农田土壤重金属含量及生态风险程度评价

doi:10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2022.09.021

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】 分析干旱区农田表层土壤重金属含量及土壤可能存在的生态风险。【方法】 于乌鲁木齐米东区采集农田表层（0~20cm）土壤，分析As、Cd、Cr、Hg、Pb、Cu、Zn、Ni 8种重金属含量，综合运用地累积指数法、潜在生态危害指数法评价米东区农田土壤生态风险，采用相关分析法和主成分分析法分析米东区土壤重金属的主要来源。【结果】 米东区农田土壤8种重金属含量均低于《食用农产品产地环境质量评价标准》（HJ/T 332-2006）限值，Cd、Hg、Cu、Zn平均值高于新疆土壤背景值，Cd、Hg平均值含量为新疆土壤背景值的3~4倍。地累积指数（Igeo）平均值Hg>Pb>Cd>Zn>Cu>Ni>Cr>As，米东区农田土壤7种重金属整体处于轻度污染。潜在生态危害指数（RI）均值为31.41，米东区整体处于低潜在生态风险水平。米东区土壤Cr、Ni以自然源为主，Hg以人为源为主，Pb、Zn、As、Cd与Cu以自然、人为复合源为主。【结论】 米东区农田土壤重金属整体处于轻度污染，低潜在生态风险水平，属于生产安全区域。

关键词: 农田土壤; 重金属; 生态风险评价; 来源

Abstract:

【Objective】 Land quality and the safety of agricultural products are essentia-l for human health.The purpose of our study were to comprehensively reflect the actual pollution condition of the surface soil by heavy metals in arid areas and to reveal the pos-sible ecological risks of farmland soil in Midong area.【Method】 In this study， sampled surface soil and analyzed the content of As， Cd， Cr， Hg， Pb， Cu， Zn and Ni， utilizeded the Geoaccumulation Index and the Potential ecological harm index method to evaluate the ecological risk in this region， correlation analysis and principal component analysis were used to explore the main sources of heavy metals in the soil of Midong region.【Result】 The levels of 8 heavy metals in the farmlands of Midong area were lower than the limits of Farmland and Environmental Quality Evalluation Stands for Edible Agricultural Produc-ts（HJ/T 332-2006）.The average values of Cd， Hg， Cu and Zn were all exceeded Xinjiang background values， and the mean contents of Cd and Hg were 3~4 times of the backgro-und values.The average I_geo values were in the following order: Hg>Pb>Cd>Zn>Cu>Ni>Cr>As.The 7 heavy metal elements of Midong district were light pollution. The average value of ec-ological hazard index (RI) was 31.41， it evaluated that the midong district was all in low potential ecological risk.The main sources of Cr a-nd Ni in Midong regioon's soil were natural sources，the main sources of Hg were anthrop-ogenic sources， and the main so-urces of Pb， Zn， As， Cd and Cu were natural and anthr-opogenic combined sources.【Conclusion】 Heavy metals in farmland soils in the Midong a-rea were slightly polluted and had a low potential ecological risk， and it still belong to t-he production safety area.

Key words: farmland soil; heavy metal; ecological risk assess-ment; source

中图分类号:

S153

雷雷佳, 殷新, 贡璐, 刘卫国. 农田土壤重金属含量及生态风险程度评价[J]. 新疆农业科学, 2022, 59(9): 2258-2266.

LEI Leijia, YIN Xin, GONG Lu, LIU Weiguo. Contamination of Heavy Metals in the Farml and Soil in Midong Regions and Ecological Risk Assessment[J]. Xinjiang Agricultural Sciences, 2022, 59(9): 2258-2266.

图/表 9

表 1 潜在生态危害指数分级标准

Table 1 Potential ecological hazard index classification standard

$C f i$	污染程度 Pollution level	$E r i$	RI	风险程度 Pisk level
$C f i < 1$	轻度	$E r i < 40$	RI<150	低度
$1 ≤ C f i < 3$	中度	$40 ≤ E r i < 80$	150≤RI<300	中度
$3 ≤ C f i < 6$	重度	$80 ≤ E r i < 160$	300≤RI<600	较高
6 $≤ C f i$	非常重	$160 ≤ E r i < 320$	600≤RI	高度
-	-	320 $≤ E r i$	-	极高

表 1 潜在生态危害指数分级标准

Table 1 Potential ecological hazard index classification standard

$C f i$	污染程度 Pollution level	$E r i$	RI	风险程度 Pisk level
$C f i < 1$	轻度	$E r i < 40$	RI<150	低度
$1 ≤ C f i < 3$	中度	$40 ≤ E r i < 80$	150≤RI<300	中度
$3 ≤ C f i < 6$	重度	$80 ≤ E r i < 160$	300≤RI<600	较高
6 $≤ C f i$	非常重	$160 ≤ E r i < 320$	600≤RI	高度
-	-	320 $≤ E r i$	-	极高

表 2 研究区土壤重金属含量描述性统计

Table 2 Descriptive statistics of heavy metal content in soil in the study area

元素 Element（mg/kg）	pH	As	Cd	Cr	Hg	Pb	Cu	Zn	Ni
极小值 Minimum	7.51	1.07	0.08	25.60	0.02	12.20	22.50	67.40	14.60
极大值 Maximum	8.62	98.70	19.60	64.30	0.25	38.80	49.30	221.00	34.80
平均值 Average	8.04	6.39	0.40	41.37	0.08	18.65	32.20	93.18	23.66
标准差 Standard deviation	0.22	10.70	2.13	8.44	0.05	3.05	6.40	23.46	4.47
变异系数 Coefficient of variation	0.03	1.67	5.29	0.20	0.57	0.16	0.20	0.25	0.19
偏度 Skewness	0.10	8.02	9.05	0.47	1.17	3.48	0.82	2.71	0.26
峰度 Kurtosis	0.02	68.91	81.94	0.08	1.21	22.30	-0.24	10.34	-0.38
新疆土壤背景值^[17] Soil backgroundvalues of Xinjiangprobability distribution models	-	11.20	0.12	49.30	0.02	19.40	26.70	68.80	26.60
食用农产品产地环境质量评价标准（农田pH>7.5） Environmental quality assessment criteria for edible agricultural products origin （farmland pH>7.5）		25	0.60	250	1	80	100	300	60

图 1 研究区土壤地累积指数统计

Fig. 1 Statistical chart of soil land accumulation index in the study area

图 2 研究区土壤重金属程度

Fig. 2 Histogram of soil heavy metal pollution in the study area

表3 土壤重金属单因子污染指数Cif评价

Table 3 Table of evaluation results of single factor pollution index Cif of heavy metals in soil

指标 Indicators	极小值 Minimum	极大值 Maximum	平均值 Mean	污染程度 Pollution level（%）
指标 Indicators	极小值 Minimum	极大值 Maximum	平均值 Mean	轻度 Light pollution	中度 Middle pollution	重度 Superior pollution	非常重 High pollution
As	0.04	3.95	0.26	98.78	0.00	1.22	0.00
Cd	0.14	32.67	0.67	98.78	0.00	0.00	1.22
Cr	0.10	0.26	0.17	100.00	0.00	0.00	0.00
Hg	0.02	0.25	0.08	100.00	0.00	0.00	0.00
Pb	0.15	0.49	0.23	100.00	0.00	0.00	0.00
Cu	0.23	0.49	0.32	100.00	0.00	0.00	0.00
Zn	0.22	0.74	0.31	100.00	0.00	0.00	0.00
Ni	0.24	0.58	0.39	100.00	0.00	0.00	0.00

表 4 土壤重金属潜在生态风险系数Eir及潜在生态危害指数RI评价

Table 4 Table of evaluation results of potential ecological risk coefficient Eir and potential ecological harm index RI of soil heavy metals

指标 Indicators	极小值 Minimum	极大值 Maximum	平均值 Mean	污染程度 Pollution level (%)
指标 Indicators	极小值 Minimum	极大值 Maximum	平均值 Mean	轻风险 Light risk	中风险 Middle risk	较高风险 Superior risk	高风险 High risk	极高风险 Extremely high risk
Eⁱ_r（As）	0.43	39.48	2.56	100.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00
Eⁱ_r（Cd）	4.20	980.00	20.15	98.78	0.00	0.00	0.00	1.22
Eⁱ_r（Cr）	0.20	0.51	0.33	100.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00
Eⁱ_r（Hg）	0.60	10.00	3.31	100.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00
Eⁱ_r（Pb）	0.76	2.43	1.17	100.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00
Eⁱ_r（Cu）	1.13	2.47	1.61	100.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00
Eⁱ_r（Zn）	0.22	0.74	0.31	100.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00
Eⁱ_r（Ni）	1.22	2.90	1.97	100.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00
RI	12.22	103 2.76	31.41	98.78	0.00	0.00	1.22	-

图 3 研究区土壤重金属潜在生态危害指数RI分布

Fig. 3 Distribution of potential ecological harm index RI of heavy metals in soil in the study area

表5 研究区土壤重金属含量相关性

Table 5 Correlation analysis of heavy metal content in soil in the study area

元素 Element	Cd	Cr	Hg	Pb	Cu	Zn	Ni
As	0.960**	0.016	0.235*	0.758**	0.267*	0.596**	-0.083
Cd		0.006	0.162	0.738**	0.199	0.611**	-0.093
Cr			0.008	0.383**	0.285**	0.289**	0.866**
Hg				0.330**	0.497**	0.362**	-0.043
Pb					0.647**	0.722**	0.326**
Cu						0.643**	0.364**
Zn							0.249*

表6 研究区土壤重金属含量主成分

Table 6 Principal component analysis of heavy metal content in soil in the study area

主成分 Principal components	As	Cd	Cr	Hg	Pb	Cu	Zn	Ni	方差贡献率 Variancecon tribution （%）	累积方差贡献率 Cumulative variancecon tribution （%）
PC₁	0.792	0.767	0.4	0.451	0.942	0.705	0.863	0.343	47.803	47.803
PC₂	-0.488	-0.502	0.816	-0.094	0	0.269	-0.004	0.882	25.182	72.985
PC₃	-0.286	-0.36	-0.257	0.766	-0.095	0.493	0.08	-0.194	14.503	87.488

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