Optimal Selection of Water and Fertilizer for Spring Wheat under Drip Irrigation in Gravel Sandy Soil Based on Response Surface Methodology

doi:10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2023.01.006

Abstract

Abstract:

【Objective】 Based on the spring wheat planting environment with gravelly sandy soil in Fuhai County, Altay, Xinjiang.this paper studied the effects of different water and fertilizer treatments on the growth and development of spring wheat under drip irrigation under the condition of gravelly sandy soil., so as to provide guidance for the application of water and fertilizer of wheat in Altay Prefecture. 【Method】 Three irrigation levels of 30 mm (W₁), 45 mm (W₂) and 60 mm (W₃) and three fertilization levels of urea application 0 kg/hm² (N₀), 300 kg/hm²(N₁) and 600 kg/hm² (N₂) were set, and the results were optimized by ANOVA and response surface methodology. 【Result】 The experiment found that under the same irrigation level, spring wheat plant height and dry matter accumulation of N₀ treatment were lower than that of N₁ and N₂ treatments.Among them, the plant height and dry matter accumulation of N₀ treatment and N₂ treatment were significantly different (P<0.05); Under the same fertilization level, the plant height and dry matter accumulation of spring wheat increased gradually with the increase of irrigation amount.The amount of irrigation has a significant effect on the effective ear number (P<0.05), but has no significant effect on the thousand-grain weight (P>0.05).The amount of fertilization had no significant effect on the thousand-grain weight and effective ear number (P>0.05).Irrigation amount and fertilization amount have a very significant effect on the number of grains per panicle and yield (P<0.01), and the interaction of water and fertilizer only has a very significant effect on yield (P<0.01). 【Conclusion】 Under the applicable conditions of the response surface model, the optimal water and fertilizer conditions optimized by the response surface method are 60 mm irrigation and 388 kg/hm² fertilization.Under these conditions, the wheat yield is 6,923.1 kg/hm²; analysis of comprehensive test results It was found that the dry matter accumulation, yield composition and yield performance of wheat under W₃N₁ treatment (irrigation rate 60 mm, fertilization rate 300 kg/hm²) were better, and the final yield was 7,040.93 kg/hm², so W₃N₁ was better.Water and fertilizer treatment.

Key words: spring wheat; water and fertilizer; yield; gravelly sandy soil; response surface methodology

摘要：

【目的】研究多砾石砂土土质条件下不同水肥处理对滴灌春小麦生长发育的影响,为阿勒泰地区小麦的水肥施用提供指导。【方法】设置30 mm(W₁)、45 mm(W₂)、60 mm(W₃)3个灌水水平及尿素施用0 kg/hm²(N₀)、300 kg/hm²(N₁)、600 kg/hm²(N₂)3个施肥水平,利用方差分析及响应面法进行结果优选。【结果】同一灌水水平下,N₀处理相比N₁、N₂处理春小麦株高及干物质积累量较低,其中 N₀处理与N₂处理株高和干物质积累量差异显著(P<0.05);同一施肥水平下春小麦株高及干物质积累量随着灌水量增加逐渐增加。灌水量对有效穗数有显著影响(P<0.05),对千粒重无显著影响(P>0.05)。施肥量对千粒重和有效穗数无显著影响(P>0.05)。灌水量与施肥量对每穗粒数和产量有极显著影响(P<0.01),水肥交互仅对产量有极显著影响(P<0.01)。【结论】利用响应面法优选后的最佳水肥条件为灌水60 mm,施肥388 kg/hm²,该条件下小麦产量为6 923.1 kg/hm²;W₃N₁处理(灌水量60 mm,施肥量300 kg/hm²)下小麦的干物质积累、产量构成及产量表现较好,最终产量为7 040.93 kg/hm²,选取W₃N₁为较好的水肥处理。

关键词: 春小麦, 水肥, 产量, 多砾石砂土, 响应面法

CLC Number:

ZHAO Jinghua, YANG Tingrui, ZHANG Heng, Hudan Tumaibai, MA Liang, CHEN Kaili. Optimal Selection of Water and Fertilizer for Spring Wheat under Drip Irrigation in Gravel Sandy Soil Based on Response Surface Methodology[J]. Xinjiang Agricultural Sciences, 2023, 60(1): 43-51.

赵经华, 杨庭瑞, 张恒, 虎胆·吐马尔白, 马亮, 陈凯丽. 基于响应面法的多砾石砂土滴灌春小麦水肥条件优选[J]. 新疆农业科学, 2023, 60(1): 43-51.

Figures/Tables 10

Table 1 Soil bulk density and field water holding capacity

土层深度 Soil depth (cm)	土壤容重 Soil bulk density (g/cm³)	体积含水率 Volumetric moisture content(%)
20	1.79	22.13
40	1.77	20.86
60	1.75	17.22
平均Average	1.77	20.07

Table 2 Irrigation system of spring wheat

灌水日期 Irrigation date	灌水周期 Water cycle (d)	灌水次数 Irrigation frequ ency	灌水定额 Irrigation quota (mm)
灌水日期 Irrigation date	灌水周期 Water cycle (d)	灌水次数 Irrigation frequ ency	W₁	W₂	W₃
4月22日	/	1	45	45	45
5月17日	25	1	30	45	60
5月25日	8	1	30	45	60
6月03日	8	1	30	45	60
6月12日	9	1	30	45	60
6月20日	8	1	30	45	60
6月27日	7	1	30	45	60
7月04日	7	1	30	45	60
7月11日	7	1	30	30	30
合计Total	79	9	285	390	495

Table 3 Fertilization status of each treatment for spring wheat

处理Treatments	N₀	N₁(kg/hm²)	N₂(kg/hm²)
底肥Base fertilizer	不施肥	磷酸氢二铵195 钾镁肥105	磷酸氢二铵195 钾镁肥105
拔节期Jointing stage	不施肥	尿素120	尿素240
抽穗扬花期Heading and flowering period	不施肥	尿素120	尿素240
灌浆期Filling stage	不施肥	尿素60	尿素120
尿素总计Total urea	/	300	600

Table 4 Plant height of spring wheat at different growth stages under different water and fertilizer treatments(cm)

处理 Treatments	分蘖期 Tillering stage	拔节孕穗期 Jointing and booting period	抽穗扬花期 Heading and flowering period	灌浆期 Filling stage	成熟期 Mature stage
W₁N₀	12.37^a	35.8^ab	56.2^c	59.6^e	59^d
W₂N₀	12.26^a	33.67^b	56.13^c	60.93^e	60.87^cd
W₃N₀	11.11^a	34.47^b	65.47^ab	69.27^cd	68^bc
W₁N₁	11.71^a	37.6^ab	58.87b^c	63.13^de	61.07^cd
W₂N₁	11.7^a	38.13^ab	65.07^ab	72.4^abc	70.93^ab
W₃N₁	11.9^a	37.67^ab	67.07^ab	79.53^a	79.2^a
W₁N₂	11.82^a	40.13^a	66.73^ab	71.33^bc	70.33^b
W₂N₂	12.79^a	40.07^a	67.4^ab	73.27^abc	71.87^ab
W₃N₂	12.93^a	40.87^a	69.2^a	78^ab	75.73^ab

Table 5 Dry matter accumulation of spring wheat at different growth stages under different water and fertilizer treatments(kg/hm2)

处理 Treatments	分蘖期 Tillering stage	拔节孕穗期 Jointing and booting period	抽穗扬花期 Heading and flowering period	灌浆期 Filling stage	成熟期 Mature stage
W₁N₀	7 910.62^a	8 731.03^b	12 326.16^a	13 646.82^b	13 433.63^d
W₂N₀	7 977.32^a	9 384.69^ab	12 739.70^a	14 473.90^b	15 213.82^bcd
W₃N₀	7 843.92^a	8 991.16^ab	12 532.93^a	15 587.79^ab	15 755.39^abcd
W₁N₁	8 390.86^a	10 358.51^a	13 500.08^a	14 027.01^b	14 940.55^cd
W₂N₁	8 164.08^a	10 305.15^ab	13 966.98^a	15 654.49^ab	16 141.15^abc
W₃N₁	8 084.04^a	10 171.75^ab	14 653.99^a	17 455.39^a	17 275.15^abc
W₁N₂	8 070.70^a	10 388.68^a	14 527.26^a	16 262.51^ab	16 234.78^abc
W₂N₂	8 384.19^a	9 731.53^ab	15 227.01^a	18 001.58^a	17 714.92^ab
W₃N₂	8 090.71^a	9 458.06^ab	14 914.12^a	18 115.72^a	18 189.09^a

Table 6 Variance analysis of different water and fertilizer levels on wheat yield and yield composition

处理 Treatments		千粒重 Thousand Grain Weight(g)	每穗粒数 Number of grains per spike (个)	有效穗数 Effective panicle number (株/hm²)	产量 Yield (kg/hm²)
W₁N₀		38.5^b	27.32^d	3 741 870^b	3 935.42^f
W₂N₀		41.97^ab	28.77^d	3 875 270^ab	4 375.46^e
W₃N₀		42.63^ab	29.22^cd	4 272 135^a	5 073.57^d
W₁N₁		43^ab	30.17^cd	3 815 240^ab	4 846.91^d
W₂N₁		43.23^ab	34.9^ab	4 018 675^ab	6 301.77^b
W₃N₁		45.5^a	36.99^a	4 088 710^ab	7 040.93^a
W₁N₂		40.33^ab	32.64^bc	3 701 850^b	4 178.24^ef
W₂N₂		42.5^ab	35.19^ab	3 855 260^ab	5 926.93^c
W₃N₂		41.03^ab	36.97^a	4 028 680^ab	6 097.76^bc
	灌水	NS	^**	^*	^**
多元方差分析 MANOVA	施肥	NS	^**	NS	^**
	灌水×施肥	NS	NS	NS	^**

Table 7 Design and operation data of model parameters

处理 Treat ments	灌水定额 Irrigation quota (mm)	尿素总计 Total urea (kg/hm²)	产量 Yield (kg/hm²)
W₁N₀	45	600	5 926.93
W₂N₀	30	300	4 846.9
W₃N₀	30	0	3 935.42
W₁N₁	60	0	5 073.57
W₂N₁	30	600	4 178.24
W₃N₁	45	0	4 375.46
W₁N₂	60	600	6 097.76
W₂N₂	60	300	7 040.93
W₃N₂	45	300	6 301.77

Table 8 Variance analysis of regression equation for yield response value

来源 Origin	平方和 Sum of squares	自由度 Degree of freedom	均方 Mean square	F	P	R²/调整R² R²/Adjust R²	显著性 Significant
来源 Origin	产量 Yield	自由度 Degree of freedom	产量 Yield	F	P	R²/调整R² R²/Adjust R²	显著性 Significant
模型Model	8.866E+006	5	1.773E+006	12.41	0.032 2	0.954/0.877	显著
X₁	4.597E+006	1	4.597E+006	32.17	0.010 9
X₂	1.324E+006	1	1.324E+006	9.26	0.055 7
X₁X₂	1.526E+005	1	1.526E+005	1.07	0.377 4
$X 12$	2.302E+005	1	2.302E+005	1.61	0.293 9
$X 2 2$	2.563E+006	1	2.563E+006	17.93	0.024 1
误差Error	4.287E+005	3	1.429E+005

Table 8 Variance analysis of regression equation for yield response value

来源 Origin	平方和 Sum of squares	自由度 Degree of freedom	均方 Mean square	F	P	R²/调整R² R²/Adjust R²	显著性 Significant
来源 Origin	产量 Yield	自由度 Degree of freedom	产量 Yield	F	P	R²/调整R² R²/Adjust R²	显著性 Significant
模型Model	8.866E+006	5	1.773E+006	12.41	0.032 2	0.954/0.877	显著
X₁	4.597E+006	1	4.597E+006	32.17	0.010 9
X₂	1.324E+006	1	1.324E+006	9.26	0.055 7
X₁X₂	1.526E+005	1	1.526E+005	1.07	0.377 4
$X 12$	2.302E+005	1	2.302E+005	1.61	0.293 9
$X 2 2$	2.563E+006	1	2.563E+006	17.93	0.024 1
误差Error	4.287E+005	3	1.429E+005

Fig.1 Contour distribution of the effect of irrigation amount and urea amount on wheat yield

Fig.2 Curved diagram of the effect of irrigation amount and urea amount on wheat yield

References 19

[1]	张金波, 严勇亮, 王小波, 等. 新疆春小麦育成品种遗传演变分析[J]. 新疆农业科学, 2020, 57(3): 418-426. DOI
	ZHANG Jinbo, YAN Yongliang, WANG Xiaobo, et al. Analysis of the genetic evolution of cultivated spring wheat varieties in Xinjiang[J]. Xinjiang Agricultural Sciences, 2020, 57(3): 418-426. DOI
[2]	陈凯丽, 赵经华, 马英杰, 等. 不同水氮处理对阿勒泰地区滴灌春小麦生长、产量及水氮利用的影响[J]. 新疆农业大学学报, 2017, 40(2): 85-91.
	CHEN Kaili, ZHAO Jinghua, MA Yingjie, et al. Effects of different water and nitrogen treatments on the growth, yield,water and nitrogen utilization of spring wheat under drip irrigation in Altay area[J]. Journal of Xinjiang Agricultural University, 2017, 40(2): 85-91.
[3]	陈凯丽, 赵经华, 黄红建, 等. 不同滴灌灌水定额对小麦的耗水特性和产量的影响[J]. 灌溉排水学报, 2017, 36(3): 65-68.
	CHEN Kaili, ZHAO Jinghua, HUANG Hongjian, et al. Effect of different irrigation quota on water consumption characteristics and yield of wheat[J]. Journal of Irrigation and Drainage, 2017, 36(3): 65-68.
[4]	杨荣赞, 王龙, 余航, 等. 小麦生育期内田间土壤水分动态变化过程及其模型模拟[J]. 云南农业大学学报(自然科学版), 2020, 35(4): 717-725.
	YANG Rongzan, WANG Long, YU Hang, et al. The dynamic process and model simulation of soil moisture in wheat growth period[J]. Journal of Yunnan Agricultural University (Natural Science Ed.), 2020, 35(4): 717-725.
[5]	王冀川, 徐雅丽, 高山, 等. 滴灌小麦根系生理特性及其空间分布[J]. 西北农业学报, 2012, 21(5): 65-70.
	WANG Jichuan, XU Yali, GAO Shan, et al. The physiological characteristics and root spatial distribution of spring wheat in drip irrigation field[J]. Acta Agriculturae Boreali-Occidentalis Sinica, 2012, 21(5): 65-70.
[6]	蒋桂英, 刘建国, 魏建军, 等. 灌溉频率对滴灌小麦土壤水分分布及水分利用效率的影响[J]. 干旱地区农业研究, 2013, 31(4): 38-42.
	JIANG Guiying, LIU Jianguo, WEI Jianjun, et al. Effects of irrigation frequency on soil water distribution and water use efficiency in wheat field under drip irrigation[J]. Agricultural Research in the Arid Areas, 2013, 31(4): 38-42.
[7]	张松超, 张建芳, 王冀川, 等. 不同种植方式和施氮量对滴灌冬小麦生理特征及产量的影响[J]. 西北农业学报, 2021, 30(4): 1-10.
	ZHANG Songchao, ZHANG Jianfang, WANG Jichuan, et al. Effects of different planting patterns and nitrogen applicationson physiological characteristics and yield of winter wheat under drip irrigation[J]. Acta Agriculturae Boreali-occidentalis Sinica, 2021, 30(4): 1-10.
[8]	张旭, 李莎, 蔡煜, 等. 干旱区不同水氮梯度滴灌冬小麦干物质积累动态特征及产量效应[J]. 西南农业学报, 2020, 33(9): 2018-2026.
	ZHANG Xu, LI Sha, CAI Yu, et al. Analysis on DMA dynamic characteristics and yield of winter wheat with different water and nitrogen gradients under drip irrigation in arid area[J]. Southwest China Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 2020, 33(9): 2018-2026.
[9]	黄兴法, 刘晓晖, 张晓航, 等. 宁夏引黄灌区水肥制度对滴灌春小麦生长及产量的影响[J]. 灌溉排水学报, 2015, 34(S2): 9-12.
	HUANG Xingfa, LIU Xiaohui, ZHANG Xiaohang, et al. Effect of water-fertilizer scheduling on yield of spring wheat under drip irrigation in yellow river irrigation region of Ningxia hui autonomous region[J]. Journal of Irrigation and Drainage, 2015, 34(S2): 9-12.
[10]	陈凯丽, 赵经华, 付秋萍, 等. 不同水氮处理对滴灌冬小麦生长、产量和耗水特性的影响[J]. 干旱地区农业研究, 2018, 36(4): 125-132.
	CHEN Kaili, ZHAO Jinghua, FU Qiuping, et al. The effects of different water and nitrogen treatments on the growth,yield and water consumption characteristics of winter wheat[J]. Agricultural Research in the Arid Areas, 2018, 36(4): 125-132.
[11]	高翠民, 杨永辉, 何方, 等. 不同灌溉技术下水氮耦合对小麦光合特性、灌水利用特性及产量的影响[J]. 华北农学报, 2020, 35(5): 72-80. DOI
	GAO Cuimin, YANG Yonghui, HE Fang, et al. Effects of water-nitrogen coupling on photosynthetic characteristics,irrigation water use characteristics and yield in winter wheatunder different irrigation technologies[J]. Acta Agriculturae Boreali-Sinica, 2020, 35(5): 72-80.
[12]	SL 13-2015-2015.灌溉试验规范[S].
	SL 13-2015-2015.Specification for Irrigation Experiment[S].
[13]	闫永銮, 郝卫平, 梅旭荣, 等. 拔节期水分胁迫-复水对冬小麦干物质积累和水分利用效率的影响[J]. 中国农业气象, 2011, 32(2): 190-195.
	YAN Yongluan, HAO Weiping, MEI Xurong, et al. Effects of waterstress-rewatering at jointing stage on dry matter accumulation and WUE of winter wheat[J]. Chinese Journal of Agrometeorology, 2011, 32(2): 190-195.
[14]	Vembu V, Ganesan G. Heat treatment optimization for tensile properties of 8011 Al/15% SiCp metal matrix composite using response surface methodology[J]. Defence Technology, 2015, 4(11): 390-395.
[15]	严勇亮, 丛花, 张金波, 等. 水氮调控对两种穗型冬小麦品种农艺性状及产量的影响[J]. 新疆农业科学, 2015, 52(8): 1388-1393.
	YAN Yongliang, CONG Hua, ZHANG Jinbo, et al. Effects of irrigation and nitrogen on agronomic traits and yield in winter wheat with two spike-types[J]. Xinjiang Agricultural Sciences, 2015, 52(8): 1388-1393.
[16]	王玲玲, 吴文革, 李瑞, 等. 施氮量对弱筋小麦籽粒品质与氮素利用的影响[J]. 浙江农业学报, 2021, 35(5): 1-8.
	WANG Lingling, WU Wenge, LI Rui, et al. Effects of nitrogen rate on grain quality and nitrogen utilization of weak gluten wheat[J]. Acta Agriculturae Zhejiangensis, 2021, 35(5): 1-8.
[17]	丛鑫, 张立志, 徐征和, 等. 水氮互作对冬小麦水肥利用效率与经济效益的影响[J]. 农业机械学报, 2021, 52(3): 315-324.
	CONG Xin, ZHANG Lizhi, XU Zhenghe, et al. Effects of irrigation and nitrogen interaction on water and fertilizer use efficiency and economic benefits of winter wheat[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery, 2021, 52(3): 315-324.
[18]	王俊, 申立中, 杨永忠, 等. 基于响应曲面法的非道路用高压共轨柴油机设计点优化标定[J]. 农业工程学报, 2017, 33(3): 31-39.
	WANG Jun, SHEN Lizhong, YANG Yongzhong, et al. Optimizing calibration of design points for non-road high pressure common rail diesel engine base on response surface methodology[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, 2017, 33(3): 31-39.
[19]	王子凌, 信欣, 刘琴, 等. 响应面法优化CANON工艺处理猪场沼液脱氮性能研究[J]. 环境科学研究, 2020, 33(10): 2326-2334.
	WANG Ziling, XIN Xin, LIU Qin, et al. Optimization of denitrification performance of CANON process for treating anaerobic digester liquor of swine wastewater by response surface methodology[J]. Research of Environmental Sciences, 2020, 33(10): 2326-2334.