不同灌溉方式对苜蓿土壤水分与灌溉水利用效率的影响

doi:10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2023.09.027

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】研究西北干旱半干旱地区苜蓿种植适宜的灌溉方式。【方法】设计滚移式喷灌W₁、指针式喷灌W₂、浅埋滴灌W₃3种灌溉方法,并对比研究各种灌水方法对土地水分和紫花苜蓿产量以及灌溉用水效率等的定量影响。【结果】浅埋滴灌处理在苜蓿生长期内0~100 cm土壤含水量都显著高于滚移式喷灌处理和指针式喷灌处理(P<0.05),浅埋滴灌能够有效提高土壤水分含量。浅埋滴灌四茬总产量为15 094.10 kg/hm²,较滚移式喷灌和指针式喷灌提高了7.15%、6.67%。四茬平均灌溉水利用效率提高了40.59%、41.29%。浅埋滴灌的纯利润为6 263.56元/hm²,较滚移式喷灌、指针式喷灌分别提高了37.86%、34.69%。【结论】浅埋滴灌可以明显改善土壤水分状况,提高紫花苜蓿产量和灌溉水利用效率,增加种植紫花苜蓿的利润,水资源短缺地区选用浅埋滴灌作为灌溉方式。

关键词: 紫花苜蓿; 灌溉方式; 土壤水分; 产量; 灌溉水利用效率

Abstract:

【Objective】 To explore suitable irrigation methods for alfalfa cultivation in arid and semi-arid areas of northwest China.【Methods】 Three kinds of irrigation methods, rolling irrigation W₁, pointer sprinkler irrigation W₂ and shallow drip irrigation W₃, were designed to implement irrigation, and the quantitative effects of various irrigation methods on land moisture, alfalfa yield and irrigation water efficiency were compared and studied.【Results】 The results showed that shallow-buried drip irrigation treatment significantly increased soil water content at 0-100 cm during the growth period of alfalfa compared with rolling sprinkler irrigation treatment and pointer sprinkler irrigation treatment (P<0.05), and shallow-buried drip irrigation could effectively improve soil water content.The total yield of shallow-buried drip irrigation was 15,094.10 kg/hm², which was increased by 7.15% and 6.67% compared with rolling and pointer sprinkler irrigation.The average water use efficiency of four crops increased by 40.59% and 41.29%.The net profit of shallow-buried drip irrigation was 6,263.56 yuan /hm², which was 37.86% and 34.69% higher than that of rolling sprinkler irrigation and pointer sprinkler irrigation.【Conclusion】 Comprehensive analysis shows that shallow-buried drip irrigation can significantly improve soil moisture status, improve alfalfa yield and irrigation water utilization efficiency, and increase the profit of alfalfa planting.Therefore, shallow-buried drip irrigation is recommended as an irrigation method in water resource shortage areas.

Key words: alfalfa; irrigation method; soil moisture; production; utilization efficiency of irrigation water

中图分类号:

S542.4

马明杰, 赵经华, 李冬民, 杨胜春, 王克贤, 李池. 不同灌溉方式对苜蓿土壤水分与灌溉水利用效率的影响[J]. 新疆农业科学, 2023, 60(9): 2306-2313.

MA Mingjie, ZHAO Jinghua, LI Dongmin, YANG Shengchun, WANG Kexian, LI Chi. Effects of alflfa different irrigation methods on soil moisture and irrigation water use efficiency[J]. Xinjiang Agricultural Sciences, 2023, 60(9): 2306-2313.

图/表 7

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灌溉方式 Irrigation methods	参数 Arguments
W₁	喷头型号30IBH型(美国雨鸟公司),入机压力0.4 Mpa,喷头间距11.6 m,喷洒间距18 m,随机设计灌水小区面积5 m×5 m。
W₂	Zimmatrc喷灌机,入机实际流量179 m³/h,设备转一圈2 d,喷头间距2.7 m,每个喷头辐射面积2.7 m²,随机设计小区面积2.7 m×2.7 m。
W₃	贴片式滴灌带,内径16 mm,壁厚0.4 mm,滴头流量2.0 L/h,滴头间距0.3 m,滴灌带行距60 cm,埋深10 cm,随机设计小区面积6 m×2.4 m。

灌溉方式 Irrigation methods	参数 Arguments
W₁	喷头型号30IBH型(美国雨鸟公司),入机压力0.4 Mpa,喷头间距11.6 m,喷洒间距18 m,随机设计灌水小区面积5 m×5 m。
W₂	Zimmatrc喷灌机,入机实际流量179 m³/h,设备转一圈2 d,喷头间距2.7 m,每个喷头辐射面积2.7 m²,随机设计小区面积2.7 m×2.7 m。
W₃	贴片式滴灌带,内径16 mm,壁厚0.4 mm,滴头流量2.0 L/h,滴头间距0.3 m,滴灌带行距60 cm,埋深10 cm,随机设计小区面积6 m×2.4 m。

茬数 Stubble number	灌溉方式 Irrigation method	灌水定额 Irrigation quota (mm)	灌水周期 Irrigation period (d)	灌水次数 Irrigation frequency (次)	灌溉定额 Irrigation quota (mm)
第一茬 first crop	W₁ W₂ W₃	140、80 140、80 140、80	14~16 14~16 14~16	2 2 2	220 220 220
第二茬 second crop	W₁ W₂ W₃	90 90 60	14~16 14~16 14~16	2 2 2	180 180 120
第三茬 Third crop	W₁ W₂ W₃	75 75 60	14~16 14~16 14~16	2 2 2	150 150 120
第四茬 Fourth crop	W₁ W₂ W₃	70 70 60	14~16 14~16 14~16	2 2 2	140 140 120

茬数 Stubble number	灌溉方式 Irrigation method	灌水定额 Irrigation quota (mm)	灌水周期 Irrigation period (d)	灌水次数 Irrigation frequency (次)	灌溉定额 Irrigation quota (mm)
第一茬 first crop	W₁ W₂ W₃	140、80 140、80 140、80	14~16 14~16 14~16	2 2 2	220 220 220
第二茬 second crop	W₁ W₂ W₃	90 90 60	14~16 14~16 14~16	2 2 2	180 180 120
第三茬 Third crop	W₁ W₂ W₃	75 75 60	14~16 14~16 14~16	2 2 2	150 150 120
第四茬 Fourth crop	W₁ W₂ W₃	70 70 60	14~16 14~16 14~16	2 2 2	140 140 120

灌溉方式 Irrigation method	全年灌水定额 Irrigating water quota (m³/hm²)	投入 Put into (元/hm²)	产量 Yield (kg/hm²)	产值 Production value (元/hm²)	纯利润 Net profit (元/hm²)	水生产效益 Water production efficiency
灌溉方式 Irrigation method	全年灌水定额 Irrigating water quota (m³/hm²)	投入 Put into (元/hm²)	产量 Yield (kg/hm²)	产值 Production value (元/hm²)	纯利润 Net profit (元/hm²)	水分利用效率 Water use efficiency (kg/m³)	单位体积水产值 Output value of water per unit volume (元/m³)	单位体积水利润 Profit per unit volume of water (元/m³)
W₁ W₂ W₃	6 900 6 900 5 200	18 159 18 159 17 887	14 087.22 14 149.81 15 094.10	22 539.55 22 639.70 24 150.56	4 380.55 4 480.70 6 263.56	1.97^b 1.98^b 2.83^a	3.27 3.28 4.64	0.63 0.65 1.20