滴灌冬灌调控下干播湿出对棉田水盐分布及棉花出苗率的影响

doi:10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2024.04.005

新疆农业科学 ›› 2024, Vol. 61 ›› Issue (4): 823-834.DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2024.04.005

• 作物遗传育种·种质资源·分子遗传学·生理生化 • 上一篇下一篇

滴灌冬灌调控下干播湿出对棉田水盐分布及棉花出苗率的影响

王晓艳¹^,²(), 白云岗²(), 柴仲平¹(), 郑明², 丁宇², 刘洪波², 肖军², 韩政宇²

1.新疆农业大学资源与环境学院,乌鲁木齐 830052
2.新疆水利水电科学研究院,乌鲁木齐 830049

收稿日期:2023-09-03 出版日期:2024-04-20 发布日期:2024-05-31
通信作者: 白云岗(1974-),男,新疆奇台人,教授级高级工程师,博士,研究方向为农业水土工程,(E-mail)xjbaiyg@sina.com；
柴仲平(1974-),男,新疆玛纳斯人,教授,博士,研究方向为作物营养与施肥,(E-mail)chaizhongpingth@sina.com
作者简介:王晓艳(1998-),女,新疆霍城人,硕士研究生,研究方向为节水灌溉,(E-mail)2770046616@qq.com
基金资助:
新疆维吾尔自治区重大专项“棉田高效节水技术及产品开发集成与应用”(2020A01002-1)

Study on the effect of dry seeding and wet emergence on the distribution of water and salt in cotton field and the emergence rate of cotton under the control of drip irrigation in winter

WANG Xiaoyan¹^,²(), BAI Yungang²(), CHAI Zhongping¹(), ZHENG Ming², DING Yu², LIU Hongbo², XIAO Jun², HAN Zhengyu²

1. College of Resources and Environment, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi 830052, China
2. Xinjiang Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower, Urumqi 830049, China

Received:2023-09-03 Published:2024-04-20 Online:2024-05-31
Correspondence author: BAI Yungang (1974 -), male, from Qitai, Xinjiang, professor-level senior engineer, Ph.D.,research direction in agricultural water and soil engineering research,(E-mail)xjbaiyg@sina.com；
CHAI Zhongping (1974 -), male, from Manas, Xinjiang, professor, Ph.D.,research direction in crop nutrition and fertilization research,(E-mail)chaizhongpingth@sina.com
Supported by:
Major Special Project of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region "Development, Integration And Application of High-Efficiency Water-Saving Technology and Products in Cotton Field"(2020A01002-1)

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】研究滴灌冬灌调控下干播湿出对棉田水盐分布及棉花出苗率的影响。【方法】设置大田试验,以漫灌冬灌2 250 m³/hm²为对照(CK),设计2种灌水模式:滴灌冬灌(D)及滴灌冬灌+干播湿出(DG),4个滴灌定额为600、900、1 200、1 500 m³/hm²(分别记作D₁、D₂、D₃、D₄);滴灌冬灌+干播湿出(分别记作D₁G₁、D₂G₂、D₃G₃、D₄G₄,G₁、G₂、G₃和G₄灌水定额均为225(45+180)m³/hm²)4个处理,2个灌水定额:0、225(45+180) m³/hm²,共9个处理,研究不同灌溉定额下滴灌冬灌及翌年各处理基础上干播湿出后土壤水热盐动态及棉花出苗状况。【结果】干播湿出可缓和早春气温与土壤表层温度的突变,早春渠水会降低土壤表层温度1~2℃,干播湿出对10和20 cm土层的温度影响较为显著,对比CK处理,干播湿出后的处理10~20 cm土层温度升高趋势较为平缓。对比漫灌方式滴灌水分入渗更为均匀,滴灌冬灌灌溉定额越大土温越为平稳,土壤表层平均含水率越高,干播湿出后表层含水率显著增高。灌水定额D₄G₄为(1 500+225) m³/hm²的处理10 d后仍高于其他处理表层体积含水率处理,灌水总额D₃G₃为(1 200+225) m³/hm²的表层平均含水率高于CK处理,总灌水量较CK处理节省了825 m³/hm²。干播湿出后窄行表层盐分淋洗效果显著,水分下渗和盐分运移区域集中在0~30 cm土层,棉花萌芽期根系主要分布在0~30 cm土层。滴灌冬灌定额越大其对土壤表层的盐分纵向淋洗和运移也越明显且土层墒情越均匀,返盐现象也越容易出现,增添干播湿出可及时补墒并压制返盐现象。【结论】滴灌冬灌加干播湿出的出苗率和保苗率要高于仅滴灌冬灌,灌水定额D₃G₃为(1 200+225) m³/hm²的出苗率和保苗率要高于普通漫灌。

关键词: 棉花; 膜下滴灌; 冬灌; 灌水定额; 干播湿出

Abstract:

【Objective】 To find a more reasonable irrigation system in the dry cotton field area.【Methods】 Field experiments were carried out to study and analyze the dynamics of soil water, heat and salt and the emergence of cotton seedlings after drip irrigation in winter under different irrigation quotas and on the basis of different treatments in the next year. With the flood irrigation quota of 2,250 m³/hm² as the control (CK), four gradient irrigation quotas were designed under the two irrigation modes of drip irrigation(D) and drip irrigation under the control of dry seeding and wet discharge(DG),4 drip irrigation quotais 600, 900, 1,200, 1,500 m³/hm²(D₁,D₂,D₃,D₄); Under the control of drip irrigation in winter, two irrigation quotas of dry seeding(D₁G₁,D₂G₂,D₃G₃, D₄G₄;The Errigation quota of G₁,G₂,G₃ and G₄ is 225(45+180)m³/hm² ) and wet production were 0 and 225(45+180) m³/hm², a total of 9 treatments.【Results】 The results showed that dry-sowing and wet-out could alleviate the sudden change of temperature and soil surface temperature in early spring, and the canal water in early spring would reduce the soil surface temperature by 1-2℃. The dry-sowing and wet-out had a significant impact on the temperature of 10 and 20 cm soil layers. Compared with CK treatment, the temperature of 10-20 cm soil layer after dry-sowing and wet-out treatment increased more gently. Compared with flood irrigation, drip irrigation was more uniform in water infiltration. The larger the irrigation quota of drip irrigation in winter, the more stable the soil temperature would be, the higher the average soil surface moisture content was, and the higher the surface moisture content would be after dry seeding and wetting. After 10 days of treatment, the volume water content of the surface layer with the irrigation quota of D₄G₄(1,500+225)m³/hm² was still higher than that of other treatments. The average water content of the surface layer with the total irrigation amount of D₃G₃(1,200+225) m³/hm² was higher than that of the CK treatment, and the total irrigation amount was 825 m³/hm² less than that of the CK treatment. After dry-sowing and wet-out, the salt leaching effect of the narrow row surface layer was significant. The water infiltration and salt migration areas were concentrated in the 0-30 cm soil layer, and the root system of cotton was mainly distributed in the 0-30 cm soil layer at the germination stage. The larger the winter irrigation quota of drip irrigation, the more obvious the vertical leaching and movement of salt on the soil surface, and the more uniform the soil moisture content, the more likely the salt return phenomenon would be likely to occur. Adding dry seeding and wetting could timely supplement the moisture and suppress the salt return phenomenon. 【Conclusion】 The seedling emergence rate and seedling preservation rate of drip irrigation winter irrigation plus dry seeding are higher than that of drip irrigation winter irrigation only. The seedling emergence rate and seedling preservation rate of irrigation quota of D₃G₃(1,200+225) m³/hm² are higher than that of ordinary flood irrigation.

Key words: cotton; drip irrigation under film; winter irrigation; irrigation quota; dry sowing and wet out

中图分类号:

S562

王晓艳, 白云岗, 柴仲平, 郑明, 丁宇, 刘洪波, 肖军, 韩政宇. 滴灌冬灌调控下干播湿出对棉田水盐分布及棉花出苗率的影响[J]. 新疆农业科学, 2024, 61(4): 823-834.

WANG Xiaoyan, BAI Yungang, CHAI Zhongping, ZHENG Ming, DING Yu, LIU Hongbo, XIAO Jun, HAN Zhengyu. Study on the effect of dry seeding and wet emergence on the distribution of water and salt in cotton field and the emergence rate of cotton under the control of drip irrigation in winter[J]. Xinjiang Agricultural Sciences, 2024, 61(4): 823-834.

图/表 14

表1 播种前土壤理化性质

Tab.1 Soil physicochemical properties before sowing

土壤物理化性质 Physical properties of the soil	深度Depth(cm)
土壤物理化性质 Physical properties of the soil	10	20	30	40	60	80	100
干容重Dry density(g/cm³)	1.60	1.63	1.66	1.59	1.58	1.60	1.56
田间持水量(体积含水率) Field water holding (volume content)(%)	24.89	24.33	24	23.52	21.2	20.01	10.21
土壤含盐率Soil salt content(%)	0.217	0.279	0.213	0.179	0.179	0.327	0.196

表2 灌溉模式设计

Tab.2 Irrigation mode design

处理 Handle	灌水模式 Irrigation mode	滴灌冬灌定额 Quota of drip irrigation in winter (m³/hm²)	干播湿出滴灌定额 Dry sowing wet drip irrigation quota (m³/hm²)	灌水时间 (月/日) Irrigation time (M/D)
D₁	D (滴灌冬灌)	600	0	11/15
D₂		600	0	11/15
D₂		900	0	11/15
D₃		900	0	11/15
D₃		1 200	0	11/15
D₄		1 200	0	11/15
D₄		1 500	0	11/15
D₁G₁	DG (滴灌冬灌+ 干播湿出)	600	45+180	11/15翌年 4/15、5/3
D₂G₂		900	45+180	11/15翌年 4/15、5/3
D₃G₃		1 200	45+180	11/15翌年 4/15、5/3
D₄G₄		1 500	45+180	11/15翌年 4/15、5/3
对照 (CK)	漫灌冬灌	2 250	0	11/15翌年 4/15、5/3

图1 种植方式及滴灌带铺设

Fig.1 Planting mode and drip irrigation belt laying

图2 干播湿出下10 d不同处理土壤表层温度变化注:k指宽行z指窄行

Fig.2 Changes of soil surface temperature of different treatments after 10 days of dry seeding Note:k refers to wide rows z refers to narrow rows

图3 干播湿出下土壤不同土层温度变化

Fig.3 Changes of soil temperature in different soil layers after dry seeding and wet out

图4 干播湿出下不同处理的土壤表层水分动态变化

Fig.4 Dynamic changes of soil surface water under different treatments after dry seeding and wetting

图5 干播湿出下不同处理的土壤0~100 cm垂直剖面水分变化注:横坐标是0~100 cm土层深度,纵坐标从下至上的分布是D1G1、D2G2、D3G3、D4G4

Fig.5 Moisture changes of 0-100 cm vertical profile of soil with different treatments after dry seeding and wet out Note:Abscissa 0-100 cm soil depth,the distribution of the vertical axis from bottom to top is D1G1、D2G2、D3G3、D4G4

图6 干播湿出下不同处理的土壤表层盐分动态变化

Fig.6 Dynamic changes of soil surface salinity in different treatments after wetting

图7 干播湿出下土壤0~100cm垂直剖面盐分动态变化注:纵坐标从下至上的分布是D1G1、D2G2、D3G3、D4G4

Fig.7 Dynamic change of salt content in soil 0-100 cm vertical profile after dry seeding and wet out Note:The distribution of the vertical axis from bottom top is D1G1、D2G2、D3G3、D4G4

图8 土壤根系分布(根系分布/分层耗水量)

Fig.8 Soil root distribution (root distribution/stratification water consumption)

图9 滴灌冬灌及干播湿出下不同处理出苗率变化

Fig.9 Seedling emergence rates of different treatments under drip irrigation winter irrigation and dry seeding wet out

表3 棉花不同时期出苗变化

Tab.3 Seedling emergence of cotton at different times

日期(月/日) Date (M/D)	D₁G₁	D₁	D₂G₂	D₂	D₃G₃	D₃	D₄G₄	D₄	CK
4/20	60.06	45.42	70.05	50.64	70.45	52.03	73.48	59.70	70.70
5/1	72.72	51.85	75.50	56.52	75.27	58.73	79.55	62.52	79.00
5/8	73.30	52.09	79.01	57.82	80.45	60.03	81.03	69.80	80.32
5/15	75.31	58.92	80.55	60.94	83.75	63.06	85.22	72.22	82.13
5/26	75.15	58.75	80.03	60.09	83.58	64.01	85.15	72.11	82.06

表4 干播湿出下土壤表层水热盐关系

Tab.4 Analysis of the relationship between water and salt on the surface of soil after dry seeding and wet out

项目 Items	土壤表层温度 Soil surface temperature	土壤表层水分 Soil surface water	土壤表层盐分 Soil surface salt
土壤表层温度 Soil surface temperature	1	-0.890^**	0.797^*
		0.001	0.010
	9	9	9
土壤表层水分 Soil surface water	-0.890^**	1	-0.929^**
	0.001		0.000
	9	9	9
土壤表层盐分 Soil surface salt	0.797^*	-0.929^**	1
	0.010	0.000
	9	9	9

表5 0~30 cm土层水热盐下棉花出苗率变化

Tab.5 Effect of 0-30 cm soil hydrothermal salt on cotton seedling emergence rate

项目 Items	出苗率 Rate of emergence	土壤温度 Soil temper ature	土壤盐分 Soil salt	土壤水分 Soil moisture
出苗率 Rate of emergence	1	-0.403	-0.790^*	0.900^**
		0.282	0.011	0.001
	9	9	9	9
土壤温度 Soil temperature	-0.403	1	0.852^**	-0.707^*
	0.282		0.004	0.033
	9	9	9	9
土壤盐分 Soil salt	-0.790^*	0.852^**	1	-0.929^**
	0.011	0.004		0.000
	9	9	9	9
土壤水分 Soil moisture	0.900^**	-790.707^*	-0.929^**	1
	0.001	0.033	0.000
	9	9	9	9

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滴灌冬灌调控下干播湿出对棉田水盐分布及棉花出苗率的影响

Study on the effect of dry seeding and wet emergence on the distribution of water and salt in cotton field and the emergence rate of cotton under the control of drip irrigation in winter

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