调亏灌溉对滴灌核桃树土壤温度及产量的影响

doi:10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2022.01.012

新疆农业科学 ›› 2022, Vol. 59 ›› Issue (1): 95-104.DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2022.01.012

• 园艺特产·植物保护·生理生化 • 上一篇下一篇

调亏灌溉对滴灌核桃树土壤温度及产量的影响

张纪圆¹(), 赵经华¹(), 杨文新¹, 姜有为¹, 廖康², 哈力旦木·吐尔迪³, 热纳古丽·库尔班³

1.新疆农业大学水利与土木工程学院,乌鲁木齐 830052
2.新疆农业大学林学与园艺学院,乌鲁木齐 830052
3.且末县自然资源局红枣科技推广中心,新疆且末 841900

收稿日期:2020-12-23 出版日期:2022-01-20 发布日期:2022-02-18
通信作者: 赵经华(1979-),男,新疆奇台人,副教授,博士,研究方向为节水灌溉,(E-mail) 105512275@qq.com
作者简介:张纪圆 (1994-),女,河南民权人,硕士研究生,研究方向为灌溉节水,(E-mail) zjy18299736479@126.com
基金资助:
新疆教育厅高校科研计划(XJEDU2019Y019);新疆农业大学博士后经费项目;水利工程重点学科项目(SLXK2019-01)

Effects of Regulated Deficit Irrigation on Soil Temperature and Yield of Walnut Trees under Drip Irrigation

ZHANG Jiyuan¹(), ZHAO Jinghua¹(), YANG Wenxin¹, JIANG Youwei¹, LIAO Kang², Halidanmu Tuerdi³, Renaguli Kuerban³

1. College of Water Conservancy and Civil Engineering, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi 830052, China
2. College of Forestry and Horticulture, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi 830052, China
3. Red Jujube Technology Extension Center, Qiemo County Natural Resources Bureau, Qiemo Xinjiang 841900, China

Received:2020-12-23 Published:2022-01-20 Online:2022-02-18
Supported by:
University Scientific R & D Program Project of Xinjiang Education Department(XJEDU2019Y019);Postdoctoral Funding Project of Xinjiang Agricultural University;Key Discipline Project of Water Conservancy Engineering(SLXK2019-01)

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】研究调亏灌溉对干旱区滴灌核桃树土壤温度的影响,分析最有利的灌水模式。【方法】研究3个不同灌水量(正常灌水ET_C、轻度缺水75% ET_C和中度缺水50% ET_C),7个处理不同程度水分亏缺对土壤温度、SPAD值、果实体积和产量的影响。【结果】调亏度越大,土壤温度越高,在调亏的生育期内有增温的效果。油脂转化期(Ⅴ)之前,随着土层深度的增加,土壤温度在降低,表现为5 cm>10 cm>20 cm>30 cm>40 cm。在油脂转化期(Ⅴ)和成熟期(Ⅵ)时,开花坐果期+果实膨大期(Ⅱ + Ⅲ)进行中度缺水土壤温度最高。开花坐果期(Ⅱ)调亏时,灌前与灌后的土壤温度差最小。调亏灌溉促进SPAD值的增加,在开花坐果期(Ⅱ)进行调亏果实体积最大。开花坐果期(Ⅱ)轻度缺水获得最高产量为4 150.70 kg/(hm²),水分利用效率(WUE)最高,达到9.25 kg/(hm²·mm)。【结论】结合土壤温度、果实体积、产量及WUE情况,开花坐果期(Ⅱ)轻度缺水是最有益处的处理。

关键词: 滴灌; 调亏灌溉; 核桃树; 土壤温度; 产量

Abstract:

【Objective】 To explore the effect of regulated deficit irrigation on the soil temperature of walnut trees by drip irrigation in arid areas and determine the most favorable irrigation pattern. 【Methods】 The effects of three different irrigation levels (normal irrigation ET_C, mild water deficit 75% ET_C, and moderate water shortage 50% ET_C) and seven different treatments on soil temperature, SPAD value, fruit volume and yield were studied. 【Results】 The greater the deficit adjustment, the higher the soil temperature, and the more efficient effect of increasing temperature during the growth period of deficit adjustment. Before the fat conversion period(Ⅴ), the soil temperature decreased with the increase of soil depth, which was 5 cm>10 cm> 20 cm> 30 cm> 40 cm. During the period of Ⅴand maturity(Ⅵ), the temperature of soil with moderate water shortage was the highest during the flowering and fruiting stage + fruit expansion stage (Ⅱ + Ⅲ). The difference of soil temperature between pre-irrigation and post-irrigation was the smallest when the deficit was adjusted during periodⅡ. Regulated deficit irrigation promoted the increase of SPAD value, and the volume of regulated deficit fruit was the largest during periodⅡ. The highest yield was 4,150.70 kg/hm ² at light water shortage during Ⅱ period, and the water use efficiency (WUE)was the highest, reaching 9.25 kg/(hm ²·mm). 【Conclusion】 Considering soil temperature, fruit volume, yield, and WUE, mild water shortage during periodⅡis the most beneficial treatment.

Key words: drip irrigation; regulated deficit irrigation; walnut tree; soil temperature; yield

中图分类号:

张纪圆, 赵经华, 杨文新, 姜有为, 廖康, 哈力旦木·吐尔迪, 热纳古丽·库尔班. 调亏灌溉对滴灌核桃树土壤温度及产量的影响[J]. 新疆农业科学, 2022, 59(1): 95-104.

ZHANG Jiyuan, ZHAO Jinghua, YANG Wenxin, JIANG Youwei, LIAO Kang, Halidanmu Tuerdi, Renaguli Kuerban. Effects of Regulated Deficit Irrigation on Soil Temperature and Yield of Walnut Trees under Drip Irrigation[J]. Xinjiang Agricultural Sciences, 2022, 59(1): 95-104.

图/表 9

表1 研究区土壤质地组成

Table 1 Soil texture composition of the study area

土层 Soil layer (cm)	容重 Bulk density (g/cm³)	土壤粒径比例Soil particle size proportion(%)				土壤性质 Soil properties
土层 Soil layer (cm)	容重 Bulk density (g/cm³)	<0.002 mm	0.002~0.05 mm	0.05~2 mm	>2 mm	土壤性质 Soil properties
0~20	1.38	7.0	56.5	36.5	0	粉砂壤土
20~40	1.42	7.2	67.9	24.9	0	粉砂壤土
40~60	1.40	2.9	15.8	81.3	0	壤砂土
60~80	1.38	0.1	1.7	98.2	0	细砂
80~100	1.35	0.2	8.0	91.8	0	细砂

表2 试验设计

Table 2 Test design

生育期Growth period	时间Time	W₀	W₁	W₂	W₃	W₄	W₅	W₆
萌芽期 (Ⅰ) Germination Period	4.05~4.10	ET_C	ET_C	ET_C	ET_C	ET_C	ET_C	ET_C
开花坐果期(Ⅱ) Flowering and fruit bearing period	4.11~5.06	ET_C	75%ET_C	50%ET_C	ET_C	ET_C	75%ET_C	50%ET_C
果实膨大期(Ⅲ) Fruit enlarging period	5.07~6.02	ET_C	ET_C	ET_C	75%ET_C	50%ET_C	75%ET_C	50%ET_C
硬核期 (Ⅳ) Stone hardening period	6.03~7.08	ET_C	ET_C	ET_C	ET_C	ET_C	ET_C	ET_C
油脂转化期(Ⅴ) Fat conversion period	7.09~8.31	ET_C	ET_C	ET_C	ET_C	ET_C	ET_C	ET_C
成熟期(Ⅵ) Maturity	9.01~9.25	ET_C	ET_C	ET_C	ET_C	ET_C	ET_C	ET_C

表3 各处理不同土层深度14:00土壤温度

Table 3 Different soil layers with different treatment depths 14:00 Soil temperature

土层深度 Soil depth (cm)	处理 Treatment	开花坐果期(Ⅱ) Flowering and fruit bearing period	果实膨大期(Ⅲ) Fruit enlarging period	硬核期(Ⅳ) Stone hardening period	油脂转化期(Ⅴ) Fat conversion period	成熟期(Ⅵ) Maturity
5	W₀	15.03^c	17.29^c	20.06^cd	19.48^d	18.94^c
	W₁	15.13^c	15.70^d	19.86^d	19.97^c	17.40^e
	W₂	15.31^c	15.60^d	20.36^c	19.16^d	17.42^e
	W₃	16.48^b	16.82^c	20.1 ${5^{c}}^{d}$	20.19^c	18.15^d
	W₄	16.39^b	18.07^b	20.79^b	20.81^b	19.96^a
	W₅	16.37^b	17.8 ${2^{b}}^{c}$	20.7 ${0^{b}}^{c}$	20.72^b	19.52^b
	W₆	18.56^a	20.61^a	23.41^a	22.42^a	19.96^a
10	W₀	14.37^d	15.87^c	19.28^e	19.41^c	18.36^b
	W₁	14.97^c	15.42^d	19.79^d	19.12^c	17.56^c
	W₂	15.04^c	15.23^d	19.76^d	19.20^c	16.87^d
	W₃	15.48^b	15.6 ${7^{c}}^{d}$	19.67^d	19.74^b	17.60^c
	W₄	15.37^b	16.72^b	20.20^c	19.23^c	18.42^b
	W₅	15.37^b	16.57^b	21.07^b	19.6 ${3^{b}}^{c}$	17.1 ${9^{c}}^{d}$
	W₆	17.42^a	19.16^a	22.19^a	21.18^a	19.41^a
20	W₀	14.35^f	15.53^e	19.01^f	19.23^d	18.22^b
	W₁	14.59^e	15.06^f	19.19^e	19.43^c	17.61^c
	W₂	14.58^e	14.75^g	19.25^e	19.25^d	17.25^c
	W₃	15.44^b	15.64^d	19.61^d	19.46^c	17.75^b
	W₄	14.75^d	15.82^c	19.77^c	18.82^e	17.78^b
	W₅	14.92^c	16.08^b	20.36^b	19.69^b	17.23^c
	W₆	16.51^a	18.12^a	21.77^a	21.78^a	19.13^a
30	W₀	13.96^g	15.09^e	18.61^f	19.17^d	18.40^b
	W₁	14.32^f	15.01^f	19.21^d	18.72^e	17.51^c
	W₂	14.52^e	14.81^g	19.05^e	19.63^c	17.59^c
	W₃	15.31^b	15.60^d	19.19^d	19.63^c	18.00^b
	W₄	14.70^d	15.74^c	19.63^c	19.33^d	17.9 ${6^{b}}^{c}$
	W₅	14.80^c	16.07^b	20.37^b	20.11^b	17.61^c
	W₆	16.81^a	18.51^a	22.20^a	22.08^a	19.84^a
40	W₀	13.79^g	14.92^e	18.48^f	19.07^g	18.15^b
	W₁	14.22^f	14.96^d	19.03^d	19.57^d	17.76^a
	W₂	14.34^e	14.80^f	18.92^e	20.13^b	19.82^b
	W₃	15.15^b	15.54^c	19.33^c	19.36^f	17.99^b
	W₄	14.44^d	15.56^c	19.40^c	19.50^e	18.21^b
	W₅	14.54^c	15.88^b	20.28^b	19.86^c	17.79^b
	W₆	16.08^a	17.84^a	21.73^a	21.62^a	20.07^a

表3 各处理不同土层深度14:00土壤温度

Table 3 Different soil layers with different treatment depths 14:00 Soil temperature

土层深度 Soil depth (cm)	处理 Treatment	开花坐果期(Ⅱ) Flowering and fruit bearing period	果实膨大期(Ⅲ) Fruit enlarging period	硬核期(Ⅳ) Stone hardening period	油脂转化期(Ⅴ) Fat conversion period	成熟期(Ⅵ) Maturity
5	W₀	15.03^c	17.29^c	20.06^cd	19.48^d	18.94^c
	W₁	15.13^c	15.70^d	19.86^d	19.97^c	17.40^e
	W₂	15.31^c	15.60^d	20.36^c	19.16^d	17.42^e
	W₃	16.48^b	16.82^c	20.1 ${5^{c}}^{d}$	20.19^c	18.15^d
	W₄	16.39^b	18.07^b	20.79^b	20.81^b	19.96^a
	W₅	16.37^b	17.8 ${2^{b}}^{c}$	20.7 ${0^{b}}^{c}$	20.72^b	19.52^b
	W₆	18.56^a	20.61^a	23.41^a	22.42^a	19.96^a
10	W₀	14.37^d	15.87^c	19.28^e	19.41^c	18.36^b
	W₁	14.97^c	15.42^d	19.79^d	19.12^c	17.56^c
	W₂	15.04^c	15.23^d	19.76^d	19.20^c	16.87^d
	W₃	15.48^b	15.6 ${7^{c}}^{d}$	19.67^d	19.74^b	17.60^c
	W₄	15.37^b	16.72^b	20.20^c	19.23^c	18.42^b
	W₅	15.37^b	16.57^b	21.07^b	19.6 ${3^{b}}^{c}$	17.1 ${9^{c}}^{d}$
	W₆	17.42^a	19.16^a	22.19^a	21.18^a	19.41^a
20	W₀	14.35^f	15.53^e	19.01^f	19.23^d	18.22^b
	W₁	14.59^e	15.06^f	19.19^e	19.43^c	17.61^c
	W₂	14.58^e	14.75^g	19.25^e	19.25^d	17.25^c
	W₃	15.44^b	15.64^d	19.61^d	19.46^c	17.75^b
	W₄	14.75^d	15.82^c	19.77^c	18.82^e	17.78^b
	W₅	14.92^c	16.08^b	20.36^b	19.69^b	17.23^c
	W₆	16.51^a	18.12^a	21.77^a	21.78^a	19.13^a
30	W₀	13.96^g	15.09^e	18.61^f	19.17^d	18.40^b
	W₁	14.32^f	15.01^f	19.21^d	18.72^e	17.51^c
	W₂	14.52^e	14.81^g	19.05^e	19.63^c	17.59^c
	W₃	15.31^b	15.60^d	19.19^d	19.63^c	18.00^b
	W₄	14.70^d	15.74^c	19.63^c	19.33^d	17.9 ${6^{b}}^{c}$
	W₅	14.80^c	16.07^b	20.37^b	20.11^b	17.61^c
	W₆	16.81^a	18.51^a	22.20^a	22.08^a	19.84^a
40	W₀	13.79^g	14.92^e	18.48^f	19.07^g	18.15^b
	W₁	14.22^f	14.96^d	19.03^d	19.57^d	17.76^a
	W₂	14.34^e	14.80^f	18.92^e	20.13^b	19.82^b
	W₃	15.15^b	15.54^c	19.33^c	19.36^f	17.99^b
	W₄	14.44^d	15.56^c	19.40^c	19.50^e	18.21^b
	W₅	14.54^c	15.88^b	20.28^b	19.86^c	17.79^b
	W₆	16.08^a	17.84^a	21.73^a	21.62^a	20.07^a

图1 Ⅱ期各层灌水前后土壤温度的日变化

Fig.1 Diurnal variation of soil temperature before and after irrigation in each layer of stage Ⅱ

图2 Ⅲ期各层灌水前后土壤温度日变化

Fig.2 Diurnal variation of soil temperature before and after irrigation in each layer of stage Ⅲ

图3 Ⅱ + Ⅲ期各层灌水前后土壤温度日变化

Fig.3 Diurnal variation of soil temperature before and after irrigation in each layer of stage Ⅱ + Ⅲ

图4 调亏灌溉下核桃叶片的SPAD值

Fig.4 SPAD value of walnut leaves under regulated deficit irrigation

图5 调亏灌溉下核桃树果实体积变化

Fig.5 Changes of walnut tree fruit volume under regulated deficit irrigation

表4 调亏灌溉下核桃产量和WUE变化

Table 4 Walnut yield and water use efficiency under regulated deficit irrigation

处理 Treat ment	产量 Yield (kg/hm²)	耗水量 Water consumption (mm)	水分利用效率 WUE [kg/(hm²·mm)]
W₀	3 874.95^b	461.34^a	8.40^c
W₁	4 150.70^a	448.83^b	9.25^a
W₂	3 787.88^bc	438.50^bc	8.64^b
W₃	3 769.69^bc	445.24^b	8.47^bc
W₄	3 651.28^c	440.07^bc	8.30^c
W₅	3 534.34^d	433.89^c	8.15^d
W₆	3 274.51^e	416.79^d	7.86^e

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调亏灌溉对滴灌核桃树土壤温度及产量的影响

Effects of Regulated Deficit Irrigation on Soil Temperature and Yield of Walnut Trees under Drip Irrigation

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