天山云杉林不同林型物种多样性对土壤因子的响应

doi:10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2022.01.016

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】研究2种林型林下草本植物多样性对土壤因子的响应,为新疆天山云杉林土壤质量的管理和物种多样性的保护提供依据。【方法】采用样地调查的方法,以中生草类-天山云杉林和藓类-天山云杉林2种林型为研究对象,通过野外调查数据计算α多样性指数,分析幼龄期(0~60 a)、中龄期(60~100 a)、近熟期(100~120 a)以及成熟期(120~160 a)4个龄级的草本物种多样性,利用多元统计方法研究土壤理化性质和物种多样性之间的相关关系。【结果】样地内草本植物共34科77属93种,2种林型分别以耐阴、中生草类植物为优势物种;物种多样性指数从幼龄林到成熟林这一生长过程呈逐渐降低趋势;土壤因子可以解释27.10%的林下草本植被多样性变化,其中土壤容重与生态优势度指数(H)呈极显著负相关关系(P<0.01),有机质含量与生态优势度指数(H)、均匀度指数(J_SW)呈极显著正相关关系(P<0.01),全钾含量与生态优势度指数(H)、全氮含量与均匀度指数(J_SW)呈显著正相关性(P<0.05)。【结论】天山云杉林2种林型的物种多样性指标以及土壤理化因子均差异显著,其中土壤容重、有机质以及全氮含量是影响物种多样性的主要土壤因子。

关键词: 天山云杉; 物种多样性; 土壤理化指标; 林型; 草本层

Abstract:

【Objective】 To study the correlation between the diversity of herbaceous plants under two forest types in order to provide scientific basis for the reasonable management of soil quality and the scientific protection of species diversity in Picea schrenkiana forest. 【Methods】 Two forest types, Mesophyll- Picea schrenkiana forest and moss- Picea schrenkiana forest, were taken as the research objects, and herbage species diversity of 4 ages was analyzed by diversity index, and the correlation between soil physical and chemical properties and species diversity was studied by multivariate statistical method. 【Results】 There were 93 species of herbaceous plants in 34 families and 77 genera in the study plot. The dominant species of the two forest types were shade tolerant and mesophytic grasses, respectively. The diversity index of stand decreased with the increase of stand age. Understory herbaceous species diversity was mainly affected by soil bulk density, organic matter, total potassium and total nitrogen content, and soil factors could only explain 27.10% of the variation of understory herbaceous vegetation diversity. 【Conclusion】 The soil bulk density, organic matter and total nitrogen content is the main soil factors affecting the Picea schrenkiana forest herb species diversity, but its corresponding small, indicating some unknown factors in the region more forests herbaceous species diversity has a great influence, subject to further plant physiological ecology characteristics and environmental factors such as study together.

Key words: Picea schrenkiana; species diversity; soil physical and chemical indexes; stand type; herb layer

中图分类号:

S718.54

葛瑶, 王振锡. 天山云杉林不同林型物种多样性对土壤因子的响应[J]. 新疆农业科学, 2022, 59(1): 134-144.

GE Yao, WANG Zhenxi. Soil Factors Effects on Herbaceous Species Diversity in Picea schrenkiana Forest of Different Forest type[J]. Xinjiang Agricultural Sciences, 2022, 59(1): 134-144.

图/表 7

表1 2种林型林下植被物种组成

Table 1 Species composition of understory vegetation in two forest types

林型 Forest type	科 No.of families	属数 No.of genus	种数 No.of species	林型 Forest type	科 No.of families	属数 No.of genus	种数 No.of species
藓类 - 天山云杉林 Moss species - Picea schrenkia -na forest	菊科Compositae	10	12	中生草类 - 天山云杉林 Mesophy-ll - Picea schrenki- ana forest	菊科Compositae	10	11
	禾本科Gramineae	7	9		鹿蹄草科Pyrolaceae	3	6
	蔷薇科Rosaceae	5	5		蔷薇科Rosaceae	5	6
	伞形科Umbelliferae	4	5		禾本科Gramineae	5	5
	石竹科Caryophyllaceae	3	4		虎耳草科Saxifragaceae	1	4
	唇形科Labiatae	3	3		石竹科Caryophyllaceae	4	4
	虎耳草科Saxifragaceae	2	3		蹄盖蕨科Athyriaceae	4	4
	蓼科Polygonaceae	2	3		豆科Leguminosae	3	3
	玄参科Scrophulariaceae	2	3		伞形科Umbelliferae	3	3
	豆科Leguminosae	2	2		唇形科Labiatae	2	2
	芍药科Paeoniaceae	2	2		玄参科Scrophulariaceae	2	2
	茜草科Rubiaceae	2	2		桔梗科Campanulaceae	2	2
	十字花科Cruciferae	2	2		茜草科Rubiaceae	2	2
	桔梗科Campanulaceae	2	2		牻牛儿苗科Geraniaceae	1	2
	报春花科Primulaceae	1	1		花荵科Phlox Paniculate	1	2
	车前科Plantaginaceae	1	1		报春花科Primulaceae	1	1
	花荵科Polemoniaceae	1	1		车前科Plantaginaceae	1	1
	凤仙花科Balsaminaceae	1	1		杜鹃花科Ericaceae	1	1
	花荵科Phlox Paniculate	1	1		凤仙花科Balsaminaceae	1	1
	寄奴花科Eremosynaceae	1	1		寄奴花科Eremosynaceae	1	1
	堇菜科Violaceae	1	1		堇菜科Violaceae	1	1
	桔梗科Campanulaceae	1	1		桔梗科Campanulaceae	1	1
	兰科Orchidaceae	1	1		兰科Orchidaceae	1	1
	鹿蹄草科Pyrolaceae	1	1		蓼科Polygonaceae	1	1
	牻牛儿苗科Geraniaceae	1	1		芍药科Paeoniaceae	1	1
藓类 - 天山云杉林 Moss species - Picea schrenkia -na forest	木贼科Equisetaceae	1	1	中生草类 - 天山云杉林 Mesophy-ll - Picea schrenki- ana forest	木贼科Equisetaceae	1	1
	莎草科Cyperaceae	1	1		莎草科Cyperaceae	1	1
	蹄盖蕨科Athyriaceae	1	1		十字花科Cruciferae	1	1
	鸢尾科Iridaceae	1	1		鸢尾科Iridaceae	1	1
	毛莨科Ranunculaceae	1	1		柳叶菜科Onagraceae	1	1
	柳叶菜科Onagraceae	1	1		番杏科Aizoaceae	1	1
	番杏科Aizoaceae	1	1		龙胆科gentianaceae	1	1
	龙胆科 gentianaceae	1	1
总计 Total	33	67	76		32	65	75

表1 2种林型林下植被物种组成

Table 1 Species composition of understory vegetation in two forest types

林型 Forest type	科 No.of families	属数 No.of genus	种数 No.of species	林型 Forest type	科 No.of families	属数 No.of genus	种数 No.of species
藓类 - 天山云杉林 Moss species - Picea schrenkia -na forest	菊科Compositae	10	12	中生草类 - 天山云杉林 Mesophy-ll - Picea schrenki- ana forest	菊科Compositae	10	11
	禾本科Gramineae	7	9		鹿蹄草科Pyrolaceae	3	6
	蔷薇科Rosaceae	5	5		蔷薇科Rosaceae	5	6
	伞形科Umbelliferae	4	5		禾本科Gramineae	5	5
	石竹科Caryophyllaceae	3	4		虎耳草科Saxifragaceae	1	4
	唇形科Labiatae	3	3		石竹科Caryophyllaceae	4	4
	虎耳草科Saxifragaceae	2	3		蹄盖蕨科Athyriaceae	4	4
	蓼科Polygonaceae	2	3		豆科Leguminosae	3	3
	玄参科Scrophulariaceae	2	3		伞形科Umbelliferae	3	3
	豆科Leguminosae	2	2		唇形科Labiatae	2	2
	芍药科Paeoniaceae	2	2		玄参科Scrophulariaceae	2	2
	茜草科Rubiaceae	2	2		桔梗科Campanulaceae	2	2
	十字花科Cruciferae	2	2		茜草科Rubiaceae	2	2
	桔梗科Campanulaceae	2	2		牻牛儿苗科Geraniaceae	1	2
	报春花科Primulaceae	1	1		花荵科Phlox Paniculate	1	2
	车前科Plantaginaceae	1	1		报春花科Primulaceae	1	1
	花荵科Polemoniaceae	1	1		车前科Plantaginaceae	1	1
	凤仙花科Balsaminaceae	1	1		杜鹃花科Ericaceae	1	1
	花荵科Phlox Paniculate	1	1		凤仙花科Balsaminaceae	1	1
	寄奴花科Eremosynaceae	1	1		寄奴花科Eremosynaceae	1	1
	堇菜科Violaceae	1	1		堇菜科Violaceae	1	1
	桔梗科Campanulaceae	1	1		桔梗科Campanulaceae	1	1
	兰科Orchidaceae	1	1		兰科Orchidaceae	1	1
	鹿蹄草科Pyrolaceae	1	1		蓼科Polygonaceae	1	1
	牻牛儿苗科Geraniaceae	1	1		芍药科Paeoniaceae	1	1
藓类 - 天山云杉林 Moss species - Picea schrenkia -na forest	木贼科Equisetaceae	1	1	中生草类 - 天山云杉林 Mesophy-ll - Picea schrenki- ana forest	木贼科Equisetaceae	1	1
	莎草科Cyperaceae	1	1		莎草科Cyperaceae	1	1
	蹄盖蕨科Athyriaceae	1	1		十字花科Cruciferae	1	1
	鸢尾科Iridaceae	1	1		鸢尾科Iridaceae	1	1
	毛莨科Ranunculaceae	1	1		柳叶菜科Onagraceae	1	1
	柳叶菜科Onagraceae	1	1		番杏科Aizoaceae	1	1
	番杏科Aizoaceae	1	1		龙胆科gentianaceae	1	1
	龙胆科 gentianaceae	1	1
总计 Total	33	67	76		32	65	75

表2 2种林型草本优势种及其重要值(前10位)

Table 2 Herbaceous dominant species of two forest Types and their important values (top 10)

林型 Forest type	种 Specific name	相对频度 Relative frequency (%)	相对密度 Relative density(%)	相对盖度 Relative coverage (%)	重要值 Important value (%)
藓类 - 天山云杉林 Moss species - Picea schren kian-a forest	高山羊角芹Aegopodium alpestre	4.91	16.57	3.52	8.33
	斑叶兰Goodyera repens	4.17	13.77	3.66	7.20
	紫苞鸢尾Iris ruthenica	2.95	8.47	5.05	5.49
	天山羽衣草Alchemilla tianschananica	1.96	6.97	5.19	4.71
	黑穗苔草Carex melanocephala	3.93	6.09	2.53	4.18
	珠芽蓼Polygonum viviparum	3.19	5.15	2.09	3.48
	乳苣Cicerbita azurea	2.46	4.61	3.30	3.46
	圆叶鹿蹄草Pyola rotundifolia	3.44	3.86	2.73	3.34
	球茎虎耳草Saxifraga sibirica	3.19	4.16	2.13	3.16
	假报春Cortusa brotheri	3.68	1.74	2.28	2.56
中生草类- 天山云杉林 Mesophyll- Picea schrenkian- a forest	高山羊角芹Aegopodium alpestre	6.01	14.81	2.80	7.87
	老鹳草Geranium wilfordii	5.70	8.99	3.72	6.14
	乳苣Cicerbita azurea	4.93	9.72	2.11	5.59
	天山卷耳Cerstium tianschanicum	2.62	7.17	6.37	5.39
	珠芽蓼Polygonum viviparum	5.24	7.48	1.65	4.79
	多榔菊Doronicum turkestanicum	3.70	6.36	2.52	4.19
	乌头Aconitum carmichaeli	3.54	5.71	2.39	3.88
	黑穗苔草Carex melanocephala	3.85	6.25	1.45	3.85
	天山羽衣草Alchemilla tianschananica	3.24	4.46	2.87	3.52
	林地早熟禾Poa nemoralis	3.85	3.85	2.17	3.29

图1 2种林型多样性指数比较注:不同小写字母a、b表示中生草类-天山云杉林不同龄林间差异显著(P<0.05),不同大写字母A、B表示藓类-天山云杉林不同龄林间差异显著(P<0.05)

Fig.1 Comparison of diversity index of two forest types Note: Different lowercase letters a and b represent significant differences among different age groups in Mesophyll-Picea schrenkiana forest (P<0.05), while different uppercase letters A and B represent significant differences among different age groups in Moss species - Picea schrenkiana forest (P<0.05)

表3 2种林型土壤理化性质均值、标准差及差异性

Table 3 Mean, standard deviation and difference of soil physical and chemical properties of the two forest types

土壤理化性质 Soil physical and chemical properties	中生草-天山云杉林 Mesophyll-Picea schrenkiana forest			藓类-天山云杉林 Moss species-Picea schrenkiana forest
土壤理化性质 Soil physical and chemical properties	0~10 cm	10~25 cm	25~70 cm	0~10 cm	10~25 cm	25~70 cm
pH	6.82±0.24^a	6.84±0.21^a	6.82±0.22^a	6.80±0.21^A	6.79±0.26^A	6.80±0.22^A
电导率 Conductivity(μs·cm)	480.35±235.9^a	463.64±221.29^a	504.66±182.47^a	502.17±294.41^A	502.41±304.21^A	515.06±311.56^A
土壤含水量 Soil moisture content (%)	26.46±16.74^a	32.09±17.38^a	33.42±18.03^a	31.9±14.34^A	35.15±21.41^A	37.93±20.48^A
土壤容重 Soil bulk density(g/cm³)	0.85±0.26^a	0.80±0.39^a	0.80±0.28^a	0.80±0.27^A	0.76±0.26^A	0.72±0.25^A
有机质 Organic matter(g/kg)	69.51±28.91^a	57.17±28.13^ab	49.17±28.40^b	70.19±27.88^A	57.03±26.52^B	52.51±23.53^B
速效磷 Available phosphorus(mg/kg)	45.3±25.32^ab	56.42±44.14^b	35.88±18.44^a	45.35±37.38^A	35.2±34.02^AB	32.48±23.18^B
速效钾 Available potassium(mg/kg)	91.68±44.26^a	79.26±39.89^a	84.83±45.23^a	80.86±46.09^A	72.45±32.44^A	77.61±33.54^A
碱解氮 Available nitrogen(mg/kg)	174.09±86.66^a	139.06±88.46^a	143.05±97.93^a	158.35±117.79^A	112.48±87.22^B	107.89±77.62^B
全磷 Total phosphorus(g/kg)	0.55±0.13^a	0.66±0.23^a	0.62±0.18^a	0.53±0.14^A	0.57±0.36^A	0.55±0.17^A
全钾 Total potassium(g/kg)	11.45±3.69^a	12.24±3.81^a	12.86±4.42^a	11.38±3.13^A	11.58±3.25^A	11.82±3.38^A
全氮 Total nitrogen(g/kg)	0.66±0.45^a	0.48±0.33^ab	0.42±0.36^b	0.69±0.41^A	0.46±0.28^B	0.43±0.29^B

表4 土壤因子与物种多样性指数的Person相关系数

Table 4 The Person correlation coefficient between soil factor and species diversity index

土壤因子 Soil factors	Patrick指(S) Patrick index	Shannon- Wiener指数(H) Shannon- Wiener index	Simpson 指数(D) Simpson index	Pielou指 (J_sw) Pielou index
pH	-0.223	-0.15	-0.152	-0.075
电导率Conductivity(μs/cm)	0.082	-0.095	-0.106	-0.163
土壤含水量Soil moisture content (%)	-0.038	0.062	0.091	0.11
土壤容重Soil bulk density(g/cm³)	-0.196	-0.33 $9 * *$	-0.251^*	-0.12
有机质Organic matter(g/kg)	0.082	0.391^**	0.220	0.396^**
速效磷Available phosphorus(mg/kg)	0.249	0.031	0.125	-0.108
速效钾Available potassium(mg/kg)	-0.004	-0.105	-0.17	-0.16
碱解氮Available nitrogen(mg/kg)	0.037	0.082	0.201	0.133
全磷Total phosphorus(g/kg)	0.044	-0.229	0.076	-0.226
全钾Total potassium(g/kg)	0.175	0.314^*	-0.012	0.237
全氮Total nitrogen(g/kg)	-0.201	0.125	0.036	0.270^*

表4 土壤因子与物种多样性指数的Person相关系数

Table 4 The Person correlation coefficient between soil factor and species diversity index

土壤因子 Soil factors	Patrick指(S) Patrick index	Shannon- Wiener指数(H) Shannon- Wiener index	Simpson 指数(D) Simpson index	Pielou指 (J_sw) Pielou index
pH	-0.223	-0.15	-0.152	-0.075
电导率Conductivity(μs/cm)	0.082	-0.095	-0.106	-0.163
土壤含水量Soil moisture content (%)	-0.038	0.062	0.091	0.11
土壤容重Soil bulk density(g/cm³)	-0.196	-0.33 $9 * *$	-0.251^*	-0.12
有机质Organic matter(g/kg)	0.082	0.391^**	0.220	0.396^**
速效磷Available phosphorus(mg/kg)	0.249	0.031	0.125	-0.108
速效钾Available potassium(mg/kg)	-0.004	-0.105	-0.17	-0.16
碱解氮Available nitrogen(mg/kg)	0.037	0.082	0.201	0.133
全磷Total phosphorus(g/kg)	0.044	-0.229	0.076	-0.226
全钾Total potassium(g/kg)	0.175	0.314^*	-0.012	0.237
全氮Total nitrogen(g/kg)	-0.201	0.125	0.036	0.270^*

表5 冗余分析排序轴与环境因子的相关系数

Table 5 Correlation coefficient between the sorting axis and environmental factors in redundancy analysis

土壤因子Soil factors	RDA1	RDA2	RDA3	RDA4
pH	0.428	0.052	0.0259	0.201
电导率Conductivity(μs/cm)	-0.156	0.384	0.345	0.007
土壤含水量Soil moisture content (%)	0.072	-0.246	-0.264	-0.065
土壤容重Soil bulk density(g/cm³)	0.377	0.379	0.273	-0.598
有机质Organic matter(g/kg)	-0.159	-0.79 $2 * *$	-0.251	0.022
速效磷Available phosphorus(mg/kg)	-0.477^*	0.284	-0.008	-0.089
速效钾Available potassium(mg/kg)	0.008	0.323	0.395	0.188
碱解氮Available nitrogen(mg/kg)	-0.071	-0.248	-0.453	-0.283
全磷Total phosphorus(g/kg)	-0.083	0.480	-0.299	-0.324 1
全钾Total potassium(g/kg)	-0.335	-0.372^*	0.476	0.099
全氮Total nitrogen(g/kg)	0.384	-0.61 $5 * *$	-0.278	0.031

表5 冗余分析排序轴与环境因子的相关系数

Table 5 Correlation coefficient between the sorting axis and environmental factors in redundancy analysis

土壤因子Soil factors	RDA1	RDA2	RDA3	RDA4
pH	0.428	0.052	0.0259	0.201
电导率Conductivity(μs/cm)	-0.156	0.384	0.345	0.007
土壤含水量Soil moisture content (%)	0.072	-0.246	-0.264	-0.065
土壤容重Soil bulk density(g/cm³)	0.377	0.379	0.273	-0.598
有机质Organic matter(g/kg)	-0.159	-0.79 $2 * *$	-0.251	0.022
速效磷Available phosphorus(mg/kg)	-0.477^*	0.284	-0.008	-0.089
速效钾Available potassium(mg/kg)	0.008	0.323	0.395	0.188
碱解氮Available nitrogen(mg/kg)	-0.071	-0.248	-0.453	-0.283
全磷Total phosphorus(g/kg)	-0.083	0.480	-0.299	-0.324 1
全钾Total potassium(g/kg)	-0.335	-0.372^*	0.476	0.099
全氮Total nitrogen(g/kg)	0.384	-0.61 $5 * *$	-0.278	0.031

图2 土壤养分指标与物种多样性的冗余分析排序

Fig.2 Sequence diagram of soil nutrient index and species diversity redundancy analysis

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