化肥减量配施黄腐酸对盐渍化土壤养分及花生生长的影响

doi:10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2024.12.008

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】 研究化肥与黄腐酸有机肥配施对盐渍化土壤养分及花生生长的影响。【方法】 设置花生盆栽试验。试验采用黄腐酸有机肥与减量化肥配施,以常规化肥施用量为对照,在基施黄腐酸有机肥40 kg/667m²基础上,分别设减施氮磷钾化肥常规用量的20%、40%、60%、80%和100%,共设置6个处理。分析土壤养分及花生株高、侧枝长、叶绿素含量(SPAD值)、干物质积累量和产量等指标,研究化肥减量、有机替代施肥模式对盐渍化土壤养分及花生生长的影响。【结果】 基施黄腐酸肥料后,大幅度减施化肥依然可维持花生的正常生长,减施20%~40%化肥可明显促进花生生长,提高土壤养分含量,有效改良盐渍化土壤,提高土壤质量,同时也提高了花生的干物质积累量、叶绿素含量、单株结果数和单株果实重,提高产量。【结论】 化肥与黄腐酸有机肥配施的优选技术方案为在施用40 kg/667m²黄腐酸肥料的基础上,减施20%~40%化肥。

关键词: 化肥减量; 黄腐酸; 花生; 土壤养分; 生长

Abstract:

【Objective】 In order to explore the application effect of combined application of chemical fertilizer and humic acid organic fertilizer on saline soil and peanuts. 【Methods】 A peanut pot experiment is conducted. A combination of humic acid organic fertilizer and fertilizer application were applied in this experiment, and conventional fertilizer application rates were taken as a control.On the basis of basic application of humic acid organic fertilizer of 40 kg/667m², a total of 6 treatments were set up to reduce the conventional dosage of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium fertilizers by 20%, 40%, 60%, 80%, and 100%.And by analyzing the changes in soil nutrients, peanut plant height, lateral branch length, chlorophyll content (SPAD value), dry matter accumulation and yield of plants, and other indicators, the effects of fertilizer reduction and organic substitution fertilization models on salinization soil nutrients and peanut growth were studied.【Results】 After basic application of humic acid fertilizer, a significant reduction in fertilizer application could still maintain the normal growth of peanuts.Reducing fertilizer application by 20%-40% could significantly promote peanut growth, increase soil nutrient content, effectively improve saline soil, improve soil quality, and also increase the dry matter accumulation, chlorophyll content, number of fruit per plant, and fruit weight per plant of peanuts, thereby increasing yield.【Conclusion】 The optimal technical solution for the combination of chemical fertilizer and humic acid organic fertilizer is to reduce the application of chemical fertilizer by 20% to 40% on the basis of applying 40 kg/667m² of humic acid fertilizer.

Key words: chemical fertilizer reduction; fulvic acid; peanuts; soil nutrients; grow

中图分类号:

S565.2

孙晨, 槐国龙, 王斌, 孙九胜, 杨志莹, 单娜娜. 化肥减量配施黄腐酸对盐渍化土壤养分及花生生长的影响[J]. 新疆农业科学, 2024, 61(12): 2934-2942.

SUN Chen, HUAI Guolong, WANG Bin, SUN Jiusheng, YANG Zhiying, SHAN Nana. Effects of reducing fertilizer and applying fulvic acid on soil nutrients and peanut growth[J]. Xinjiang Agricultural Sciences, 2024, 61(12): 2934-2942.

图/表 13

表1 供试土壤基本性质

Tab.1 Basic physical and chemical properties of soils

项目 Items	数值 Value
pH值pH value (g/kg)	7.27
总盐Total salt(g/kg)	14.3
有机质Organic matter(g/kg)	77
碱解氮Alkali hydrolyzable nitrogen(mg/kg)	113.5
有效磷Available phosphorus(mg/kg)	42.43
速效钾Available potassium(mg/kg)	121

表2 试验各处理设计与施肥总量

Tab.2 Experimental design and total fertilization amount for each treatment

处理 Treatments	化肥比例 Chemical fertilizer (%)	尿素 Urea (g/盆)	过磷酸钙 Calcium superphosphate (g/盆)	硫酸钾 Potassium sulfate (g/盆)	乐钙 Lecalcic (g/盆)	生化黄腐酸 Biochemical fulvic acid(g/盆)
CK	100	8.213	10.267	5.867	2.933	0
T₁	80	6.571	8.213	4.693	2.347	23.467
T₂	60	4.928	6.16	3.52	1.76	23.467
T₃	40	3.285	4.107	2.347	1.173	23.467
T₄	20	1.643	2.053	1.173	0.587	23.467
T₅	0	0	0	0	0	23.467

图1 不同施肥处理下土壤有机质含量的变化注:不同小写字母表示差异显著,相同字母间表示差异不显著,下同

Fig.1 Changes of different fertilization treatments on soil organic matter content Notes:Changes of different lowercase letters indicate significant difference between treatments,same lowercase letters indicate no significant difference between treatments, the same as below

图2 不同施肥处理下土壤碱解氮含量的变化

Fig.2 Changes of different fertilization treatments on soil alkaline hydrolyzable nitrogen content

图3 不同施肥处理下土壤速效磷含量的变化

Fig.3 Changes of different fertilization treatments on soil available phosphorus content

图4 不同施肥处理下土壤速效钾含量的变化

Fig.4 Changes of different fertilization treatments on soil available potassium content

图5 不同施肥处理下花生主茎高的变化

Fig.5 Changes of different fertilization treatments on the main stem height of peanuts

图6 不同施肥处理下花生第一对侧枝长的变化

Fig.6 Changes of different fertilization treatments on the length of the first pair of lateral branches in peanuts

图7 不同施肥处理下花生叶片叶绿素含量的变化

Fig.7 Changes of different fertilization treatments on peanut of chlorophyll content

图8 不同处理下花生地上部分干重的变化

Fig.8 Changes of different treatments on the dry weight of peanut aboveground parts

图9 不同处理下花生根干重的变化

Fig.9 Changes of different treatments on the dry weight of peanut roots

表3 不同施肥处理下花生产量性状的变化

Tab.3 Changes of different treatments on basic characters of peanut yield

处理 Treatments	单株结果数(个) Number of results per plant(piece)	单株饱果数(个) Number of full fruits per plant(piece)	单株饱果重 Full fruit weight per plant(g)	单株秕果重 Weight of single plant blighted fruit(g)	单株果实重 Fruit weight per plant(g)	结实率 Seed setting rate(%)
CK	38±2.56^b	31.59±4.56^b	61.04±5.23^b	6.41±1.23^a	67.45±5.23^b	65.1
T₁	41±3.61^a	38.76±2.51^a	74.12±9.41^a	2.24±1.96^c	76.36±9.41^a	76.7
T₂	44±3.94^a	40.35±1.19^a	78.03±6.68^a	3.65±0.87^c	81.68±6.68^a	80.3
T₃	36±4.68^b	31.54±2.37^b	64.06±3.93^b	4.46±1.45^b	68.52±3.93^b	75.9
T₄	32±2.85^b	28.12±3.59^b	55.73±4.78^b	3.88±0.67^bc	59.61±4.78^b	61.3
T₅	29±1.42^b	26.27±5.73^b	44.21±7.37^c	2.73±1.64^c	46.94±7.37^c	61.3

表4 产量与土壤理化性状的相关性

Tab.4 Correlation analysis between yield and soil physicochemical properties

项目 Items	相关系数Correlation coefficient
项目 Items	产量 Yield	总盐 Total salt	pH值 pH value	有机质 Organic matter	碱解氮 Alkali hydrolyzable nitrogen	有效磷 Available phosphorus	速效钾 Available potassium
产量Yield	1
总盐Total salt	0.402	1
pH值pH value	0.068	0.078	1
有机质 Organic matter	0.603^**	0.418	0.237	1
碱解氮 Alkali hydrolyzable nitrogen	0.072	0.261	-0.086	0.792^**	1
有效磷 Available phosphorus	0.567^*	0.373	0.073	0.518^*	0.629^**	1
速效钾 Available potassium	0.417	0.329	0.307	0.784^**	0.674^**	0.809^**	1

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