Study on Characteristics and Causation of Walnut Withered Leaf Symptom

doi:10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2022.06.019

Abstract

Abstract:

【Objective】 This project aims to study the causation of walnut wihtered leaf symptom in southern Xinjiang. 【Methods】 In this research, an inter-garden survey was carried out on walnut trees with withered leaf symptom. By collecting samples of normal and bad walnut leaves, soil samples from the root area and samples of irrigation water, element content characteristics were determined and element content differences were statistically analyzed. The causes of walnut withered leaf symptom were systematically analyzed combined with meteorological data. 【Results】 The peak period of the incidence of walnut withered leaf symptom was from the end of July to early August, mainly concentrated on both sides of the highway and young trees less than 5 years witnessed serious incidence. There were distinct differences of chlorin ion, natrium ion and magnesium ion between bad leaves and normal leaves. The content of chlorin ion magnesium ion in bad leaves was 37.54, 16.77 g/kg, remarkably higher than normal leaves. The content of magnesium ion in bad leaves was 2.27 g/kg,remarkably lower than normal leaves. The content of phosphorus ion in bad leaves was higher than normal leaves at 0-20, 20-40 cm soil layer, 17.78 and 18.47 mg/kg respectively.The enrichment of chlorin ion and calcium ion in the leaves were not from irrigation water. 【Conclusion】 From the research above, the incidence of walnut withered leaf symptom was mainly caused by the high temperature, arid air and shortage of precipitation in walnut garden. With the strong transpiration and postponed irrigation, the leaves lost water quickly. This has led to the damage of the leaves function and the imbalance of elements proportion, which ultimately caused withered leaf symptom.

Key words: walnut; element; withered; cause; soil

摘要：

【目的】 研究新疆南疆核桃叶片焦枯症特征及成因。【方法】 以叶片焦枯症核桃树为研究对象,调查园间;采集健康树与病树叶片、根区土壤样品和灌溉水样品,测定其元素含量特征,统计元素含量差异;结合气象数据,系统分析核桃叶片焦枯症成因。【结果】 核桃叶片焦枯症发病高峰期为7月底~8月初,主要集中在公路两侧,5年以下幼树发病严重。病树与健康树相比,叶片中Cl^-、Ca²⁺和Mg²⁺含量存在显著差异。病树叶片Cl^-、Ca²⁺含量分别为37.54和16.77 g/kg,显著大于健康树叶片;病树叶片Mg²⁺含量为2.27 g/kg,显著小于健康树叶片。病树土壤中速效磷含量较高,在0~20 cm、20~40 cm土层含量分别为17.78和18.47 mg/kg;叶片中较高含量的Cl^-、Ca²⁺并非来自灌溉水中。【结论】 叶片焦枯症的发病主要是核桃园在高温、干燥和降雨量小的环境下,强烈的蒸腾作用使得叶片快速失水,导致叶片功能受到破坏,元素比例失衡,造成焦枯。

关键词: 核桃, 元素, 焦枯, 成因, 土壤

CLC Number:

S436.64

LI Yuan, PU Shenghai, MA Xiaopeng, ZHANG Jifeng, LI Qingjun. Study on Characteristics and Causation of Walnut Withered Leaf Symptom[J]. Xinjiang Agricultural Sciences, 2022, 59(6): 1475-1481.

李源, 蒲胜海, 马晓鹏, 张计峰, 李青军. 核桃叶片焦枯症特征与成因分析[J]. 新疆农业科学, 2022, 59(6): 1475-1481.

Figures/Tables 8

Table 1 The leaf content of walnut

叶片健康状况 Health condition of leaf	有机质 Organic matter (g/kg)	氮 Nitrogen (g/kg)	磷 Phosphors (g/kg)	钾 Potassium (g/kg)	Cl^- (g/kg)	Ca²⁺ (g/kg)	Mg²⁺ (g/kg)	Na⁺ (g/kg)
焦枯叶片 Withered leaf	371.68^a	20.4^a	1.35^a	12.98^a	37.54^a	16.77^a	2.27^a	0.65^a
健康叶片 Leaves	390.26^a	22.87^a	1.54^a	13.09^a	20.76^b	6.86^b	4.36^b	0.64^a

Table 2 soil nutrient content

	深度 Depth (cm)	有机质 Organic matter (g/kg)	硝态氮 Nitrate nitrogen (mg/kg)	铵态氮 Ammonium nitrogen (mg/kg)	速效磷 Available phosphors (mg/kg)	速效钾 Available potassiu (mg/kg)
焦枯叶片 Withered leaf	0~20	11.84^a	15.51^a	4.73^a	17.78^a	126.55^a
健康叶片 Leaves	0~20	8.91^a	8.67^a	4.56^a	7.37^b	108.931^a
焦枯叶片 Withered leaf	0~20	8.37^a	5.13^a	6.22^a	18.47^a	130.06^a
健康叶片 Leaves	20~40	12.89^a	16.37^a	2.93^a	9.8^b	127.62^a

Table 3 The content of mineral element in soil

	深度 Depth (cm)	pH	HC ${O_{3}}^{-}$ (g/kg)	Cl^- (g/kg)	S ${O_{4}}^{2 -}$ (g/kg)	Ca²⁺ (g/kg)	Mg²⁺ (g/kg)	K⁺ (g/kg)	Na⁺ (g/kg)	总盐 Total salt (g/kg)
焦枯叶片 Withered leaf	0~20	8.42	0.256^a	0.033^a	0.084^a	0.058^a	0.036^a	0.026^a	0.038^a	0.63^a
健康叶片 Leaves	0~20	8.7	0.137^a	0.035^a	0.098^a	0.064^a	0.057^b	0.03^a	0.024^a	0.55^b
焦枯叶片 Withered leaf	20~40	8.7	0.15^a	0.056^a	0.15^a	0.064^a	0.02^a	0.028^a	0.08^a	0.83^a
健康叶片 Leaves	20~40	8.52	0.141^a	0.097^a	0.126^a	0.041^a	0.043^b	0.02^a	0.038^a	0.675^a

Table 3 The content of mineral element in soil

	深度 Depth (cm)	pH	HC ${O_{3}}^{-}$ (g/kg)	Cl^- (g/kg)	S ${O_{4}}^{2 -}$ (g/kg)	Ca²⁺ (g/kg)	Mg²⁺ (g/kg)	K⁺ (g/kg)	Na⁺ (g/kg)	总盐 Total salt (g/kg)
焦枯叶片 Withered leaf	0~20	8.42	0.256^a	0.033^a	0.084^a	0.058^a	0.036^a	0.026^a	0.038^a	0.63^a
健康叶片 Leaves	0~20	8.7	0.137^a	0.035^a	0.098^a	0.064^a	0.057^b	0.03^a	0.024^a	0.55^b
焦枯叶片 Withered leaf	20~40	8.7	0.15^a	0.056^a	0.15^a	0.064^a	0.02^a	0.028^a	0.08^a	0.83^a
健康叶片 Leaves	20~40	8.52	0.141^a	0.097^a	0.126^a	0.041^a	0.043^b	0.02^a	0.038^a	0.675^a

Table 4 The element content in irrigation water

灌溉水类型 Type of irrigation water	pH	C $O_{3}^{2 -}$ (g/L)	HC ${O_{3}}^{-}$ (g/L)	Cl^- (g/L)	S ${O_{4}}^{2 -}$ (g/L)	Ca²⁺ (g/L)	Mg²⁺ (g/L)	K⁺ (g/L)	Na⁺ (g/L)	矿化度 (g/L)
渠水 Water	7.87	0	0.06	0.075	0.136	0.058	0.023	0.005	0.06	0.46
井水 Water	7.73	0	0.062	0.044	0.06	0.056	0.009	0.004	0.029	0.247

Table 4 The element content in irrigation water

灌溉水类型 Type of irrigation water	pH	C $O_{3}^{2 -}$ (g/L)	HC ${O_{3}}^{-}$ (g/L)	Cl^- (g/L)	S ${O_{4}}^{2 -}$ (g/L)	Ca²⁺ (g/L)	Mg²⁺ (g/L)	K⁺ (g/L)	Na⁺ (g/L)	矿化度 (g/L)
渠水 Water	7.87	0	0.06	0.075	0.136	0.058	0.023	0.005	0.06	0.46
井水 Water	7.73	0	0.062	0.044	0.06	0.056	0.009	0.004	0.029	0.247

Fig.1 Characteristics of withered leaf

Fig.2 The daily in different months

Fig.3 The daily average hours of sunshine

Fig.4 Daily maximum temperatures in July

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