒对饲用油菜含水率的影响,分析含水率对青贮饲用油菜营养品质、发酵品质及有氧稳定性的影响,为饲用油菜青贮实际利用提供理论基础。【方法】采用罐装青贮法,设计6个晾晒时间处理,分别为晾晒0 h(A1处理)、12 h(A2处理)、24 h(A3处理)、36 h(A4处理)、48 h(A5处理)、60 h(A6处理),将晾晒后的原料直接青贮,青贮60 d后开罐,进行感官评价,分析营养品质、发酵品质和有氧稳定性。【结果】饲用油菜随晾晒时间的延长,干物质含量(DM)、铵态氮含量(NH3-N)均显著增加(P<0.05),pH值、乳酸含量(LA)、乙酸含量(AA)均增加不显著(P>0.05),粗蛋白含量(CP)、粗脂肪含量(EE)、中性洗涤纤维含量(NDF)、酸性洗涤纤维含量(ADF)、可溶性碳水化合物含量(WSC)均下降;对比不同晾晒时间饲用油菜青贮发酵60 d后青贮饲料品质,晾晒12 h(含水率73.53%)蛋白质含量(CP)和可溶性碳水化合物含量(WSC)最高(分别为11.04%和12.39%),酸性洗涤纤维含量(ADF)最低为(16.80%),pH值显著低于其他各处理(P<0.05),乳酸含量(LA)、乙酸含量(AA)均显著高于其他各处理(P<0.05),丙酸含量(PA)最低(0.04%)。【结论】发酵后晾晒12 h的饲用油菜青贮营养品质、发酵品质和有氧稳定性最好,在南疆麦后饲用油菜收获时田间晾晒时间12 h左右,综合价值最优。
中图分类号:
杨寒珺, 黄星宇, 王旭哲, 张凤华, 鲁为华, 张凡凡. 田间晾晒时间对饲用油菜发酵品质的影响[J]. 新疆农业科学, 2023, 60(6): 1433-1441.
YANG Hanjun, HUANG Xingyu, WANG Xuzhe, ZHANG Fenghua, LUWeihua , ZHANG Fanfan. Effect of drying time in the field on the quality of fermentation of Brassica napus[J]. Xinjiang Agricultural Sciences, 2023, 60(6): 1433-1441.
处理 Theatment | 气味 Scent | 色泽 Color | 质地 Texture | 等级 Grade |
---|---|---|---|---|
A1 | 略带酸味 | 黄绿色 | 茎叶结构完整,质地不疏松,黏手、舒适感一般 | 一般 |
A2 | 强酸味 | 黄绿色 | 茎叶结构完整,质地疏松不黏手、舒适感佳 | 优质 |
A3 | 强酸味 | 黄绿色 | 茎叶结构完整,质地疏松不黏手、舒适感佳 | 优质 |
A4 | 清酸味 | 黄绿色 | 茎叶结构完整,质地疏松不黏手、舒适感良好 | 良好 |
A5 | 清酸味 | 黄色 | 茎叶结构完整,质地疏松不黏手、舒适感一般 | 一般 |
A6 | 略带酸味 | 暗黄色 | 茎叶结构完整,质地疏松,黏手、舒适感较差 | 较差 |
表1 各处理青贮开罐后感官评价
Tab.1 The sensory evaluation after silage opening
处理 Theatment | 气味 Scent | 色泽 Color | 质地 Texture | 等级 Grade |
---|---|---|---|---|
A1 | 略带酸味 | 黄绿色 | 茎叶结构完整,质地不疏松,黏手、舒适感一般 | 一般 |
A2 | 强酸味 | 黄绿色 | 茎叶结构完整,质地疏松不黏手、舒适感佳 | 优质 |
A3 | 强酸味 | 黄绿色 | 茎叶结构完整,质地疏松不黏手、舒适感佳 | 优质 |
A4 | 清酸味 | 黄绿色 | 茎叶结构完整,质地疏松不黏手、舒适感良好 | 良好 |
A5 | 清酸味 | 黄色 | 茎叶结构完整,质地疏松不黏手、舒适感一般 | 一般 |
A6 | 略带酸味 | 暗黄色 | 茎叶结构完整,质地疏松,黏手、舒适感较差 | 较差 |
发酵时间 Fermentation time (d) | 处理 Theatment | 干物质 Dry matter (%DM) | 粗蛋白 Crude protein CP (%DM) | 粗脂肪 Ether extractt EE(%DM) | 中性洗涤纤维 Neutral detergent fiber NDF (%DM) | 酸性洗涤纤维 Acid detergent fiber ADF (%DM) | 可溶性碳水 化合物 Water soluble carbohydrates WSC(%DM) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0 | A1 | 17.76±1.053Af | 12.38±0.972Aa | 8.89±0.521Aa | 51.75±2.142Aa | 23.43±1.268Aa | 21.86±0.523Aa |
A2 | 26.47±1.327Ae | 12.25±1.659Aab | 8.68±0.656Aab | 50.24±1.235Aa | 23.21±0.956Aa | 21.28±0.459Aab | |
A3 | 31.38±1.566Ad | 12.11±1.224Aab | 8.47±0.266Abc | 48.72±1.976Aa | 22.98±1.039Aa | 20.29±0.986Aabc | |
A4 | 39.81±2.031Ac | 11.98±1.037Aab | 8.27±0.771Acd | 48.21±1.822Aa | 22.76±1.028Aa | 18.01±0.479Abcd | |
A5 | 44.54±2.556Ab | 11.84±1.563Aab | 8.06±0.803Ade | 47.69±2.013Aa | 22.53±0.825Aa | 17.71±0.423Acd | |
A6 | 52.49±1.977Aa | 11.71±1.322Ab | 7.85±0.228Ae | 45.17±1.544Aa | 22.31±0.991Aa | 17.43±0.368Acd | |
60 | A1 | 14.82±0.975Bf | 10.51±0.953Bab | 5.67±0.563Ba | 46.94±01.253Aa | 20.92±0.985Aa | 9.35±0.256Bc |
A2 | 25.31±1.256Be | 11.04±1.033Ba | 5.56±0.298Bab | 41.84±2.045Abc | 16.80±0.752Ba | 12.39±0.387Ba | |
A3 | 29.3±2.557Bd | 10.95±1.213Ba | 5.31±287Bbc | 41.90±1.982Abc | 17.49±0.792Ba | 12.05±0.422Ba | |
A4 | 36.85±1.759Bc | 10.74±1.199Bab | 5.02±0.355Bbc | 44.52±2.928Ab | 17.72±0.635Aa | 10.37±0.0.419Bb | |
A5 | 41.61±2.988Bb | 10.45±0.886Bab | 4.82±0.361Bc | 43.53±2.195Ab | 18.01±0.566Aa | 9.49±0.326Bc | |
A6 | 47.73±3.012Ba | 10.13±1.262Bb | 4.52±0.572Bd | 40.98±1.955Ac | 19.03±0.855Ba | 9.19±0.475Bc |
表2 饲用油菜青贮下营养品质变化
Tab.2 Changes of quality of silage fermentation in Brassica napus silage
发酵时间 Fermentation time (d) | 处理 Theatment | 干物质 Dry matter (%DM) | 粗蛋白 Crude protein CP (%DM) | 粗脂肪 Ether extractt EE(%DM) | 中性洗涤纤维 Neutral detergent fiber NDF (%DM) | 酸性洗涤纤维 Acid detergent fiber ADF (%DM) | 可溶性碳水 化合物 Water soluble carbohydrates WSC(%DM) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0 | A1 | 17.76±1.053Af | 12.38±0.972Aa | 8.89±0.521Aa | 51.75±2.142Aa | 23.43±1.268Aa | 21.86±0.523Aa |
A2 | 26.47±1.327Ae | 12.25±1.659Aab | 8.68±0.656Aab | 50.24±1.235Aa | 23.21±0.956Aa | 21.28±0.459Aab | |
A3 | 31.38±1.566Ad | 12.11±1.224Aab | 8.47±0.266Abc | 48.72±1.976Aa | 22.98±1.039Aa | 20.29±0.986Aabc | |
A4 | 39.81±2.031Ac | 11.98±1.037Aab | 8.27±0.771Acd | 48.21±1.822Aa | 22.76±1.028Aa | 18.01±0.479Abcd | |
A5 | 44.54±2.556Ab | 11.84±1.563Aab | 8.06±0.803Ade | 47.69±2.013Aa | 22.53±0.825Aa | 17.71±0.423Acd | |
A6 | 52.49±1.977Aa | 11.71±1.322Ab | 7.85±0.228Ae | 45.17±1.544Aa | 22.31±0.991Aa | 17.43±0.368Acd | |
60 | A1 | 14.82±0.975Bf | 10.51±0.953Bab | 5.67±0.563Ba | 46.94±01.253Aa | 20.92±0.985Aa | 9.35±0.256Bc |
A2 | 25.31±1.256Be | 11.04±1.033Ba | 5.56±0.298Bab | 41.84±2.045Abc | 16.80±0.752Ba | 12.39±0.387Ba | |
A3 | 29.3±2.557Bd | 10.95±1.213Ba | 5.31±287Bbc | 41.90±1.982Abc | 17.49±0.792Ba | 12.05±0.422Ba | |
A4 | 36.85±1.759Bc | 10.74±1.199Bab | 5.02±0.355Bbc | 44.52±2.928Ab | 17.72±0.635Aa | 10.37±0.0.419Bb | |
A5 | 41.61±2.988Bb | 10.45±0.886Bab | 4.82±0.361Bc | 43.53±2.195Ab | 18.01±0.566Aa | 9.49±0.326Bc | |
A6 | 47.73±3.012Ba | 10.13±1.262Bb | 4.52±0.572Bd | 40.98±1.955Ac | 19.03±0.855Ba | 9.19±0.475Bc |
发酵时间 Fermentation time (d) | 处理 Theatment | pH值 pH value | 乳酸 LA (%FM) | 乙酸 AA (%FM) | 丙酸 PA (%FM) | 丁酸 BA (%FM) | 氨态氮/总氮 NH3-N/TN (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0 | A1 | 6.01±0.05Aa | 0.51±0.03Aa | 0.08±0.01Aa | - | - | 0.21±0.01Af |
A2 | 6.07±0.12Aa | 0.48±0.07Aa | 0.07±0.01Aa | - | - | 0.25±0.01Ae | |
A3 | 6.10±0.11Aa | 0.49±0.02Aa | 0.08±0.02Aa | - | - | 0.37±0.04Ad | |
A4 | 6.13±0.1Aa | 0.53±0.05Aa | 0.06±0.01Aa | - | - | 0.40±0.05Ac | |
A5 | 6.12±0.22Aa | 0.51±0.04Aa | 0.08±0.05Aa | - | - | 0.42±0.04Ab | |
A6 | 6.28±0.14Aa | 0.48±0.02Aa | 0.07±0.03Aa | 0.01±0A | 0.01±0A | 0.46±0.06Aa | |
60 | A1 | 4.65±0.12Bf | 4.49±0.13Bb | 1.44±0.011Bc | 0.86±0.12a | 0.49±0.11a | 6.58±0.29Ba |
A2 | 3.85±0.08Ba | 4.71±0.25Ba | 1.59±0Ba | 0.04±0.02d | 0.01±0.01c | 4.59±0.13Bb | |
A3 | 3.98±0.06Bb | 4.55±0.31Bc | 1.52±0.02Bb | 0.06±0.01cd | 0.01±0.01c | 4.33±0.29Bb | |
A4 | 4.21±0.13Bd | 3.72±0.17Bf | 1.27±0.01Be | 0.08±0.04c | 0.01±0c | 5.24±0.76Bab | |
A5 | 4.23±0.07Bc | 3.77±0.26Be | 1.21±0.01Bf | 0.72±0.02a | 0.39±0.01b | 6.14±1.73Ba | |
A6 | 4.49±0.08Be | 4.04±0.22Bd | 1.32±0.02Bd | 0.35±0.06Bb | 0.47±0.09Ba | 5.87±0.42Bab |
表3 饲用油菜青贮下发酵品质变化
Tab.3 Changes of quality of silage fermentation in Brassica napus silage
发酵时间 Fermentation time (d) | 处理 Theatment | pH值 pH value | 乳酸 LA (%FM) | 乙酸 AA (%FM) | 丙酸 PA (%FM) | 丁酸 BA (%FM) | 氨态氮/总氮 NH3-N/TN (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0 | A1 | 6.01±0.05Aa | 0.51±0.03Aa | 0.08±0.01Aa | - | - | 0.21±0.01Af |
A2 | 6.07±0.12Aa | 0.48±0.07Aa | 0.07±0.01Aa | - | - | 0.25±0.01Ae | |
A3 | 6.10±0.11Aa | 0.49±0.02Aa | 0.08±0.02Aa | - | - | 0.37±0.04Ad | |
A4 | 6.13±0.1Aa | 0.53±0.05Aa | 0.06±0.01Aa | - | - | 0.40±0.05Ac | |
A5 | 6.12±0.22Aa | 0.51±0.04Aa | 0.08±0.05Aa | - | - | 0.42±0.04Ab | |
A6 | 6.28±0.14Aa | 0.48±0.02Aa | 0.07±0.03Aa | 0.01±0A | 0.01±0A | 0.46±0.06Aa | |
60 | A1 | 4.65±0.12Bf | 4.49±0.13Bb | 1.44±0.011Bc | 0.86±0.12a | 0.49±0.11a | 6.58±0.29Ba |
A2 | 3.85±0.08Ba | 4.71±0.25Ba | 1.59±0Ba | 0.04±0.02d | 0.01±0.01c | 4.59±0.13Bb | |
A3 | 3.98±0.06Bb | 4.55±0.31Bc | 1.52±0.02Bb | 0.06±0.01cd | 0.01±0.01c | 4.33±0.29Bb | |
A4 | 4.21±0.13Bd | 3.72±0.17Bf | 1.27±0.01Be | 0.08±0.04c | 0.01±0c | 5.24±0.76Bab | |
A5 | 4.23±0.07Bc | 3.77±0.26Be | 1.21±0.01Bf | 0.72±0.02a | 0.39±0.01b | 6.14±1.73Ba | |
A6 | 4.49±0.08Be | 4.04±0.22Bd | 1.32±0.02Bd | 0.35±0.06Bb | 0.47±0.09Ba | 5.87±0.42Bab |
项目 Item | A1 | A2 | A3 | A4 | A5 | A6 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
干物质 Dry matterDM (g) | 0.00 | 0.29 | 0.44 | 0.67 | 0.81 | 1.00 |
粗蛋白Crude protein CP (%DM) | 0.42 | 1.00 | 0.90 | 0.67 | 0.35 | 0.00 |
粗脂肪 Ether extract EE (%DM) | 1.00 | 0.90 | 0.69 | 0.43 | 0.26 | 0.00 |
中性洗涤纤维 Neutral detergent fiber NDF (%DM) | 0.00 | 0.86 | 0.85 | 0.41 | 0.57 | 1.00 |
酸性洗涤纤维 Acid detergent fiber ADF (%DM) | 0.00 | 1.00 | 0.83 | 0.78 | 0.71 | 0.46 |
可溶性碳水化合物 Water soluble carbohydrates WSC (%DM) | 0.28 | 1.00 | 0.92 | 0.52 | 0.31 | 0.00 |
氨态氮(占总氮) NH3-N/TN (%) | 0.00 | 0.88 | 1.00 | 0.60 | 0.20 | 0.32 |
有氧稳定性 Aerobic stability (h) | 0.77 | 0.85 | 1.00 | 0.99 | 0.36 | 0.00 |
平均值 Average | 0.31 | 0.85 | 0.83 | 0.63 | 0.45 | 0.35 |
排序 Rank | 6 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
表4 隶属函数分析及营养价值排序
Tab.4 Membership function analysis and nutritional value ranking
项目 Item | A1 | A2 | A3 | A4 | A5 | A6 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
干物质 Dry matterDM (g) | 0.00 | 0.29 | 0.44 | 0.67 | 0.81 | 1.00 |
粗蛋白Crude protein CP (%DM) | 0.42 | 1.00 | 0.90 | 0.67 | 0.35 | 0.00 |
粗脂肪 Ether extract EE (%DM) | 1.00 | 0.90 | 0.69 | 0.43 | 0.26 | 0.00 |
中性洗涤纤维 Neutral detergent fiber NDF (%DM) | 0.00 | 0.86 | 0.85 | 0.41 | 0.57 | 1.00 |
酸性洗涤纤维 Acid detergent fiber ADF (%DM) | 0.00 | 1.00 | 0.83 | 0.78 | 0.71 | 0.46 |
可溶性碳水化合物 Water soluble carbohydrates WSC (%DM) | 0.28 | 1.00 | 0.92 | 0.52 | 0.31 | 0.00 |
氨态氮(占总氮) NH3-N/TN (%) | 0.00 | 0.88 | 1.00 | 0.60 | 0.20 | 0.32 |
有氧稳定性 Aerobic stability (h) | 0.77 | 0.85 | 1.00 | 0.99 | 0.36 | 0.00 |
平均值 Average | 0.31 | 0.85 | 0.83 | 0.63 | 0.45 | 0.35 |
排序 Rank | 6 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
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