氮肥减施下有机肥替代对滴灌棉花产量、氮素吸收利用及土壤硝态氮的影响

doi:10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2023.09.007

新疆农业科学 ›› 2023, Vol. 60 ›› Issue (9): 2138-2145.DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2023.09.007

• 作物遗传育种·种质资源·分子遗传学·土壤肥料 • 上一篇下一篇

氮肥减施下有机肥替代对滴灌棉花产量、氮素吸收利用及土壤硝态氮的影响

杨国江¹(), 陈云¹(), 林祥群²(), 何江勇¹, 刘盛林³, 曲永清⁴

1.新疆农垦科学院/农业农村部西北绿洲节水农业重点实验室,新疆石河子 832000
2.新疆石河子职业技术学院, 新疆石河子 832000
3.新疆沃土壮苗农业科技有限公司,新疆克拉玛依 834032
4.新疆石河子新业农牧生物发展有限公司,新疆石河子 832000

收稿日期:2022-11-10 出版日期:2023-09-20 发布日期:2023-09-19
通信作者: 陈云(1963-),男,甘肃人,研究员,研究方向为植物营养,(E-mail)nkycy8216@163.com;
林祥群(1980-),女,新疆人,教授,研究方向为农产品加工与检测,(E-mail)36642501@qq.com
作者简介:杨国江(1978-),男,宁夏人,副研究员,研究方向为作物高效施肥,(E-mail)183532457@qq.com
基金资助:
兵团重点领域科技攻关计划项目“主要作物精准施肥一体化技术和装备研发及应用示范”(2020AB018);兵团第七师农业科技攻关项目“北疆地区棉花生长全程沼液配肥系统技术集成与示范”(2021C14)

Effects of organic fertilizer replacement on the yield and nutrient absorption of cotton and nitrate nitrogen under chemical fertilizer reduction

YANG Guojiang¹(), CHEN Yun¹(), LIN Xiangqun²(), HE Jiangyong¹, LIU Shenglin³, QU Yongqing⁴

1. Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural and Reclamation Science/ Key Laboratory of Northwest Oasis Water-Saving Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, PR China, Shihezi Xinjiang 832000, China
2. Xinjiang Shihezi Vocational Technical College, Shihezi Xinjiang 832000, China
3. Xinjiang Fertile Soil and Strong Seedling Agricultural Technology Co., Ltd, Karamay Xinjiang 834032, China
4. Xinye Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Biological Development Co., Ltd, Shihezi Xinjiang 832000, China

Received:2022-11-10 Published:2023-09-20 Online:2023-09-19
Supported by:
Key R & D Program Project of XPCC "Research and Development and Application Demonstration of Integrated Technology and Equipment for Precision Fertilization of Main Crops"(2020AB018);Key R & D Program of the 7th Agricultrual Division of XPCC "Technology Integration and Demonstration of Biogas Slurry and Fertilizer System for Cotton Growing Process in Northern Xinjiang"(2021C14)

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】比较氮肥减施条件下有机肥替代在滴灌棉花上的肥效及其对土壤硝态氮的影响,以选择合适的有机肥替代氮肥技术,提高氮肥利用率。【方法】试验设5个处理,分别为(1)不施氮肥(N₀);(2)习惯施肥(N₃₀₀);(3)习惯施肥减氮20%(N₂₄₀);(4)习惯施肥减氮20%后,75%由尿素提供,25%由有机肥提供(N₁₈₀MN₆₀);(5)在处理(4)的基础上增加黄腐酸150 kg/hm²(N₁₈₀MN₆₀FA)。分析有机肥替代氮肥技术对棉花产量及氮肥利用率的影响。【结果】(1)与习惯施肥相比,N₁₈₀MN₆₀FA显著增加棉花干物质量,增产3.3%~6.4%;而有机肥替代部分氮肥与习惯施肥的棉花干物质与产量大体相同。(2)与习惯施肥相比,N₁₈₀MN₆₀、N₁₈₀MN₆₀FA的棉花氮素吸收量没有显著差异,但氮肥利用率分别增加了8.4和11.0个百分点,减少了土壤氮素盈余。(3)等氮量条件下,N₁₈₀MN₆₀FA显著增加了土壤硝态氮含量。【结论】在减氮20%条件下,有机肥替代部分氮肥再配施黄腐酸的效果优于习惯施肥,而有机肥替代部分氮肥效果与习惯施肥相当。

关键词: 有机肥替代; 氮肥; 棉花; 产量

Abstract:

【Objective】 To compare the fertilizer efficiency of organic manure replacement in drip irrigation cotton and the difference in soil nitrate nitrogen (N) under nitrogen reduction, so as to select suitable organic manure replacement N technology and improve N utilization rate.【Methods】 Five treatments were set: (1) No N fertilizer (N₀).(2) Customary fertilization (N₃₀₀).(3) N reduction by 20% (N₂₄₀) under customary fertilization.(4) A 20% N reduction afterwards by conventional fertilization,75% N was provided by urea and 25% N by organic manure (N₁₈₀MN₆₀).(5) Fulvic acid 150 kg/hm² addition (N₁₈₀MN₆₀FA) on the basis of treatment (4).After that, the effects of organic manure replacing N fertilizer on cotton yield and N use efficiency were analyzed.【Results】 (1) Compared with conventional fertilization, N₁₈₀MN₆₀FA significantly increased cotton biomass and increased yield by 3.3%-6.4%.Cotton biomass and yield of organic manure replaced part of N fertilizer were roughly the same.(2) Compared with conventional fertilization, N₁₈₀MN₆₀ and N₁₈₀MN₆₀FA had no significant difference in N uptake, but the N use efficiency increased by 8.4 and 11.0 percentage points respectively, and the soil N surplus was reduced.(3) Under constant N content, N₁₈₀MN₆₀FA significantly increased soil nitrate N.【Conclusion】 Under the condition of 20% N reduction, the effect of organic manure replacing part of N fertilizer combined with fulvic acid is better than that of conventional fertilizer, and the effect of organic manure replacing part of N fertilizer is similar to that of conventional fertilizer.

Key words: organic fertilizer replacement; nitrogen; cotton; yield

中图分类号:

S562
S14

杨国江, 陈云, 林祥群, 何江勇, 刘盛林, 曲永清. 氮肥减施下有机肥替代对滴灌棉花产量、氮素吸收利用及土壤硝态氮的影响[J]. 新疆农业科学, 2023, 60(9): 2138-2145.

YANG Guojiang, CHEN Yun, LIN Xiangqun, HE Jiangyong, LIU Shenglin, QU Yongqing. Effects of organic fertilizer replacement on the yield and nutrient absorption of cotton and nitrate nitrogen under chemical fertilizer reduction[J]. Xinjiang Agricultural Sciences, 2023, 60(9): 2138-2145.

图/表 6

表1 0~40 cm土壤基本农化性状

Tab.1 The physical and chemical properties of 0-40 cm soil

深度 Depth (cm)	pH	有机质 Organic matter (g/kg)	硝态氮 Nitrate nitrogen (mg/kg)	有效磷 Available phosphorus (mg/kg)	速效钾 Available potassium (mg/kg)
0~20	8.1	12.6	14.5	25.7	218
20~40	8.0	11.4	9.2	20.9	213

图1 不同年份各处理的棉花产量变化注:N0—不施氮肥;N300—施氮量300 kg/hm2;N240—施氮量240 kg/hm2;N180MN60—施氮量240 kg/hm2,75%N由尿素提供,25%N由有机肥提供;N180MN60FA—N180MN60配施150 kg/hm2黄腐酸。不同小写字母表示同一年份不同处理间差异达到显著性水平(P<0.05),下同

Fig.1 Cotton yield of each treatment in different years Note: N0—No nitrogen application.N300—N application rate 300 kg/hm2.N240—N application rate 240 kg/hm2.N180MN60—N application rate 240 kg/hm2, 75% N was provided by urea and 25% N by organic manure.N180MN60FA—Add fulvic acid 150 kg/hm2 on the basis of N180MN60.Different small letters mean insignificant different among treatments in the same year (P<0.05),the same as below

图2 不同年份各处理下棉花生物量分配与累积变化

Fig.2 Cotton aboveground biomass distribution and accumulation of each treatment in different years(kg/hm2)

图3 不同年份各处理下棉花不同部位磷素吸收量变化

Fig.3 Phosphorous uptake in diiferent organs of cotton in each treatment in different years(kg/hm2)

表2 各处理棉花氮肥效率和土壤氮素表观平衡

Tab.2 Efficiency of N of cotton and N apparent balance of soil under different treatments

年份 Year	N肥利用率 N efficiency(%)
年份 Year	N₃₀₀	N₂₄₀	N₁₈₀MN₆₀	N₁₈₀MN₆₀FA	N₀	N₃₀₀	N₂₄₀	N₁₈₀MN₆₀	N₁₈₀MN₆₀FA
2020	38.2	42.9	45.1	48.4	-114.4	70.9	22.7	17.3	9.5
2021	42.4	50.8	52.2	54.3	-102.7	69.9	15.4	12.0	7.0
均值Mean	40.3	46.8	48.7	51.3	-108.6	70.4	19.1	14.7	8.3

表3 不同生育期 0~40 cm 土壤中硝态氮的含量

Tab.3 Nitrate nitrogen contents in 0-40 cm soil at different growth stages(mg/kg)

年份 Year	处理 Treatment	蕾期 Bud stage		花期 Flowering stage		成熟期 Mature stage
年份 Year	处理 Treatment	0~20 cm	20~40 cm	0~20 cm	20~40 cm	0~20 cm	20~40 cm
2020	N₀	18.2^c	9.9^c	23.0^d	14.0^d	14.1^c	9.3^c
	N₃₀₀	36.8^a	17.0^a	45.6^a	24.9^a	29.2^a	17.0^a
	N₂₄₀	28.0^b	13.3^b	37.4^c	22.1^b	22.6^b	12.6^b
	N₁₈₀MN₆₀	29.3^b	12.6^b	39.4^bc	18.9^c	26.9^a	13.4^b
	N₁₈₀MN₆₀FA	34.2^a	15.5^a	43.0^ab	25.1^a	27.7^a	13.5^b
2021	N₀	14.4^e	9.5^d	18.7^c	11.5^d	11.4^c	8.5^c
	N₃₀₀	36.3^a	19.9^a	48.8^a	28.4^a	27.2^a	18.6^a
	N₂₄₀	25.1^d	13.5^c	45.9^ab	20.5^c	21.2^b	13.7^b
	N₁₈₀MN₆₀	29.4^c	14.4^c	43.1^b	20.7^c	22.7^b	13.4^b
	N₁₈₀MN₆₀FA	33.1^b	17.6^b	46.3^ab	25.5^b	25.4^a	13.8^b

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氮肥减施下有机肥替代对滴灌棉花产量、氮素吸收利用及土壤硝态氮的影响

Effects of organic fertilizer replacement on the yield and nutrient absorption of cotton and nitrate nitrogen under chemical fertilizer reduction

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