天山中段主要草地类型牧草饲用价值评价与动态分析

doi:10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2022.08.027

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】研究放牧条件下草地群落质量动态。【方法】采用连续定位测定方法,分析1985~2001年间植物群落牧草饲用价值动态。【结果】（1）饲用价值评定上,荒漠草原草地植物群落中,良等牧草是群落植物组成的主体,占群落历年平均地上生物量的80.1%;草原草地植物群落中,优等牧草与良等牧草占群落地上生物量的59.5%;草甸草地组成群落牧草的饲用价值较低,中、低等牧草占历年平均值的91.6%。（2）牧草饲用价值动态上,各类型草地牧草的地上生物量均处于波动状态之下,草地类型不同,群落植物的消长变化规律不同,群落中饲用价值高的类群要较低的类群年变率大。【结论】（1）草地群落牧草饲用价值不稳定,受组成群落各类牧草地上生物量的波动影响较大;（2）3类草地牧草不同类群的数量消长模式,各年度间始终处于连续的波动状态,且年度之间波动系数、年变率较大;（3）山地荒漠草原、山地草原草地的波动具有可逆性,而山地草甸主要类群饲用价值变化,不具备可逆性,是过度利用导致群落饲用价值退化的表现。

关键词: 牧草饲用价值; 波动系数; 年变率

Abstract:

【Objective】 Tianshan is an important mountain pasture in Xinjiang. In order to liberate the dynamics of grassland community quality under grazing conditions. 【Method】 the continuous positioning method was used to analyze the forage value dynamics of plant communities from 1985 to 2001. 【Result】 The research results showed that：（1） the good forage was the main composition in the desert steppe which can account for 80.1% of the average aboveground biomass over the years ; and the excellent and good forage can account for 59.5% of the aboveground biomass in grassland ; the value of the meadow grass communitye was low, and the medium and low forage grasses can account for 91.6% of the average over the years. （2） the aboveground biomass had a state of fluctuation in different grassland types, and different grassland types have different rules.it had lower annual variability in high forage value and lower annual variability in the community. 【Conclusion】 （1） The forage value of the grassland community is unstable, and it is greatly affected by the fluctuation of the biomass on the various pasture grasslands of the community. （2） The three types of grassland forages have different types of growth and decline patterns, which are always in continuous fluctuations between each year, and the fluctuation coefficient and annual variability between the years are large. （3） The fluctuations of the mountain desert grassland and mountain grassland are reversible, while the mountain grassland The changes in the feeding value of the main groups of the meadows cannot be completely restored to the original state, but only approaching the equilibrium state, which is a manifestation of the degradation of the community's feeding value due to over-utilization.

Key words: forage value; fluctuation coefficient; annual rate of change

中图分类号:

张鲜花, 李江艳, 朱进忠. 天山中段主要草地类型牧草饲用价值评价与动态分析[J]. 新疆农业科学, 2022, 59(8): 2051-2057.

ZHANG Xianhua, LI Jiangyan, ZHU Jinzhong. Evaluation and Dynamic Analysis of Forage Value of Main Grassland Types in the Middle Section of Tianshan Mountains[J]. Xinjiang Agricultural Sciences, 2022, 59(8): 2051-2057.

图/表 7

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草地类型 Grassland type	牧草种类 plant species	评价指标 Evaluation index					评定等级 Rating
草地类型 Grassland type	牧草种类 plant species	粗蛋白质 Crude protein（%）	粗纤维 Crude fiber（%）	家畜适口性 Livestock palatability	耐牧性 Grazing tolerance	冷季保存率 Cold season preservation rate	评定等级 Rating
山地荒漠草原 Mountain desert grassland	镰芒针茅 Stipa caucsica	9.15	24.3	喜食	强	良好	良等
	博洛特绢蒿 Seriphidium borotalense	8.87	26.8	喜食	强	良好	良等
	短柱苔草 Carex turkestanica	12.23	25.31	乐食	强	良好	良等
	刺旋花 Convolvulus tragacanthoide	5.86	32.21	可食	差	差	低等
山地草原 Mountain grassland	羊茅 Festuca ovina	8.71	28.09	嗜食	强	良好	优等
	针茅 Stipa capillta	10.24	25.55	喜食	强	良好	良等
	冷蒿 Artemisia frigida	10.33	24.34	喜食	强	良好	良等
	新疆亚菊 Ajania fastigiata	7.09	23.25	乐食	强	良好	中等
	万年蒿 Artemisia gmelinii	12.16	23.08	乐食	强	良好	中等
山地草甸 Mountain meadow	紫花鸢尾 Iris ruthenica	11.79	27.83	可食	强	良好	低等
	草原老鹳草 Geranium pratense	11.9	20.56	乐食	差	差	中等
	草地早熟禾 Poa pratensis	12.14	27.42	嗜食	强	良好	优等
	亚洲异燕麦 Helictrichon hookeri	7.94	33.34	喜食	强	良好	良等
	草原糙苏 Phlomis pratensis	10.54	21.37	可食	差	差	低等

草地类型 Grassland type	牧草种类 plant species	评价指标 Evaluation index					评定等级 Rating
草地类型 Grassland type	牧草种类 plant species	粗蛋白质 Crude protein（%）	粗纤维 Crude fiber（%）	家畜适口性 Livestock palatability	耐牧性 Grazing tolerance	冷季保存率 Cold season preservation rate	评定等级 Rating
山地荒漠草原 Mountain desert grassland	镰芒针茅 Stipa caucsica	9.15	24.3	喜食	强	良好	良等
	博洛特绢蒿 Seriphidium borotalense	8.87	26.8	喜食	强	良好	良等
	短柱苔草 Carex turkestanica	12.23	25.31	乐食	强	良好	良等
	刺旋花 Convolvulus tragacanthoide	5.86	32.21	可食	差	差	低等
山地草原 Mountain grassland	羊茅 Festuca ovina	8.71	28.09	嗜食	强	良好	优等
	针茅 Stipa capillta	10.24	25.55	喜食	强	良好	良等
	冷蒿 Artemisia frigida	10.33	24.34	喜食	强	良好	良等
	新疆亚菊 Ajania fastigiata	7.09	23.25	乐食	强	良好	中等
	万年蒿 Artemisia gmelinii	12.16	23.08	乐食	强	良好	中等
山地草甸 Mountain meadow	紫花鸢尾 Iris ruthenica	11.79	27.83	可食	强	良好	低等
	草原老鹳草 Geranium pratense	11.9	20.56	乐食	差	差	中等
	草地早熟禾 Poa pratensis	12.14	27.42	嗜食	强	良好	优等
	亚洲异燕麦 Helictrichon hookeri	7.94	33.34	喜食	强	良好	良等
	草原糙苏 Phlomis pratensis	10.54	21.37	可食	差	差	低等

牧草等级 Forage grade	年变率 Annual rate of change（%）													平均年变率Average annual rate of change（%）
牧草等级 Forage grade	1985	1986	1987	1988	1991	1992	1994	1995	1996	1998	1999	2000	2001	平均年变率Average annual rate of change（%）
优等牧草 Premium forage	-	37.3	75	-	-	-	-	26.9	-	3.8	51.9	-	50	40.8
良等牧草 Good forage	1.2	15.3	23	0.9	1.1	8.2	5.4	18.7	43.5	2.1	26	9.4	33.7	14.5
低等牧草 Lower forage	40.3	47.6	-	14.2	53.3	-	-	35.9	-	-	1.8	11.4	-	29.2

牧草等级 Forage grade	年变率 Annual rate of change（%）													平均年变率Average annual rate of change（%）
牧草等级 Forage grade	1985	1986	1987	1988	1991	1992	1994	1995	1996	1998	1999	2000	2001	平均年变率Average annual rate of change（%）
优等牧草 Premium forage	-	37.3	75	-	-	-	-	26.9	-	3.8	51.9	-	50	40.8
良等牧草 Good forage	1.2	15.3	23	0.9	1.1	8.2	5.4	18.7	43.5	2.1	26	9.4	33.7	14.5
低等牧草 Lower forage	40.3	47.6	-	14.2	53.3	-	-	35.9	-	-	1.8	11.4	-	29.2

牧草等级 Forage grade	年变率 Annual rate of change（%）													平均年变率Average annual rate of change（%）
牧草等级 Forage grade	1985	1986	1987	1988	1991	1992	1994	1995	1996	1998	1999	2000	2001	平均年变率Average annual rate of change（%）
优等牧草 Premium Pasture	33.2	12.5	39.1	40.8	30.2	53.9	25	25.6	29.9	14.6	34.1	63.4	31.5	23.2
良等牧草 Good forage	35.5	2.9	26.3	38.8	35.2	2.5	20.1	44.9	34.9	20.5	19.4	67.2	40.8	47.3
中等牧草 Medium pasture	42.7	9.8	8.9	6.7	15.7	21.8	32.7	27.6	38.1	32.3	9.2	17.5	46.7	45.8