氮素指数施肥对设施薄皮甜瓜养分承载及氮吸收利用的影响

doi:10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2023.03.009

新疆农业科学 ›› 2023, Vol. 60 ›› Issue (3): 590-600.DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2023.03.009

氮素指数施肥对设施薄皮甜瓜养分承载及氮吸收利用的影响

杨建超¹^,²^,³(), 徐诚²^,³, 杨平²^,³, 杨鸿基²^,³, 张凯浩²^,³, 马新超²^,³, 高亚宁²^,³, 陈有福²^,³, 付湘²^,³, 轩正英²^,³()

1.云南省红河州蒙自市农业技术推广中心,云南蒙自 661100
2.塔里木大学植物科学学院,新疆阿拉尔 843300
3.南疆特色果树高效优质栽培与深加工技术国家地方联合工程实验室,新疆阿拉尔 843300

收稿日期:2022-09-03 出版日期:2023-03-20 发布日期:2023-04-18
通信作者: 轩正英(1979-),女,辽宁朝阳人,教授,硕士,研究方向为特色蔬菜种质资源与栽培生理,(E-mail)xzyzky@163.com
作者简介:杨建超(1996-),男,云南祥云人,硕士研究生,研究方向为设施农业,(E-mail)1259334687@qq.com
基金资助:
兵团南疆重点产业支撑计划“基于精准变量水肥一体化的南疆设施农业提质增效关键技术研究”(2019DB001)

Effects of Nitrogen Exponential Fertilization on the Nutrient Loading and the Nitrogen Absorption and Utilization of Oriental Melon

YANG Jianchao¹^,²^,³(), XU Cheng²^,³, YANG Ping²^,³, YANG Hongji²^,³, ZHANG Kaihao²^,³, MA Xinchao²^,³, GAO Yaning²^,³, CHEN Youfu²^,³, FU Xiang²^,³, XUAN Zhengying²^,³()

1. Mengzi City Agricultural Technology Promotion Center, Mengzi Yunnan 661100, China
2. College of Plant Science, Tarim University, Alar Xinjiang 843300, China
3. The National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of High Efficiency and Superior-Quality Cultivation and Fruit Deep Processing Technology on Characteristic Fruit Trees, Alar Xinjiang 843300, China

Received:2022-09-03 Online:2023-03-20 Published:2023-04-18
Correspondence author: XUAN Zhengying(1979-), female, Chaoyang, Liaoning, Professor, Master, Research direction is characteristic vegetable germplasm resources and Cultivation Physiology,(E-mail)xzyzky@163.com
Supported by:
Key Industrial Support Project of XPCC in Southern Xinjiang“Research on Key Technologies for Improving Quality and Efficiency in Southern Xinjiang's Facility Agriculture Based on Precise Variable Water and Fertilizer Integration”(2019DB001)

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】研究不同施氮方式对甜瓜植株养分承载及氮吸收利用的影响,分析合理施肥方式、浓度以及指数施肥对甜瓜的适用性,为设施甜瓜节本增效栽培提供参考。【方法】选取白莎密薄皮甜瓜为研究对象,设置不施肥处理CK、指数施肥处理(E₂、E₄、E₆、E₈、E₁₀)和平均施肥处理(C₂、C₄、C₆、C₈),分析养分承载和氮吸收利用情况。【结果】2种施肥方式各器官养分含量和积累量均随呈现相同的趋势。各器官养分含量均和地上部养分积累量分别以E₄(4 g/株)、E₆(6 g/株)最高全株各养分含量表现为钾>氮>磷,各养分均在指数施肥处理E₄(4 g/株)最高。随施氮量的增加甜瓜植株的氮、磷、钾养分在根、茎、叶和果中的分配向叶片和果实倾斜。指数施肥E₆(6 g/株)处理果实氮吸收量能达到107.88 kg/hm²,氮收获指数(NHI)68.16%,氮素吸收利用率(NRE)21.43%,氮素农学利用率(NAE)9.65 kg/kg,氮素生理利用率(NPE)46.29 kg/kg。【结论】指数施肥处理与平均施肥处理相比,能更有效的促进甜瓜对氮、磷、钾的养分承载且能以较低的施氮量达到较高的氮素吸收利用率。指数施肥E₆(6 g/株)处理能显著提高甜瓜植株在养分承载方面表现较优,适用于实际生产。

关键词: 薄皮甜瓜; 种质资源; 遗传多样性

Abstract:

【Objective】 To study the effects of different nitrogen application methods on the nutrient carrying and nitrogen absorption and utilization of melon plants, to find more reasonable fertilization methods and concentrations, to explore the applicability of exponential fertilization to melons, and to reduce fertilizer waste and soil pollution in the hope of saving cost and increase efficiency of melon cultivation in facilities.【Methods】 Baishami melon was selectedas the research object and no fertilization treatment CK, exponential fertilization treatment (E₂, E₄, E₆, E₈, E₁₀) and average fertilization treatment (C₂, C₄, C₆, C₈) were set for analyzing nutrient carrying capacity and nitrogen absorption and utilization.【Results】 The nutrient content and accumulation of each organ in the two fertilization methods showed the same trend. The nutrient concentration of each organ was E₄ (4 g/plant) and the aboveground nutrient accumulation E₆ (6 g/plant) had the best performance. The nutrient content of the whole plant was potassium>nitrogen>phosphorus, and each nutrient was the highest in the exponential fertilization treatment E₄ (4 g/plant). The distribution of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium nutrients in the roots, stems, leaves and fruits of the melon plant was inclined to move to the leaves and fruits with the increase of nitrogen application rate. Under the treatment of exponential fertilization E₆ (6 g/plant), the fruit nitrogen absorption could reach 107.88 kg/hm², the NHI: 68.16%, the NRE: 21.43%, NAE: 9.65 kg/kg, and NPE: 46.29 kg/kg.【Conclusion】 Compared with average fertilization, exponential fertilization can more effectively promote the nutrient carrying capacity of N, P and K, and achieve higher N absorption and utilization efficiency with lower N application rate. Exponential fertilization E₆ (6 g/plant) can significantly improve the performance of melon plants in terms of nutrient carrying capacity, which is suitable for actual production.

Key words: oriental melon; exponential fertilization; nutrient loading

中图分类号:

S652

杨建超, 徐诚, 杨平, 杨鸿基, 张凯浩, 马新超, 高亚宁, 陈有福, 付湘, 轩正英. 氮素指数施肥对设施薄皮甜瓜养分承载及氮吸收利用的影响[J]. 新疆农业科学, 2023, 60(3): 590-600.

YANG Jianchao, XU Cheng, YANG Ping, YANG Hongji, ZHANG Kaihao, MA Xinchao, GAO Yaning, CHEN Youfu, FU Xiang, XUAN Zhengying. Effects of Nitrogen Exponential Fertilization on the Nutrient Loading and the Nitrogen Absorption and Utilization of Oriental Melon[J]. Xinjiang Agricultural Sciences, 2023, 60(3): 590-600.

图/表 8

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施用次数 Use times	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12
CK	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
E₂	1.25	2.27	4.12	7.51	13.66	24.85	45.21	82.25	149.66	272.31	495.45	901.47
E₄	1.41	2.72	5.24	10.10	19.47	37.54	72.36	139.47	268.85	518.24	998.97	1 925.63
E₆	1.51	3.01	6.01	11.98	23.88	47.62	94.94	189.29	377.41	752.50	1 500.37	2 991.49
E₈	1.58	3.24	6.61	13.50	27.56	56.29	114.96	234.76	479.43	979.10	1 999.53	4 083.44
E₁₀	1.64	3.42	7.11	14.80	30.78	64.05	133.25	277.23	576.78	1 200.00	2 496.63	5 194.32
C₂	166.67	166.67	166.67	166.67	166.67	166.67	166.67	166.67	166.67	166.67	166.67	166.67
C₄	333.33	333.33	333.33	333.33	333.33	333.33	333.33	333.33	333.33	333.33	333.33	333.33
C₆	500.00	500.00	500.00	500.00	500.00	500.00	500.00	500.00	500.00	500.00	500.00	500.00
C₈	666.67	666.67	666.67	666.67	666.67	666.67	666.67	666.67	666.67	666.67	666.67	666.67

施用次数 Use times	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12
CK	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
E₂	1.25	2.27	4.12	7.51	13.66	24.85	45.21	82.25	149.66	272.31	495.45	901.47
E₄	1.41	2.72	5.24	10.10	19.47	37.54	72.36	139.47	268.85	518.24	998.97	1 925.63
E₆	1.51	3.01	6.01	11.98	23.88	47.62	94.94	189.29	377.41	752.50	1 500.37	2 991.49
E₈	1.58	3.24	6.61	13.50	27.56	56.29	114.96	234.76	479.43	979.10	1 999.53	4 083.44
E₁₀	1.64	3.42	7.11	14.80	30.78	64.05	133.25	277.23	576.78	1 200.00	2 496.63	5 194.32
C₂	166.67	166.67	166.67	166.67	166.67	166.67	166.67	166.67	166.67	166.67	166.67	166.67
C₄	333.33	333.33	333.33	333.33	333.33	333.33	333.33	333.33	333.33	333.33	333.33	333.33
C₆	500.00	500.00	500.00	500.00	500.00	500.00	500.00	500.00	500.00	500.00	500.00	500.00
C₈	666.67	666.67	666.67	666.67	666.67	666.67	666.67	666.67	666.67	666.67	666.67	666.67

元素 Element	处理 Treatment	根 Root (mg/株)	茎 Stem (mg/株)	叶 Leaf (mg/株)	果 Fruit (mg/株)	总计 Total (mg/株)
氮N	CK	5.29±0.11^f	262.77±16.15^d	438.69±15.74^d	1 229.23±84.52^f	1 935.97±112.74^f
	E₂	7.43±0.04^e	325.75±14.53^c	628.44±58.28^c	2 583.08±120.23^b	3 544.70±160.21^c
	E₄	12.18±0.19^a	376.32±8.38^b	761.19±42.33^b	2 828.63±92.02^a	3 978.31±113.45^b
	E₆	9.66±0.18^c	452.48±18.19^a	948.82±50.19^a	3 005.99±45.42^a	4 416.95±88.30^a
	E₈	7.44±0.05^e	388.33±13.57^b	567.01±0.51^c	2 253.25±27.17^c	3 216.02±23.48^d
	E₁₀	5.22±0.18^f	349.44±9.23^bc	393.47±16.37^d	1 938.04±87.08^d	2 686.17±88.14^e
	C₂	8.76±0.52^d	386.65±15.44^b	638.27±3.28^c	1 502.27±38.22^e	2 535.95±25.90^e
	C₄	10.53±0.12^b	362.83±8.26^bc	662.70±8.28^bc	2 143.68±14.38^c	3 179.74±11.90^d
	C₆	9.12±0.30^cd	370.05±8.21^bc	914.53±51.81^a	2 995.52±14.88^a	4 289.22±55.60^a
	C₈	8.05±0.24^e	436.21±28.33^a	863.18±18.99^a	2 585.93±27.82^b	3 893.36±14.76^b
磷P	CK	1.06±0.04^f	65.61±1.88^e	123.50±0.51^h	383.65±3.71^f	573.82±5.86^f
	E₂	1.21±0.02^e	95.19±4.31^c	179.03±1.55^ef	525.84±12.65^bc	801.27±17.74^cd
	E₄	2.53±0.06^a	117.71±6.56^a	211.73±3.42^d	582.20±6.38^ab	914.17±11.04^b
	E₆	1.73±0.06^d	105.90±1.66^b	273.66±6.31^a	600.99±25.07^a	982.28±21.91^a
	E₈	1.33±0.01^e	88.86±1.17^cd	160.59±1.02^g	498.31±41.06^cd	749.10±40.88^d
	E₁₀	0.89±0.00^g	68.96±1.51^e	133.03±1.38^h	457.54±35.91^de	660.41±35.93^e
	C₂	1.87±0.03^c	83.21±0.64^d	176.59±3.77^f	414.03±13.54^ef	675.70±13.28^e
	C₄	2.62±0.06^a	95.20±2.27^c	187.17±4.31^e	495.78±11.27^cd	780.77±11.88^cd
	C₆	2.22±0.04^b	96.38±1.95^c	254.33±4.33^b	625.53±16.71^a	978.46±21.59^ab
	C₈	1.91±0.09^c	93.87±1.29^c	231.86±0.99^b	512.11±8.83^cd	839.76±10.70^c
钾K	CK	3.03±0.16^h	487.62±6.12^g	342.61±9.16^f	1 786.53±5.66^e	2 619.78±6.85^h
	E₂	4.73±0.10^e	628.89±4.33^de	553.82±14.68^c	2 172.96±10.10^d	3 360.41±27.19^f
	E₄	10.46±0.06^a	748.13±7.72^b	634.51±3.97^b	2 673.54±35.29^b	4 066.64±42.67^c
	E₆	8.11±0.10^b	806.75±8.99^a	828.73±5.27^a	2 850.43±21.04^a	4 494.03±14.75^a
	E₈	5.97±0.05^d	653.17±7.30^c	491.71±10.20^d	2 445.68±61.18^c	3 596.52±77.92^de
	E₁₀	3.87±0.05^g	559.57±1.08^f	385.18±2.98^e	2 126.16±93.59^d	3 074.78±95.46^g
	C₂	6.62±0.04^c	660.44±1.92^c	503.43±6.45^d	2 085.93±6.74^d	3 256.42±5.81^f
	C₄	8.13±0.20^b	613.22±4.79^e	515.45±2.07^d	2 449.95±10.91^c	3 586.75±10.29^e
	C₆	6.08±0.01^d	647.25±19.61^cd	655.70±15.72^b	2 943.15±16.56^a	4 252.19±23.03^b
	C₈	4.27±0.00^f	644.13±2.83^cd	578.39±3.24^c	2 498.02±13.38^c	3 724.80±17.48^d

元素 Element	处理 Treatment	根 Root (mg/株)	茎 Stem (mg/株)	叶 Leaf (mg/株)	果 Fruit (mg/株)	总计 Total (mg/株)
氮N	CK	5.29±0.11^f	262.77±16.15^d	438.69±15.74^d	1 229.23±84.52^f	1 935.97±112.74^f
	E₂	7.43±0.04^e	325.75±14.53^c	628.44±58.28^c	2 583.08±120.23^b	3 544.70±160.21^c
	E₄	12.18±0.19^a	376.32±8.38^b	761.19±42.33^b	2 828.63±92.02^a	3 978.31±113.45^b
	E₆	9.66±0.18^c	452.48±18.19^a	948.82±50.19^a	3 005.99±45.42^a	4 416.95±88.30^a
	E₈	7.44±0.05^e	388.33±13.57^b	567.01±0.51^c	2 253.25±27.17^c	3 216.02±23.48^d
	E₁₀	5.22±0.18^f	349.44±9.23^bc	393.47±16.37^d	1 938.04±87.08^d	2 686.17±88.14^e
	C₂	8.76±0.52^d	386.65±15.44^b	638.27±3.28^c	1 502.27±38.22^e	2 535.95±25.90^e
	C₄	10.53±0.12^b	362.83±8.26^bc	662.70±8.28^bc	2 143.68±14.38^c	3 179.74±11.90^d
	C₆	9.12±0.30^cd	370.05±8.21^bc	914.53±51.81^a	2 995.52±14.88^a	4 289.22±55.60^a
	C₈	8.05±0.24^e	436.21±28.33^a	863.18±18.99^a	2 585.93±27.82^b	3 893.36±14.76^b
磷P	CK	1.06±0.04^f	65.61±1.88^e	123.50±0.51^h	383.65±3.71^f	573.82±5.86^f
	E₂	1.21±0.02^e	95.19±4.31^c	179.03±1.55^ef	525.84±12.65^bc	801.27±17.74^cd
	E₄	2.53±0.06^a	117.71±6.56^a	211.73±3.42^d	582.20±6.38^ab	914.17±11.04^b
	E₆	1.73±0.06^d	105.90±1.66^b	273.66±6.31^a	600.99±25.07^a	982.28±21.91^a
	E₈	1.33±0.01^e	88.86±1.17^cd	160.59±1.02^g	498.31±41.06^cd	749.10±40.88^d
	E₁₀	0.89±0.00^g	68.96±1.51^e	133.03±1.38^h	457.54±35.91^de	660.41±35.93^e
	C₂	1.87±0.03^c	83.21±0.64^d	176.59±3.77^f	414.03±13.54^ef	675.70±13.28^e
	C₄	2.62±0.06^a	95.20±2.27^c	187.17±4.31^e	495.78±11.27^cd	780.77±11.88^cd
	C₆	2.22±0.04^b	96.38±1.95^c	254.33±4.33^b	625.53±16.71^a	978.46±21.59^ab
	C₈	1.91±0.09^c	93.87±1.29^c	231.86±0.99^b	512.11±8.83^cd	839.76±10.70^c
钾K	CK	3.03±0.16^h	487.62±6.12^g	342.61±9.16^f	1 786.53±5.66^e	2 619.78±6.85^h
	E₂	4.73±0.10^e	628.89±4.33^de	553.82±14.68^c	2 172.96±10.10^d	3 360.41±27.19^f
	E₄	10.46±0.06^a	748.13±7.72^b	634.51±3.97^b	2 673.54±35.29^b	4 066.64±42.67^c
	E₆	8.11±0.10^b	806.75±8.99^a	828.73±5.27^a	2 850.43±21.04^a	4 494.03±14.75^a
	E₈	5.97±0.05^d	653.17±7.30^c	491.71±10.20^d	2 445.68±61.18^c	3 596.52±77.92^de
	E₁₀	3.87±0.05^g	559.57±1.08^f	385.18±2.98^e	2 126.16±93.59^d	3 074.78±95.46^g
	C₂	6.62±0.04^c	660.44±1.92^c	503.43±6.45^d	2 085.93±6.74^d	3 256.42±5.81^f
	C₄	8.13±0.20^b	613.22±4.79^e	515.45±2.07^d	2 449.95±10.91^c	3 586.75±10.29^e
	C₆	6.08±0.01^d	647.25±19.61^cd	655.70±15.72^b	2 943.15±16.56^a	4 252.19±23.03^b
	C₈	4.27±0.00^f	644.13±2.83^cd	578.39±3.24^c	2 498.02±13.38^c	3 724.80±17.48^d

处理 Trea- tment	氮N (g/kg)	磷P (g/kg)	钾K (g/kg)
CK	20.19±1.18^e	5.98±0.06^e	27.32±0.07^e
E₂	33.20±1.50^a	7.51±0.17^ab	31.48±0.25^c
E₄	34.37±0.98^a	7.90±0.10^a	35.13±0.37^a
E₆	32.46±0.65^a	7.22±0.16^bc	33.03±0.11^b
E₈	29.49±0.22^b	6.87±0.37^cd	32.97±0.71^b
E₁₀	26.71±0.88^c	6.57±0.36^de	30.57±0.95^c
C₂	22.70±0.23^d	6.05±0.12^e	29.14±0.05^d
C₄	27.06±0.10^c	6.65±0.10^cd	30.53±0.09^c
C₆	33.27±0.43^a	7.59±0.17^ab	32.99±0.18^b
C₈	32.96±0.13^a	7.11±0.09^bcd	31.53±0.15^c

氮素指数施肥对设施薄皮甜瓜养分承载及氮吸收利用的影响

Effects of Nitrogen Exponential Fertilization on the Nutrient Loading and the Nitrogen Absorption and Utilization of Oriental Melon

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Metrics

元素 Element	处理 Treatment	根 Root (%)	茎 Stem (%)	叶 Leaf (%)	果 Fruit (%)
氮N	CK	0.28±0.02^c	13.58±0.43^b	22.72±0.58^b	63.42±0.88^f
	E₂	0.21±0.01^de	9.20±0.28^fg	17.72±1.31^d	72.87±1.04^a
	E₄	0.31±0.00^bc	9.48±0.45^fg	19.12±0.74^cd	71.09±0.78^ab
	E₆	0.22±0.00^de	10.25±0.41^ef	21.45±0.74^b	68.08±0.87^cde
	E₈	0.23±0.00^d	12.08±0.42^cd	17.63±0.14^d	70.06±0.48^bc
	E₁₀	0.19±0.01^e	13.04±0.54^bc	14.67±0.70^e	72.10±1.22^ab
	C₂	0.35±0.02^a	15.26±0.77^a	25.17±0.16^a	59.22±0.91^g
	C₄	0.33±0.00^ab	11.41±0.24^de	20.84±0.24^bc	67.42±0.46^de
	C₆	0.21±0.01^de	8.63±0.09^g	21.30±0.97^b	69.86±0.99^bcd
	C₈	0.21±0.01^de	11.20±0.72^de	22.17±0.40^b	66.42±0.86^e
磷P	CK	0.19±0.01^d	11.43±0.22^bcd	11.43±0.22^bcd	66.86±0.10^ab
	E₂	0.15±0.01^e	11.87±0.34^abc	11.87±0.34^abc	65.62±0.21^bcd
	E₄	0.28±0.01^b	12.87±0.65^a	12.87±0.65^a	63.69±0.57^cdef
	E₆	0.18±0.00^d	10.78±0.12^cde	10.78±0.12^cde	61.13±1.25^ef
	E₈	0.18±0.01^d	11.92±0.53^abc	11.92±0.53^abc	66.33±1.77^abc
	E₁₀	0.14±0.01^e	10.51±0.68^de	10.51±0.68^de	69.11±1.59^a
	C₂	0.28±0.00^b	12.32±0.18^ab	12.32±0.18^ab	61.25±0.92^ef
	C₄	0.34±0.00^a	12.20±0.41^ab	12.20±0.41^ab	63.49±0.75^def
	C₆	0.23±0.01^c	9.86±0.23^e	9.86±0.23^e	63.92±0.37^cde
	C₈	0.23±0.01^c	11.18±0.09^bcd	11.18±0.09^bcd	60.98±0.28^f
钾K	CK	0.12±0.01^gh	18.61±0.21^bc	13.08±0.35^ef	68.19±0.18^abc
	E₂	0.14±0.00^f	18.72±0.10^b	16.48±0.31^b	64.67±0.23^de
	E₄	0.26±0.00^a	18.40±0.18^bc	15.60±0.08^c	65.74±0.21^d
	E₆	0.18±0.00^d	17.95±0.20^cd	18.44±0.17^a	63.43±0.31^f
	E₈	0.17±0.00^e	18.17±0.23^bc	13.67±0.04^e	67.99±0.26^bc
	E₁₀	0.13±0.00^g	18.23±0.55^bc	12.55±0.39^f	69.09±0.93^ab
	C₂	0.20±0.00^c	20.28±0.02^a	15.46±0.19^c	64.06±0.21^ef
	C₄	0.23±0.01^b	17.10±0.12^e	14.37±0.09^d	68.31±0.13^ab
	C₆	0.14±0.00^f	15.22±0.41^f	15.42±0.29^c	69.22±0.63^a
	C₈	0.11±0.00^h	17.29±0.07^de	15.53±0.06^c	67.06±0.04^c

处理 Treatment	果实氮吸收量 Nabsorption (kg/hm²)	氮收获指数 NHI (%)	氮素吸收利用率 NRE (%)	氮素农学效率 NAE (kg/kg)	氮素生理利用率 NPE (kg/kg)
CK	43.90±3.02^g	61.53±4.23^cd	-	-	-
E₂	90.75±8.00^c	68.68±6.05^bc	41.12±2.24^a	4.54±1.00^cd	11.55±2.54^d
E₄	101.02±3.29^ab	72.96±2.37^ab	26.45±1.42^b	8.72±2.06^ab	34.07±8.03^bc
E₆	107.88±1.53^a	68.16±0.97^bc	21.43±0.79^bc	9.65±0.76^ab	46.29±3.64^ab
E₈	80.47±0.97^d	71.04±0.86^ab	8.49±0.15^ef	1.75±0.48^de	21.75±6.00^cd
E₁₀	69.22±3.11^e	77.15±3.47^a	4.15±0.44^f	1.02±0.26^e	27.13±6.85^cd
C₂	53.65±1.37^f	57.89±1.47^d	16.92±0.64^cd	2.14±0.20^de	14.10±1.35^d
C₄	76.56±0.51^de	67.21±0.45^bc	16.49±0.15^cd	7.01±1.26^bc	44.87±8.06^ab
C₆	106.98±0.53^a	69.53±0.35^abc	20.25±0.47^bc	10.08±0.98^a	51.26±4.98^a
C₈	92.85±0.86^bc	66.51±0.61^bc	12.81±0.18^de	2.07±0.80^de	16.73±6.47^d

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