不同产量水平冬小麦产量差异形成的干物质生产、转运及氮肥利用分析

doi:10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2023.09.009

新疆农业科学 ›› 2023, Vol. 60 ›› Issue (9): 2152-2162.DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2023.09.009

• 作物遗传育种·种质资源·分子遗传学·土壤肥料 • 上一篇下一篇

不同产量水平冬小麦产量差异形成的干物质生产、转运及氮肥利用分析

王立红(), 张宏芝, 张跃强(), 李剑峰, 王重, 高新, 时佳, 王春生, 夏建强, 樊哲儒()

新疆农业科学院核技术生物技术研究所/农业农村部荒漠绿洲作物生理生态与耕作重点实验室/新疆作物化学调控工程技术研究中心,乌鲁木齐 830091

收稿日期:2022-11-23 出版日期:2023-09-20 发布日期:2023-09-19
通信作者: 樊哲儒(1964-),男,甘肃人,研究员,研究方向小麦遗传育种,(E-mail)fzr640814@qq.com;
张跃强(1976-),男,新疆人,研究员,研究方向为小麦遗传育种与栽培,(E-mail)zhangyqyhm@163.com
作者简介:王立红(1990-),女,河南人,助理研究员,研究方向为作物高产栽培,(E-mail)1498877605@qq.com
基金资助:
新疆维吾尔自治区自然科学基金项目(2019D01B26)

Analysis of dry matter production, transport and nitrogen fertilizer utilization caused by yield Gap at different yield levels of winter wheat

WANG Lihong(), ZHANG Hongzhi, ZHANG Yueqiang(), LI Jianfeng, WANG Zhong, GAO Xin, SHI Jia, WANG Chunsheng, XIA Jianqiang, FAN Zheru()

Key Laboratory of Desert-Oasis Crop Physiological Ecology and Cultivation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the P.R.C.,/Research Institute of Nuclear Technology and Biotechnology /Xinjiang Crop Chemical Regulation Engineering Technology Research Center,Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Urumqi 830091, China

Received:2022-11-23 Published:2023-09-20 Online:2023-09-19
Supported by:
Natural Science Foundation of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region(2019D01B26)

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】研究不同产量水平下冬小麦干物质与氮素积累、转运及利用差异,为缩小新疆冬小麦产量差及高产栽培提供理论依据。【方法】试验于2018~2020年2年在昌吉军户进行,以冬小麦品种新冬41号为材料,采用不同施肥和栽培管理措施模拟高产Ⅰ(SH:≥9 000 kg/hm²)、高产Ⅱ(HH:7 500 kg/hm²~9 000 kg/hm²)、农户(FP:6 000 kg/hm²~7 500 kg/hm²)、基础(CK:≤4 500 kg/hm²)4个产量水平,研究不同产量水平冬小麦干物质和氮素积累及转运、氮素吸收利用的差异。【结果】SH、HH、FP的2年产量平均与CK产量差为6 863.27、5 496.76和3 735.73 kg/hm²。收获穗数和穗粒数均表现为SH>HH >FP>CK,千粒重表现为HH>SH>FP>CK。SH、HH、FP与CK的开花期干物质积累量差为11 221.65、8 220.05和5 527.81 kg/hm²,成熟期干物质积累量差为16 026.10、11 918.25和7 645.80 kg/hm²,随着产量差增大,干物质积累量、花前干物质转运量、花后干物质积累量及对籽粒的贡献率增高,花前干物质转运率及对籽粒的贡献率降低;开花期和成熟期营养器官氮素积累量、花前氮素转运量均随着产量水平的提高而提高,产量水平越高,需氮量越大,氮素吸收越高,氮素利用效率及氮肥偏生产力越低;籽粒产量与花前干物质转运量、花后干物质积累量、花前氮素转运量、需氮量及氮素吸收效率呈极显著正相关,与氮肥偏生产力呈显著正相关。【结论】缩小产量差应通过施肥等栽培管理措施,尤其是滴灌条件下生育后期磷钾肥随水滴施,增加花前干物质和氮素积累及转运率、花后干物质积累量,提高氮素吸收效率,在适宜收获穗数技术上,协同提高穗粒数与千粒重。

关键词: 产量差异; 冬小麦; 干物质; 氮素利用

Abstract:

【Objective】 To reveal the differences in the accumulation, transport and utilization of dry matter and nitrogen in winter wheat at different yield levels, and to provide a theoretical basis for reducing the yield difference and high-yielding cultivation of winter wheat in Xinjiang.【Methods】 The experiment was carried out in military households in Changji from 2018 to 2020 with Xindong 41 as the test material, and referring to the production practice in Xinjiang, different fertilization and cultivation management measures were used to simulate high yield I (SH: ≥9,000 kg/hm²), high-yield Ⅱ (HH: 7,500 kg/hm²~9,000 kg/hm²), farmers (FP: 6,000 kg/hm²~7,500 kg/hm²), basic (CK: ≤4,500 kg/hm²) four yield levels.Meanwhile, differences in nitrogen accumulation and transport, and nitrogen absorption and utilization were studied.【Results】 The results showed that the two-year average yield difference of SH, HH, FP and CK was 6,863.27 kg/hm², 5,496.76 kg/hm², 3,735.73kg/hm².The number of harvested panicles and grains per panicle were as follows: SH>HH>FP>CK, and the 1000-grain weight was as follows: HH>SH>FP>CK.The difference of dry matter accumulation in flowering stage of SH, HH, FP and CK is 11,221.65 kg/hm², 8,220.05 kg/hm², 5,527.81 kg/hm², and the difference in dry matter accumulation in mature stage was 16,026.10 kg/hm², 11,918.25 kg/hm², 7,645.80 kg/hm², with the increase of the yield gap, the dry matter accumulation, pre-flowering dry matter transport, post-flowering dry matter accumulation and contribution to grains increased, and pre-flowering dry matter transport and contribution to grains increased; nitrogen accumulation in vegetative organs and pre-flowering nitrogen transport in flowering and mature stages increased with the increase of yield level.Efficiency and nitrogen partial productivity were lower; correlation analysis showed that grain yield was significantly positively correlated with pre-flowering dry matter transport, post-flowering dry matter accumulation, pre-flowering nitrogen transport, nitrogen demand and nitrogen absorption efficiency was significantly positively correlated with nitrogen partial productivity.【Conclusion】 To reduce the yield difference, cultivation and management measures such as fertilization should be adopted, especially the drip irrigation of phosphorus and potassium fertilizers in the late growth stage with water to increase the accumulation and transport rate of dry matter and nitrogen before flowering, the accumulation of dry matter after flowering, and increase nitrogen.In the technology of suitable harvesting panicle number, synergistically increases the number of grains per panicle and 1000-grain weight.

Key words: yield gaps; wheat; dry matter; nitrogen utilization

中图分类号:

S512

王立红, 张宏芝, 张跃强, 李剑峰, 王重, 高新, 时佳, 王春生, 夏建强, 樊哲儒. 不同产量水平冬小麦产量差异形成的干物质生产、转运及氮肥利用分析[J]. 新疆农业科学, 2023, 60(9): 2152-2162.

WANG Lihong, ZHANG Hongzhi, ZHANG Yueqiang, LI Jianfeng, WANG Zhong, GAO Xin, SHI Jia, WANG Chunsheng, XIA Jianqiang, FAN Zheru. Analysis of dry matter production, transport and nitrogen fertilizer utilization caused by yield Gap at different yield levels of winter wheat[J]. Xinjiang Agricultural Sciences, 2023, 60(9): 2152-2162.

图/表 9

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年份 Year	处理 Treat- ments	有机质 Organic matter (g/kg)	全氮 Total nitrogen (g/kg)	全磷 Total phosphorus (g/kg)	全钾 Total potassium (g/kg)	碱解氮 Alkaline nitrogen (mg/kg)	速效磷 Available phosphorus (mg/kg)	速效钾 Available potassium (mg/kg)
2018~2019	SH	14.044	0.839	0.924	21.648	50.858	16.371	153
	HH	12.273	0.827	0.926	21.725	44.018	14.819	132
	FP	11.352	0.807	1.004	22.078	43.311	14.262	136
	CK	10.499	0.738	0.906	22.672	35.250	7.208	125
2019~2020	SH	16.239	0.910	0.447	27.099	74.550	20.477	219
	HH	15.416	0.860	0.798	28.366	64.113	17.993	221
	FP	14.279	0.800	0.777	28.670	61.131	15.156	212
	CK	13.785	0.810	0.712	26.289	62.113	14.522	205

年份 Year	处理 Treat- ments	有机质 Organic matter (g/kg)	全氮 Total nitrogen (g/kg)	全磷 Total phosphorus (g/kg)	全钾 Total potassium (g/kg)	碱解氮 Alkaline nitrogen (mg/kg)	速效磷 Available phosphorus (mg/kg)	速效钾 Available potassium (mg/kg)
2018~2019	SH	14.044	0.839	0.924	21.648	50.858	16.371	153
	HH	12.273	0.827	0.926	21.725	44.018	14.819	132
	FP	11.352	0.807	1.004	22.078	43.311	14.262	136
	CK	10.499	0.738	0.906	22.672	35.250	7.208	125
2019~2020	SH	16.239	0.910	0.447	27.099	74.550	20.477	219
	HH	15.416	0.860	0.798	28.366	64.113	17.993	221
	FP	14.279	0.800	0.777	28.670	61.131	15.156	212
	CK	13.785	0.810	0.712	26.289	62.113	14.522	205

处理 Treat- ments	基肥 Base fertilizer	返青期 Reviving stage	起身期 Pre- jointing stage	拔节期 Jointing stage		孕穗期 Heading stage		开花期 Flowering stage		灌浆期 Filling stage
	基肥 Base fertilizer	春3叶 Spring 3 leaves	春4叶 Spring 4 leaves	第一节 1.5~2 The first section 1.5-2 (cm)	拔节后 10~12 (d) 10-12 d after jointing	旗叶展开 Flag leaf expansion		中部小穗开花 Central spikelet blossom		开花后 10~12 d 10-12d after flowering		间隔 8~10 d Interval 8-10 d	间隔 8~10 d Interval 8-10 d
	有机肥+ 磷酸二铵 (kg/hm²) Organic fertilizer+ Diamine	尿素+硫酸钾 (kg/hm²) Urea+Potassium sulfate				尿素+磷酸二氢钾 (kg/hm²) Urea+Potassium dihydrogen phosphate
SH	7 500+375	90+0	90+0	150+30	90+30	90+0	90+0		75+30		0+15			0+15
HH	3 000+300	75+0	75+0	90+30	75+15	75+0	75+0		60+30		0+15			0+0
FP	1 500+225	45+0	45+0	75+30	45+0	45+0	45+0		45+30		0+15			0+0
CK	0+0	0+0	0+0	0+0	0+0	0+0	0+0		0+0		0+0			0+0

处理 Treat- ments	基肥 Base fertilizer	返青期 Reviving stage	起身期 Pre- jointing stage	拔节期 Jointing stage		孕穗期 Heading stage		开花期 Flowering stage		灌浆期 Filling stage
	基肥 Base fertilizer	春3叶 Spring 3 leaves	春4叶 Spring 4 leaves	第一节 1.5~2 The first section 1.5-2 (cm)	拔节后 10~12 (d) 10-12 d after jointing	旗叶展开 Flag leaf expansion		中部小穗开花 Central spikelet blossom		开花后 10~12 d 10-12d after flowering		间隔 8~10 d Interval 8-10 d	间隔 8~10 d Interval 8-10 d
	有机肥+ 磷酸二铵 (kg/hm²) Organic fertilizer+ Diamine	尿素+硫酸钾 (kg/hm²) Urea+Potassium sulfate				尿素+磷酸二氢钾 (kg/hm²) Urea+Potassium dihydrogen phosphate
SH	7 500+375	90+0	90+0	150+30	90+30	90+0	90+0		75+30		0+15			0+15
HH	3 000+300	75+0	75+0	90+30	75+15	75+0	75+0		60+30		0+15			0+0
FP	1 500+225	45+0	45+0	75+30	45+0	45+0	45+0		45+30		0+15			0+0
CK	0+0	0+0	0+0	0+0	0+0	0+0	0+0		0+0		0+0			0+0

年份 Year	处理 Treatments	收获穗数 Spike number (10⁴spikes/hm²)	穗粒数 Grain number per spike	千粒重 1000-grain weight(g)	籽粒产量 Yield (kg/hm²)	与CK产量差
2018~2019	SH	535.67^a	42.18^a	52.39^a	9 342.80^a	6 623.40
	HH	502.00^ab	38.55^b	52.44^a	8 137.20^b	5 417.80
	FP	494.33^ab	33.45^c	48.09^b	6 860.20^c	4 140.80
	CK	474.00^b	19.07^d	44.48^c	2 719.40^d	-
2019~2020	SH	585.60^a	44.55^a	50.30^b	9 854.50^a	7 103.14
	HH	532.60^ab	38.88^b	53.76^a	8 372.08^b	5 575.72
	FP	515.00^b	32.01^c	49.21^b	6 082.02^c	3 330.66
	CK	475.80^b	18.82^d	40.97^c	2 751.36^d	-
P-value
年份(Y) Year		0.022 5	0.905 2	0.066 1	0.999 7
处理(T) Treatments		0.000 1	0.000 1	0.000 1	0.000 1
年份×处理(Y×T) Year×Treatments		0.549 5	0.215 5	0.000 4	0.246 0

不同产量水平冬小麦产量差异形成的干物质生产、转运及氮肥利用分析

Analysis of dry matter production, transport and nitrogen fertilizer utilization caused by yield Gap at different yield levels of winter wheat

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Metrics

年份 Year	处理 Treatments	开花期Flowering stage			成熟期Mature stage
年份 Year	处理 Treatments	茎秆+叶鞘 Stem+sheath	叶片 Leaf	颖壳+穗轴 Spike+glumes	茎秆+叶鞘 Stem+sheath	叶片 Leaf	籽粒 Grain	颖壳+穗轴 Spike+glumes
2018~2019	SH	8 229.49^a	4 056.30^a	3 479.29^a	7 417.06^a	1 636.29^a	9 342.80^a	2 735.71^a
	HH	7 235.67^b	3 628.00^b	2 589.53^b	6 306.76^b	1 191.83^b	8 137.20^b	2 293.38^b
	FP	6 768.56^b	3 458.43^b	1 359.31^c	5 011.23^c	852.60^c	6 860.20^c	2 148.20^c
	CK	2 634.18^c	1 412.86^c	984.31^d	2 196.19^d	392.10^d	2 719.40^d	923.95^d
2019~2020	SH	9 521.45^a	3 684.97^a	3 090.17^a	8 200.06^a	1 437.96^a	9 854.50^a	3 330.89^a
	HH	7 556.44^b	2 624.14^b	2 424.70^b	5 782.20^b	1 056.32^a	8 372.08^b	2 599.80^b
	FP	5 645.06^c	2 057.03^c	1 385.61^c	3 432.12^c	751.04^b	6 082.02^c	2 057.25^c
	CK	2 949.10^d	946.73^d	691.20^d	1 700.50^d	415.63^c	2 751.36^d	803.94^d

年份 Year	处理 Treatment	花前干物质 Dry matter assimilation before anthesis			花后干物质 Dry matter assimilation after anthesis
年份 Year	处理 Treatment	转运量 Translocation amount (kg/hm²)	转运率 Translocation ratio(%)	贡献率 Contribution ratio to grain (%)	积累量 Assimilation amount (kg/hm²)	贡献率 CG/(%)
2018~2019	SH	3 976.02^a	25.22^b	42.56^b	5 366.78^a	57.44^a
	HH	3 661.23^ab	27.21^ab	44.99^b	4 475.97^b	55.01^ab
	FP	3574.27^ab	30.85^a	52.10^a	3 285.93^c	47.90^b
	CK	1 519.11^b	30.19^a	55.86^a	1 200.29^d	44.14^c
2019~2020	SH	3 327.68^a	20.42^d	33.77^c	6 526.82^a	66.23^a
	HH	3 166.96^ab	25.12^c	37.83^c	5 205.12^b	62.17^ab
	FP	2 847.29^b	31.33^b	46.81^b	3 234.73^c	53.19^b
	CK	1 666.96^c	36.34^a	60.59^a	1 084.40^d	39.41^c

年份 Year	处理 Treat- ment	营养器官氮素积累量 Nitrogen accumulation amount of vegetative organs(kg/hm²)		花前氮素 Nitrogen before anthesis			花后氮素 Nitrogen after anthesis
年份 Year	处理 Treat- ment	开花期 Anthesis stage	成熟期 Maturity stage	转运量 Translocation amount (kg/hm²)	转运效率 Translocation rate(%)	贡献率 Contribution rate(%)	积累量 Accumulation amount (kg/hm²)	贡献率 Contribution rate/(%)
2018~ 2019	SH	252.76^a	60.93^a	191.83^a	75.89^a	78.80^b	51.62^a	21.20^b
	HH	173.06^b	43.06^b	130.00^b	75.12^a	77.72^a	37.27^b	22.28^b
	FP	109.92^c	31.47^c	78.45^c	71.37^a	73.94^a	27.65^c	26.06^b
	CK	36.74^d	11.81^d	24.93^d	67.86^b	64.25^c	13.87^d	35.75^a
2019~ 2020	SH	233.84^a	68.51^a	165.33^a	70.70^a	75.53^b	53.58^a	24.47^b
	HH	149.39^b	40.68^b	108.72^b	72.77^a	71.59^a	43.15^b	28.41^b
	FP	91.82^c	23.55^c	68.26^c	74.35^a	66.94^a	33.71^c	33.06^a
	CK	30.77^d	8.99^d	21.78^d	70.78^a	62.88^b	12.85^d	37.12^a

年份 Year	处理 Treatment	需氮量 Nitrogen requirement (kg/mg)	氮素吸收效率 Nitrogen uptake efficiency (kg/kg)	氮素利用效率 Nitrogen use efficiency (kg/kg)	氮肥偏生产力 Nitrogen partial factor productivity (kg/kg)
2018~2019	SH	32.579^a	0.640^a	30.695^c	19.648^c
	HH	25.849^b	0.629^a	38.687^c	24.326^b
	FP	20.053^c	0.629^a	49.867^b	31.368^a
	CK	16.610^d	/	53.735^a	/
2019~2020	SH	29.166^a	0.605^a	34.287^c	20.725^c
	HH	22.999^b	0.578^b	43.481^b	25.029^b
	FP	20.639^b	0.574^b	48.451^b	27.810^a
	CK	15.855^c	/	63.072^a	/

相关系数 Correlation coefficient	籽粒产量 Grain yield	收获穗数 Spike number	穗粒数 Grain number per spike	千粒重 1000-grain weight	花前干物质量转运量 Pre flowering dry matter mass transport capacity	花后干物质量积累量 Accumulation of dry matter quality after flowering	花前氮素转运量 Nitrogen transport capacity before flowering	花后氮素积累量 Nitrogen accumulation after flowering	需氮量 Nitrogen requirement	氮素吸收效率 Nitrogen uptake efficiency	氮素利用效率 Nitrogen utilization efficiency
收获穗数 Spike number	0.84^**
穗粒数 Grain number per spike	1.00^**	0.85^**
千粒重 1000-grain weight	0.89^**	0.64	0.90^**
花前干物质量转运量 Pre flowering dry matter mass transport capacity	0.92^**	0.59	0.91^**	0.85^**
花后干物质量积累量 Accumulation of dry matter quality after flowering	0.98^**	0.91^**	0.98^**	0.86^**	0.82^**
花前氮素转运量 Nitrogen transport capacity before flowering	0.92^**	0.84^**	0.91^**	0.76^*	0.80^**	0.93^**
花后氮素积累量 Nitrogen accumulation after flowering	-0.03	-0.26	0.00	0.19	0.15	-0.12	-0.32
需氮量 Nitrogen requirement	0.93^**	0.78^*	0.93^**	0.81^**	0.86^**	0.91^**	0.97^**	-0.10
氮素吸收效率 Nitrogen uptake efficiency	0.89^**	0.62	0.90^**	0.86^**	0.95^**	0.81^**	0.68^*	0.33	0.76^*
氮素利用效率 Nitrogen utilization efficiency	-0.97^**	-0.78^*	-0.97^**	-0.89^**	-0.92^**	-0.94^**	-0.93^**	-0.04	-0.98^**	-0.87^**
氮肥偏生产力 Nitrogen partial factor productivity	0.74^*	0.46	0.75^*	0.76^*	0.84^**	0.65	0.46	0.46	0.54	0.96^**	-0.69^*

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