陇中黄土高原春小麦品种和优化施肥

doi:10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2023.06.012

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】研究陇中黄土高原不同施肥和品种对旱作春小麦养分含量及产量的影响,筛选施肥与品种的高产高效组合。【方法】以陇中黄土高原春小麦为研究对象,分析不同施肥(N:单施有机肥、M:单施氮肥、NM:氮肥有机肥配施)及不同品种(甘春27号、甘春32号)处理下春小麦干物质量、化学计量特征及产量的变化规律。【结果】(1)NM处理可显著提高春小麦干物质量、全氮含量和产量。(2)同一施肥处理下甘春32号干物质量,茎、叶中全氮含量,穗粒数,穗数和产量均高于甘春27号。(3)不同施肥与品种组合处理下春小麦全氮含量和产量均存在显著差异,其中,甘春32号NM处理下春小麦干物质量、全氮含量和产量最高。NM处理可以缩小不同品种春小麦产量的差距。M处理显著降低了甘春27号根、叶干重,但对甘春32号无显著影响。【结论】在陇中黄土高原旱作地区,甘春32号选用氮肥有机肥配施是春小麦高产高效组合。

关键词: 陇中黄土高原; 春小麦; 化学计量特征; 氮肥有机肥配施; 产量

Abstract:

【Objective】 To explore the effects of different fertilization and varieties on the nutrient content and yield of dry-farming spring wheat in the Loess Plateau of Gansu Province and screen high-yield and high-efficiency combinations of fertilization and varieties.【Method】 The spring wheat in the Loess Plateau of Longzhong was used as the research object to analyze different fertilization (N: single application of organic fertilizer, M: single application of nitrogen fertilizer, NM: combined application of nitrogen fertilizer and organic fertilizer) and different varieties (Ganchun 27, Ganchun 32) treatment of spring wheat dry matter quality, stoichiometric characteristics and the changing law of yield.【Results】 (1) NM treatment significantly improved the dry matter quality, total nitrogen content and yield of the two spring wheats.(2) Under the same fertilization treatment, the dry matter quality of Ganchun 32, the total nitrogen content in stems and leaves, the number of spikes, the number of ears and the yield were all higher than those of Ganchun 27.(3) There were significant differences in total nitrogen content and yield of spring wheat under different fertilization and variety combination treatments.Among them, the dry matter quality, total nitrogen content and yield of spring wheat under Ganchun 32 NM treatment were the highest.M treatment significantly reduced the root and leaf dry weight of Ganchun 27, but had no significant effect on Ganchun 32.NM treatment could narrow the yield gap of different varieties of spring wheat.【Conclusion】 In summary, considering the best yield and actual production, the selection of spring wheat Ganchun 32 and the combined application of nitrogen fertilizer and organic fertilizer is a recommended high-yield and high-efficiency combination in the Loess Plateau of Longzhong.

Key words: Longzhong Loess Plateau; spring wheat; stoichiometric characteristics; combined application of nitrogen and organic fertilizers; yield

中图分类号:

S512.12

刘兴宇, 袁建钰, 李广, 张娟, 徐万恒, 张霞霞. 陇中黄土高原春小麦品种和优化施肥[J]. 新疆农业科学, 2023, 60(6): 1398-1405.

LIU Xingyu, YUAN Jianyu, LI Guang, ZHANG Juan, XU Wanheng, ZHANG Xiaxia. Study on Spring Wheat Varieties and Fertilization Optimization in the Loess Plateau of Longzhong[J]. Xinjiang Agricultural Sciences, 2023, 60(6): 1398-1405.

图/表 4

表1 样地情况

Tab.1 Sample site description sheet

品种 Variety	施肥处理 Fertili- zation treatment	施肥量 Fertilizer amount (kg/hm²)
甘春27号 Ganchun27	N	折合年施氮量105
	M	折合年施氮量105
	NM	施有机肥折合年施氮量52.5 施化学氮肥含氮量52.5
甘春32号 Ganchun32	N	折合年施氮量105
	M	折合年施氮量105
	NM	施有机肥折合年施氮量52.5 施化学氮肥含氮量52.5

表2 不同施肥处理下春小麦干物质量和收获指数变化

Tab.2 Effects of Different Fertilization Treatments on the Growth Indexes of Spring Wheat

品种 Variety	施肥处理 Fertilization treatment	根干重 Root dry weight(g)	茎干重 Stem dry weight(g)	叶干重 Leaf dry weight(g)	穗干重 Spike dry weight(g)
甘春27号 Ganchun27	N	1.67±0.06^b	2.10±0.33^b	0.31±0.04^b	2.56±0.3 ${4^{b}}^{c}$
	M	0.83±0.09^c	1.16±0.05^c	0.21±0.01^c	2.23±0.17^c
	NM	2.17±0.24^a	2.09±0.38^b	0.31±0.03^b	3.28±0.4 ${6^{a}}^{b}$
甘春32号 Ganchun32	N	2.33±0.12^a	2.75±0.1 ${4^{a}}^{b}$	0.47±0.03^a	2.63±0.1 ${9^{b}}^{c}$
	M	2.14±0.10^a	2.15±0.07^b	0.45±0.03^a	2.47±0.1 ${8^{b}}^{c}$
	NM	2.37±0.09^a	2.87±0.13^a	0.50±0.01^a	3.93±0.17^a

表2 不同施肥处理下春小麦干物质量和收获指数变化

Tab.2 Effects of Different Fertilization Treatments on the Growth Indexes of Spring Wheat

品种 Variety	施肥处理 Fertilization treatment	根干重 Root dry weight(g)	茎干重 Stem dry weight(g)	叶干重 Leaf dry weight(g)	穗干重 Spike dry weight(g)
甘春27号 Ganchun27	N	1.67±0.06^b	2.10±0.33^b	0.31±0.04^b	2.56±0.3 ${4^{b}}^{c}$
	M	0.83±0.09^c	1.16±0.05^c	0.21±0.01^c	2.23±0.17^c
	NM	2.17±0.24^a	2.09±0.38^b	0.31±0.03^b	3.28±0.4 ${6^{a}}^{b}$
甘春32号 Ganchun32	N	2.33±0.12^a	2.75±0.1 ${4^{a}}^{b}$	0.47±0.03^a	2.63±0.1 ${9^{b}}^{c}$
	M	2.14±0.10^a	2.15±0.07^b	0.45±0.03^a	2.47±0.1 ${8^{b}}^{c}$
	NM	2.37±0.09^a	2.87±0.13^a	0.50±0.01^a	3.93±0.17^a

图1 不同施肥处理下两种春小麦根茎叶养分化学计量变化注:不同小写字母表示处理间在0.05水平差异显著

Fig.1 Effects of different fertilization treatments on the stoichiometry of nutrients in roots, stems and leaves of two spring wheat Note:Different lowercase letters means significant different among treatments at the 0.05 probability level

表3 不同施肥处理下春小麦产量构成因素和产量变化

Tab.3 Effects of different treatments on factors of yield and yield level of spring wheat

品种 Variety	施肥处理 Fertili- zation treatment	穗粒数 Grain number per spike	千粒重 Thousand grain weight(g)	穗数 Spike number (10⁴/hm²)	产量 Yield (kg/hm²)
甘春27号 Ganchun27	N	32±0.57^bc	46.36±0.364^b	156.26±1.02^cd	2 363.19±48.8^d
	M	31±1.73^c	42.30±0.60^c	149.33±6.89^d	2 142.11±72.74^e
	NM	35±1.76^abc	48.85±0.67^a	169.02±1.91^bc	2 617.58±111.26^c
甘春32号 Ganchun32	N	36±2.18^ab	46.12±0.35^b	173.33±3.4^ab	2 997.60±22.83^ab
	M	34±0.66b^c	43.78±0.39^c	161.67±1.2^bcd	2 879.44±30.6^b
	NM	39±0.88^a	46.91±0.55^b	182.07±5.5^a	3 110.03±66.54^a

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