减量施肥对滴灌冬小麦生长、产量及养分利用的影响

doi:10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2022.02.008

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】 研究不同化肥减施对滴灌冬小麦生长、产量及肥料利用率的影响,分析最佳的减肥模式,为滴灌冬小麦化肥减施提供理论依据。【方法】 以常规施肥(N₂₄₀P₁₀₅K_37.5)和空白处理(N₀P₀K₀)为对照,设置4个减肥处理,测定滴灌冬小麦的产量及构成、农艺性状、干物质和肥料利用率。【结果】 与常规种植相比,4个减肥处理的产量、穗粒数和千粒重均表现出显著性差异,以T₃处理产量最高,为9 673.54 kg/hm²,增产幅度36.8%;减量施肥下干物质积累增长变化趋势与常规种植、空白对照表现一致,均在拔节期快速增长,到成熟期达到最大值;T₃处理的花前、花后干物质转运量相比T₅处理显著增加30.2%、29.4%,其他减肥处理干物质转运量、转运率和籽粒贡献率差异不显著;T₃处理的小穗数、穗长、株高、单穗粒重4项指标上表现最佳,为16.57个、6.69 cm、84.87 cm、2.13 g;对比常规施肥,减肥处理氮、磷肥农学效率提高在1.6~20.19 kg/kg和5.13~59.00 kg/kg;偏生产力提高在2.25~45.53 kg/kg和5.13~116.91 kg/kg。【结论】 化肥减量对滴灌冬小麦产量影响不显著,且氮磷肥的合理配施有利于产量的增加;T₃减量施肥模式(N₂₄₀ 、P_52.5、K_37.5)更适合新疆。

关键词: 化肥减施; 滴灌; 冬小麦; 生长; 产量; 养分利用

Abstract:

【Objective】 Effects To study the effects of different chemical fertilizer reduction patterns on growth, yield and fertilizer utilization of winter wheat under drip irrigation were studied,in order to providewith the view of providing theoretical basis for chemical fertilizer reduction of winter wheat under drip irrigation and finding out,Conducted the best pattern to reduce fertilizer. 【Method】 The control was conventional farm household (N₂₄₀P₁₀₅K_37.5) and blank treatment (N₀P₀K₀),as the control, set up 4 fertilizer reduction treatments were set up to determine, the yield and composition, agronomic characters, dry matter and fertilizer use efficiency of winter wheat under drip irrigation were investigated. 【Result】 Compared with conventional farmers, there were significant differences in yield, grain per spike and 1,000-grain weight among the four treatments, the highest yield was 9,673.54 kg/hm² treated with T₃, 36.8% of increase production. The trend of dry matter accumulation under reduced fertilization was consistent with conventional farmers and blank control, and it increased rapidly in the jointing stage, reaching the maximum value in the mature stage; Compared with T₅, the dry matter transport before and after anthesis of T₃ treatment increased by 30.2% and 29.4%, respectively; There were no significant differences in dry matter transport volume, transport rate and grain contribution rate among other treatments. The four indexes of spikelet number, panicle length, plant height and grain weight per panicle of T₃ treatment were highest, which were 16.57, 6.69 cm, 84.87 cm and 2.13 g. The agricultural efficiency of N and P fertilizer increased from 1.6-20.19 kg/kg and 5.13-59.00 kg/kg, respectively, compared with control treatments. And the partial productivity increased from 2.25-45.53 kg/kg and from 5.13-116.91 kg/kg. 【Conclusion】 There was no significant effect on the yield of winter wheat under drip irrigation using fertilizer reduction, and the rational application of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer was beneficial to increase the yield. Comprehensive comparative analysis showed that T₃ model (N₂₄₀P_52.5 K_37.5) was more suitable in our area.

Key words: fertilizer reduction; drip irrigation; winter wheat; growth; yield; fertilizer utilization

中图分类号:

S512

李怀胜, 艾海峰, 王贺亚, 张磊, 李金科, 杨杰. 减量施肥对滴灌冬小麦生长、产量及养分利用的影响[J]. 新疆农业科学, 2022, 59(2): 329-336.

LI Huaisheng, AI Haifeng, WANG Heya, ZHANG Lei, LI Jinke, YANG Jie. Effects of Fertilizer Reduction on Growth, Yield and Fertilizer Utilization of Winter Wheat under Drip Irrigation[J]. Xinjiang Agricultural Sciences, 2022, 59(2): 329-336.

图/表 5

参考文献 19

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编号 Number	处理 Treatment	穗数 Spike number (10⁴/hm²)	千粒重 1,000-grain weight (g)	穗粒数 Grains per spike (粒)	产量 Yield (kg/hm²)	增产Ⅰ Yield increase (%)	增产Ⅱ Yield increase (%)
T₀	N₀P₀K₀	532.36^e	51.88^d	30.18^e	6 080.31^f	—	—
T₁	N₁₂₀P_52.5K_37.5	583.55^c	55.1b^c	35.28^b	8 140.72^c	33.89	15.12
T₂	N₁₂₀P₁₀₅K_37.5	597.64^b	55.96^b	36.58^a	8 998.26^b	47.99	27.25
T₃	N₂₄₀P_52.5K_37.5	626.70^a	57.74^a	37.63^a	9 673.54^a	59.10	36.80
T₄	N₂₄₀P₁₀₅K_37.5	571.52^cd	54.39^c	33.98^c	7 610.25^d	25.16	7.62
T₅	农户	558.92^d	52.74^d	32.39^d	7 071.52^e	16.30	—

编号 Number	处理 Treatment	穗数 Spike number (10⁴/hm²)	千粒重 1,000-grain weight (g)	穗粒数 Grains per spike (粒)	产量 Yield (kg/hm²)	增产Ⅰ Yield increase (%)	增产Ⅱ Yield increase (%)
T₀	N₀P₀K₀	532.36^e	51.88^d	30.18^e	6 080.31^f	—	—
T₁	N₁₂₀P_52.5K_37.5	583.55^c	55.1b^c	35.28^b	8 140.72^c	33.89	15.12
T₂	N₁₂₀P₁₀₅K_37.5	597.64^b	55.96^b	36.58^a	8 998.26^b	47.99	27.25
T₃	N₂₄₀P_52.5K_37.5	626.70^a	57.74^a	37.63^a	9 673.54^a	59.10	36.80
T₄	N₂₄₀P₁₀₅K_37.5	571.52^cd	54.39^c	33.98^c	7 610.25^d	25.16	7.62
T₅	农户	558.92^d	52.74^d	32.39^d	7 071.52^e	16.30	—

编号 Number	处理 Treatment	花前同化物 Assimilate before anthesis			花后同化物Assimilate after anthesis
编号 Number	处理 Treatment	转运量 Transshipment amount(g/stem)	转运率 Transshipment rate (%)	贡献率 Contribution rate (%)	转运量 Transshipment amount(g/stem)	贡献率 Transshipment rate (%)
T₀	N₀P₀K₀	0.382^c	15.33^b	23.53^b	1.24^abc	76.47^ab
T₁	N₁₂₀P_52.5K_37.5	0.581^b	20.22^ab	32.71^a	1.20^bc	67.29^b
T₂	N₁₂₀P₁₀₅K_37.5	0.592^b	19.92^ab	30.47^ab	1.35^ab	69.53^ab
T₃	N₂₄₀P_52.5K_37.5	0.720^a	22.06^a	33.93^a	1.41^a	66.07^b
T₄	N₂₄₀P₁₀₅K_37.5	0.553^b	20.29^ab	33.60^a	1.09^c	66.40^b
T₅	农户	0.498^b	18.54^ab	29.10^ab	1.21^abc	70.90^ab

编号 Number	处理 Treatment	花前同化物 Assimilate before anthesis			花后同化物Assimilate after anthesis
编号 Number	处理 Treatment	转运量 Transshipment amount(g/stem)	转运率 Transshipment rate (%)	贡献率 Contribution rate (%)	转运量 Transshipment amount(g/stem)	贡献率 Transshipment rate (%)
T₀	N₀P₀K₀	0.382^c	15.33^b	23.53^b	1.24^abc	76.47^ab
T₁	N₁₂₀P_52.5K_37.5	0.581^b	20.22^ab	32.71^a	1.20^bc	67.29^b
T₂	N₁₂₀P₁₀₅K_37.5	0.592^b	19.92^ab	30.47^ab	1.35^ab	69.53^ab
T₃	N₂₄₀P_52.5K_37.5	0.720^a	22.06^a	33.93^a	1.41^a	66.07^b
T₄	N₂₄₀P₁₀₅K_37.5	0.553^b	20.29^ab	33.60^a	1.09^c	66.40^b
T₅	农户	0.498^b	18.54^ab	29.10^ab	1.21^abc	70.90^ab

编号 Number	处理 Treatment	小穗数 Spike number (个)	穗长 Spike length (cm)	株高 Plant height (cm)	单穗粒重 Spike grain weight (g)
T₀	N₀P₀K₀	14.38^b	5.82^b	78.47^a	1.62^c
T₁	N₁₂₀P_52.5K_37.5	15.68^ab	6.33^ab	80.53^a	1.78^bc
T₂	N₁₂₀P₁₀₅K_37.5	15.84^ab	6.48^a	80.70^a	1.94^ab
T₃	N₂₄₀P_52.5K_37.5	16.57^a	6.69^a	84.87^a	2.13^a
T₄	N₂₄₀P₁₀₅K_37.5	14.97^b	6.30^ab	80.30^a	1.65^c
T₅	农户	14.84^b	6.27^ab	79.30^a	1.71^c