氮肥分配比例对滴灌旱稻产量及氮肥利用率的影响

doi:10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2022.06.009

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】 研究氮肥施用比例对旱稻产量、品质及氮肥利用率的影响,为旱稻合理施用氮肥提供理论依据。【方法】 采用小区试验,设4个处理,分别为(1)对照(不施用氮肥);(2)施氮蘖肥:穗肥=2∶8;(3)施氮蘖肥:穗肥=6∶4;(4)施氮蘖肥:穗肥=8∶2;施氮量均为120 kg/hm²,分别用CK、N(2∶8)、N(6∶4)和N(8∶2)表示。【结果】 N(6∶4)处理产量较N(2∶8)与N(8∶2)处理分别提高了17.2%和13.7%。氮肥农学利用效率N(6∶4)处理产量较N(2∶8)与N(8∶2)处理分别增加了31.9%和23.4%,氮肥偏生产力N(6∶4)处理产量较N(2∶8)与N(8∶2)处理分别增加了17.2%和13.7%。施氮显著降低了稻米的精米率与整精米率,但增加了糙米率。适当的提高穗肥比例可以显著增加稻米蛋白质的含量,有利于稻米的营养品质。【结论】 在同一施氮水平下,适当增加穗肥比例,氮肥分配比例为蘖肥∶穗肥为6∶4时可以显著增加旱稻产量及稻米品质,提高旱稻氮肥利用效率。

关键词: 旱稻; 氮肥施用比例; 产量; 品质; 氮肥利用率

Abstract:

【Objective】 To study the effect of nitrogen fertilizer application ratios on the yield, quality and nitrogen use efficiency of upland rice in the hope of providing a theoretical basis for the rational application of nitrogen fertilizer for upland rice.【Method】 In this experiment, a plot test was carried out, and four treatments were set, respectively: (1) control (no nitrogen fertilizer was applied); (2) The distribution ratio of nitrogen fertilizer was tiller fertilizer: panicle fertilizer = 2∶8; (3) The distribution ratio of nitrogen fertilizer was tiller fertilizer: panicle fertilizer = 6∶4; (4) The distribution ratio of nitrogen fertilizer was tiller fertilizer: panicle fertilizer = 8∶2; The nitrogen application amounts were all 120 kg/hm², respectively expressed by: CK, N (2∶8), N (6∶4) and N (8∶2).【Results】 The yield under N (6:4) treatment increased by 17.2% and 13.7%, respectively, compared with that under N (2∶8) and N (8∶2) treatment.Compared with N (2∶8) and N (8∶2) treatments, the yield of N (6∶4) treatment increased by 31.9% and 23.4%, respectively, and the yield of N (6∶4) treatment with partial productivity increased by 17.2% and 13.7%, respectively.In terms of processing quality, nitrogen application significantly reduced the white rice rate and the whole white rice rate, but increased the brown rice rate.The protein content of rice could be significantly increased by increasing the proportion of ear fertilizer, which was beneficial to the nutritional quality of rice.【Conclusion】 Under the same nitrogen application level, the yield and rice quality of upland rice can be significantly increased and the nitrogen use efficiency of upland rice can be improved when the ratio of nitrogen fertilizer is tiller fertilizer∶panicle fertilizer = 6∶4.

Key words: upland rice; nitrogen fertilizer application ratio; yield; quality; nitrogen use efficiency

中图分类号:

S511

褚璇, 索常凯, 王露霞, 冶军, 闵伟, 侯振安. 氮肥分配比例对滴灌旱稻产量及氮肥利用率的影响[J]. 新疆农业科学, 2022, 59(6): 1384-1391.

CHU Xuan, SUO Changkai, WANG Luxia, YE Jun, MIN Wei, HOU Zhenan. Effects of Nitrogen Fertilizer Distribution Ratios on Drip Irrigation Upland Rice Yield and Nitrogen Use Efficiency[J]. Xinjiang Agricultural Sciences, 2022, 59(6): 1384-1391.

图/表 6

表1 氮肥施用比例及时期

Table 1 Proportion and period of application of nitrogen fertilizer

处理	氮肥施用量The nitrogen application rate(kg/hm²)
处理	6月11日	6月17日	6月24日	7月1日	7月8日	7月15日	7月22日	8月5日	总计
CK	/	/	/	/	/	/	/	/	0
N(2∶8)	4.8	4.8	4.8	4.8	4.8	32	32	32	120
N(6∶4)	14.4	14.4	14.4	14.4	14.4	16	16	16	120
N(8∶2)	19.2	19.2	19.2	19.2	19.2	8	8	8	120

图1 旱稻不同生育期各器官干物重变化

Fig.1 Biomass of abovementional organs in upland rice at different growth stages

表2 成熟期旱稻各器官吸氮量变化

Table 2 Nitrogen uptake by each organ in the mature stage of upland rice(kg/hm2)

处理Treatment	茎鞘 Stem	叶片 Leaf	颖壳 Glumes	籽粒Grain	合计 Total
CK	35.89^c	17.20^a	8.13^c	17.98^b	79.2^c
N (2∶8)	37.92^c	18.76^a	10.22^b	44.69^a	111.5^b
N (6∶4)	46.81^b	18.89^a	9.9 $8 b c$	50.63^a	126.3^a
N (8∶2)	54.14^a	14.30^b	13.81^a	49.43^a	131.7^a

表2 成熟期旱稻各器官吸氮量变化

Table 2 Nitrogen uptake by each organ in the mature stage of upland rice(kg/hm2)

处理Treatment	茎鞘 Stem	叶片 Leaf	颖壳 Glumes	籽粒Grain	合计 Total
CK	35.89^c	17.20^a	8.13^c	17.98^b	79.2^c
N (2∶8)	37.92^c	18.76^a	10.22^b	44.69^a	111.5^b
N (6∶4)	46.81^b	18.89^a	9.9 $8 b c$	50.63^a	126.3^a
N (8∶2)	54.14^a	14.30^b	13.81^a	49.43^a	131.7^a

表3 不同施氮比例下产量及其构成因素的差异

Table 3 Yield and its constituent factors under different n application rates

处理 Treatment	有效穗数 Number of productive ear (10⁴穗/hm²)	每穗粒数 Grains per spike(个)	结实率 Seed-setting rate(%)	千粒重 1,000-grain weight(g)	产量 Yield (kg/hm²)
CK	481^c	34.6^b	70.7^b	15.4^c	2 563^c
N (2∶8)	60 $0 a b$	40.7^a	81.3^a	15.5^c	3 780^b
N (6∶4)	621^a	39.0^a	83.0^a	19.9^a	4 431^a
N (8∶2)	551^b	41.1^a	83.3^a	17.2^b	3 896^b

表3 不同施氮比例下产量及其构成因素的差异

Table 3 Yield and its constituent factors under different n application rates

处理 Treatment	有效穗数 Number of productive ear (10⁴穗/hm²)	每穗粒数 Grains per spike(个)	结实率 Seed-setting rate(%)	千粒重 1,000-grain weight(g)	产量 Yield (kg/hm²)
CK	481^c	34.6^b	70.7^b	15.4^c	2 563^c
N (2∶8)	60 $0 a b$	40.7^a	81.3^a	15.5^c	3 780^b
N (6∶4)	621^a	39.0^a	83.0^a	19.9^a	4 431^a
N (8∶2)	551^b	41.1^a	83.3^a	17.2^b	3 896^b

表4 旱稻氮素利用效率

Table 4 Efficiency of nitrogen use in upland rice

处理 Treatment	氮肥农学利用效率 Agronomic use efficiency of nitrogen fertilizer (%)	氮肥吸收利用率 Nitrogen uptake efficiency (%)	氮肥生理利用率 Nitrogen physiological efficiency (kg/kg)	氮肥偏生产力 Nitrogen partial productivity (kg/kg)
N (2∶8)	31.94^b	27.00^b	40.34^a	31.50^b
N (6∶4)	42.14^a	39.28^a	40.18^a	36.93^a
N (8∶2)	34.16^b	43.74^a	25.79^b	32.47^b

表5 不同施氮比例下品质因素的差异

Table 5 Differences of quality factors under different nitrogen application rates

处理 Treatment	加工品质			外观品质		营养品质
处理 Treatment	糙米率 Brown rice rate (%)	精米率 Milled rice rate(%)	整精米率 Head rice rate(%)	垩白粒率 Chalky grain rate(%)	垩白度 Chalkiness degree	蛋白质含量 Protein content (%)	直链淀粉含量 Amylose content (%)
CK	52.1^d	89.7^a	80.2^a	29.1^b	10.0^a	7.3^d	24.9^a
N (2∶8)	69.8^b	71.5^c	62.0^c	34.6^a	10.9^a	9.5^a	17.7^b
N (6∶4)	73.1^a	80.1^b	69.0^b	31.6^b	9.8^b	8.6^b	18.4^b
N (8∶2)	63.3^c	67.3^d	58.0^d	36.4^a	9.1^b	8.0^c	22.7^a

参考文献 28

[1]	张晓亚. 浅谈我国旱稻的生产发展[J]. 河南农业, 2018,(4):31.
	ZHANG Xiiaoya. Discussion on the Development of Upland rice production in China[J]. Agriculture of Henan, 2018,(4):31.
[2]	Qian Y, Alicia Ledo, Kun Cheng et al. Re-assessing nitrous oxide emissions from croplands across Mainland China[J]. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 2018, 268:70-78.
[3]	艾应伟, 刘学军, 张福锁, 等. 旱作与覆盖方式对水稻吸收利用氮的影响[J]. 土壤学报, 2004, 43(1) :152-155.
	AI Yingwei, LIU Xuejun, ZHANG Fusuo, et al. Utilization rate of nitrogen fertilizer of rice (oryza sativa l.) As influenced by mulch and dryland farming[J]. Soil Science, 2004, 43(1) :152-155.
[4]	白志刚, 张均华, 黄洁, 等. 氮肥运筹对水稻氮代谢及稻田土壤氮素迁移转化的影响[J]. 生态学杂志, 2018,(11):3440-3448.
	BAI Zhigang, ZHANG Junhua, HUANG Jie, et al. Effects of nitrogen regime on nitrogen metabolism of rice and nitrogen transformation and translocation in paddy soils[J]. Chinese Journal of Ecology, 2018,(11):3440-3448.
[5]	Peng S, Cass man K G, Kropff M J. Relationship between leaf photosynthesis and nitrogen content of field-grown rice in tropics[J]. Crop Science, 1995, 35(6):1627-1630. DOI URL
[6]	凌启鸿, 张洪程, 丁艳锋, 等. 水稻精确定量栽培理论与技术[M]. 北京: 中国农业出版社, 2007:99-124.
	LING Qihong, ZHANG Hongcheng, DING Yanfeng, et al. Theory and Technology of Precise and quantitative Cultivation of Rice[M]. Beijing: China Agricultural Press, 2007:99-124.
[7]	谷宇. 氮肥运筹对旱直播粳稻产量和品质及倒伏性的影响[D]. 沈阳: 沈阳农业大学, 2019.
	GU Yu. Effects of nitrogen fertilization management on yield, quality and lodging resistance of japonica rice under drill seeding[D]. Shenyang: Shenyang Agricultural University, 2019.
[8]	杨金娟, 马晓霞, 马玲, 等. 旱直播栽培条件下不同氮肥运筹对水稻产量及品质影响研究[J]. 宁夏农林科技, 2017, 58(7):42-43,57.
	YANG Jinjuan, MA Xiaoxia, MA Ling, et al. Study on the Effects of Different Nitrogen Utilizations on Rice Yield and Quality by Dry Direct Seeding cultivation[J]. Ningxia Journal of Agriculture and Forestry Science and Technology, 2017, 58(7):42-43,57.
[9]	王艳, 易军, 高继平, 等. 不同叶龄蘖、穗氮肥组合对粳稻产量及氮素利用的影响[J]. 作物学报, 2020, 46(1):102-116.
	WANG Yan, YI Jun, GAO Jiping, et al. Effects of precision leaf age fertilization on yield and nitrogen utilization of japonica rice[J]. Acta Agronomica Sinica, 2020, 46(1):102-116. DOI URL
[10]	黎星, 汪勇, 成臣, 等. 氮肥运筹对南方优质常规晚粳产量和品质的影响[J]. 中国稻米, 2019, 25(1):29-33.
	LI Xing, WANG Yong, CHENG Chen, et al. Effects of Nitrogen Application on Yield and Quality of High-quality Conventional Late Japonica Rice in south China[J]. China Rice, 2019, 25(1):29-33.
[11]	徐一兰, 唐海明, 程爱武, 等. 双季稻区长期不同施肥模式对水稻干物质积累及产量的影响[J]. 安徽农业大学学报, 2015, 42(5):674-680.
	XU Yilan, TANG Haiming, CHENG Aiwu, et al. Effects of different long-term fertilizer management methods on dry matter accumulation and yield of rice in the double cropping rice field[J]. Journal of Anhui Agricultural University, 2015, 42(5):674-680.
[12]	周磊, 刘秋员, 田晋钰, 等. 甬优系列籼粳杂交稻产量及氮素吸收利用的差异[J]. 作物学报, 2020, 46(5):772-786. DOI
	ZHOU Lei, LIU Qiuyuan, TIAN Jinyu, et al. Differences in yield and nitrogen absorption and utilization of indica-japonica hybrid rice varieties of Yongyou series[J]. Acta Agronomica Sinica, 2020, 46(5):772-786. DOI
[13]	宁运旺, 张辉, 王磊, 等. 基肥结合抽穗期追肥稳定稻麦产量并提高氮肥利用率及经济效益[J]. 植物营养与肥料学报, 2020, 26(8):1407-1419.
	NING Yunwang, ZHANG Hui, WANG Lei, et al. Maintaining yields and improving nitrogen use efficiencies and economic benefits of rice and wheat by double fertilization of combining basal dressing with top dressing at heading stage[J]. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizers, 2020, 26(8):1407-1419.
[14]	薛晓萍, 王建国, 郭文琦. 氮素水平对初花后棉株生物量、氮素累积特征及氮素利用率动态变化的影响[J]. 生态学报, 2006,(11):3631-3640.
	XUE Xiaoping, WANG Jianguo, GUO Wenqi, et al. Effect of nitrogen applied levels on the dynamics of biomass, nitrogen accumulation and nitrogen fertilization recovery rate of cotton after initial flowering[J]. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2006,(11):3631-3640.
[15]	王弘菲, 高志岭, 陈新平, 等. 不同控释尿素与普通尿素配比对冬小麦茎蘖、产量、土壤硝态氮和氮素平衡的影响[J]. 华北农学报, 2012, 27(2):196-201.
	WANG Hongfei, GAO Zhiling, CHEN Xinping, et al. Effects of the Combined Application of Control-Released Urea and Urea on Tillers,Yield,Soil NO₃^-N and nitrogen balance of winter wheat[J]. Acta Agriculturae Boreali-Sinica, 2012, 27(2):196-201.
[16]	范立慧, 徐珊珊, 侯朋福, 等. 不同地力下基蘖肥运筹比例对水稻产量及氮肥吸收利用的影响[J]. 中国农业科学, 2016, 49(10):1872-1884.
	FAN Lihui, XU Shanshan, HOU Pengfu, et al. Effect of Different Ratios of Basal to Tiller Nitrogen on Rice Yield and Nitrogen Utilization Under different soil fertility[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2016, 49(10):1872-1884.
[17]	王晓燕, 韦还和, 张洪程, 等. 水稻甬优 12产量13.5 t/hm²以上超高产群体的生育特征[J]. 作物学报, 2014, 40(12): 2149-2159. DOI
	WANG Xiaoyan, WEI Huanhe, ZHANG Hongcheng, et al. Population characteristics for super-high yielding hybrid rice Yongyou 12( >13.5 t/ha)[J]. Acta Agronomica Sinica, 2014, 40(12): 2149-2159. DOI
[18]	胡雅杰, 朱大伟, 钱海军, 等. 籼粳杂交稻甬优2640钵苗机插超高产群体若干特征探讨[J]. 作物学报, 2014, 40(11): 2016-2027. DOI
	HU Yajie, ZHU Dawei, QIAN Haijun, et al. Some characteristics of mechanically transplanted pot seedlings in super-high yielding population of indicajaponica hybrid rice Yongyou 2640[J]. Acta Agronomica Sinica, 2014, 40(11): 2016-2027. DOI
[19]	花劲, 周年兵, 张军, 等. 双季晚稻甬优系列籼粳杂交稻超高产结构与群体形成特征[J]. 中国农业科学, 2015, 48(5): 1023-1034.
	HUA Jin, ZHOU Nianbing, ZHANG Jun, et al. The structure and formation characteristics of super-high yield population with late Yongyou series of indica-japonica hybrid rice in double-cropping rice area[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2015, 48(5): 1023-1034.
[20]	王艳, 易军, 高继平, 等. 不同叶龄蘖、穗氮肥组合对粳稻产量及氮素利用的影响[J]. 作物学报, 2020, 46(1):102-116.
	WANG Yan, YI Jun, GAO Jiping, et al. Effects of tiller and panicle nitrogen fertilizer combinations on japonica rice yield and nitrogen utilization[J]. Acta Agronomica Sinica, 2020, 46(1):102-116. DOI URL
[21]	Wopereis-Pura M M, Watanabe H, Moreira J, Wopereis M C S. Effect of late nitrogen application on rice yield,grain quality and profitability in the Senegal River valley[J]. European Journal of Agronomy, 2002, 17(3): 191-198. DOI URL
[22]	吴茂力, 姜心禄, 池忠志, 等. 机插秧模式下肥料配置对稻米主要品质的影响[J]. 核农学报, 2014, 28(10): 1905-1909. DOI
	WU Maoli, JIANG Xinlu, CHI Zhongzhi, et al. Effects of different fertilizer allocation on grain qualities under mechanized transplanting rice mode[J]. Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences, 2014, 28(10): 1905-1909.
[23]	胡群, 夏敏, 张洪程, 等. 氮肥运筹对钵苗机插优质食味水稻产量及品质的影响[J]. 作物学报, 2017, 43(3):420-431.
	HU Qun, XIA Min, ZHANG Hongcheng, et al. Effect of Nitrogen Application Regime on Yield and Quality of Mechanical Pot-seedlings Transplanting Rice with Good Taste Quality[J]. Acta Agronomica Sinica, 2017, 43(3):420-431. DOI URL
[24]	刘代银, 伍菊仙, 任万军, 等. 氮肥运筹对免耕高留茬抛秧稻氮素吸收、运转和子粒品质的影响[J]. 植物营养与肥料学报, 2009, 15(3):514-521.
	LIU Daiyin, WU Juxian, REN Wanjun, et al. Effects of nitrogen strategies on nitrogen uptake, utilization and grainquality of broadcasted rice under no-tillage with high standing-stubbles[J]. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizers, 2009, 15(3):514-521.
[25]	陈莹莹. 江苏早熟晚粳品种稻米品质对氮肥的响应及其类型[D]. 扬州: 扬州大学, 2012.
	CHEN Yingying. The Response to Nitrogen Fertilizer of the Quality Properties of Early-maturing late Japonica rice in Jiangsu and Its Type[D]. Yangzhou: Yangzhou University, 2012.
[26]	武云霞, 刘芳艳, 孙永健, 等. 水氮互作对直播稻产量及稻米品质的影响[J]. 四川农业大学学报, 2019, 37(5):604-610,622.
	WU Yunxia, LIU Fangyan, SUN Yongjian, et al. Effect of Water and Nitrogen Interaction on Yield and Quality of Direct Seeding Rice[J]. Journal of Sichuan Agricultural University, 2019, 37(5):604-610,622.
[27]	李超, 韦还和, 许俊伟, 等. 甬优系列籼粳杂交稻氮素积累与转运特征[J]. 植物营养与肥料学报, 2016,(22): 1177-1186.
	LI Chao, WEI Huanhe, XU Junwei, et al. Characteristics of nitrogen uptake, utilization and translocation in the indica-japonica hybrid rice of Yongyou series[J]. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizers, 2016,(22): 1177-1186.
[28]	汪峰, 谌江华, 孙梅梅, 等. 甬优系列籼粳杂交稻株高变化对氮素利用率的影响[J]. 浙江农业学报, 2019, 31(1): 1-10.
	WANG Feng, ZHAN Jianghua, SUN Meimei, et al. Effect of change of plant height on nitrogen use efficiency in Yongyou indica-japonica hybrid rice[J]. Acta Agric Zhejiangensis, 2019, 31(1): 1-10.