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Cloning and Expression Analysis of a CRT/DRE-binding Factor Gene CmCBF1 from Hami Melon Fruit ZHANG Ting, PAN Yan, MENG Xin-tao, ZHENG Su-hui, XU Bin 2017, 54(10): 1765-1774.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2017.10.001 Abstract ( 784 )   PDF (2094KB) ( 56 )   【Objective】 In order to make clear the regulatory function of CBF gene in the cold tolerance of Hami melon fruits, the transcription factor named CmCBF1 was cloned and expression analysis was carried out.【Method】'Xinmi No.3' Hami melon postharvest fruit was selected as materials. The primers used to amplify the full-length coding sequences were designed based on the predicted CBF1 gene sequence (XM_008440940). These sequences were used as the templates in blast searches against the melon genome databases (https://melonomics.net), and the ATG and TAA codons of the coding regions were determined. Specific primers were designed based on the conserved regions of CBF1, The resulting cDNA was employed as a template for PCR reactions using gene-specific primers to amplify the coding regions of CmCBF1, the expression of CmCBF1 was carried out in triplicate with different cDNA samples synthesized from tissue collected at each sampling time with PCR amplification.【Result】The CmCBF1 gene from the cDNA contained an open reading frame of 639 bp, its GenBank accession number was KT737742, which encoded a polypeptide of 212 amino acids residues with a molecular mass of 23.89 kD and a pI of 5.23. The sequence homology comparison showed that the CmCBF1 had a relatively close evolutionary relationship with Fragariaananassa, FaCmCBF1, which shared 85 %. RT-PCR analysis showed that the expression of CmCBF1 was induced by low temperature, including 1℃、3℃ and 5℃, but not expressed at room temperature at 20℃.【Conclusion】There is a negative correlation between the relative expression of transcription factor CmCBF1 and the incidence of chilling injury of Hami melon fruit, which provides the theoretical basis for studying the mechanism of the incidence of chilling injury of Hami melon fruit during the storage at low temperature.

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Application of mRNA Differential Display Technique in Screening Drought Resistance Related Genes in C. planisiliqua ZHU Yan-fei, CHEN Quan-jia, QU Yan-ying 2017, 54(10): 1775-1784.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2017.10.002 Abstract ( 333 )   PDF (1287KB) ( 69 )   【Objective】 The ephemeral species Conringia planisiliqua belongs to Brassicaceae which grows in Xinjiang arid environment, which has strong drought resistance, but its drought resistance mechanism is not clear. In order to understand the mechanism of drought resistance and discover some excellent resistance genes from wild plant resources, it has laid an important foundation for further understanding the mechanism of drought resistance in conringia planisiliqua.【Method】Using the plant that has grown for three to four weeks treated by 20% PEG6000, total RNA of the leaves at 0 h, 3 h, 6 h, 9 h, 12 h, 24 h and 48 h was extracted. Then the differentially expressed genes were screened by mRNA differential display techniques.【Result】Eighty primer combinations were used to screen the differentially expressed cDNAs, and a total of 18 differentially expressed cDNAs were found. They were named of DF1-DF18, 12 of the cDNAs were the up-regulated and 6 of them were down-regulated gene fragments. According to the gene function they were divided into 6 categories: basal metabolism, transcription factor, disease resistance protein, hypothetical protein, unknown protein and photoperiod protein. Most of them were the basal metabolism related genes. We analyzed the expression pattern of the DF-2,DF-6 and DF-14 under drought and salt stress, and the finding showed that the three genes were regulated by drought and salt.【Conclusion】Eighteen of the drought-resistant genes were screened from ephemeral plant Conringia planisiliqua. Three of the genes expression patterns were detected, they were induced by drought and salt stress.

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Changes of Physiological Indexes and Comprehensive Evaluation of Cold Resistance of Almond during Natural Overwintering OU Huan, WANG Xu-chun, WANG Zhen-lei, XU Chong-zhi, WANG Xin-jian, LIN Min-juan 2017, 54(10): 1785-1795.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2017.10.003 Abstract ( 152 )   PDF (2149KB) ( 41 )   【Objective】 In this paper, the physiological characteristics of 6 almond varieties during their natural wintering will be evaluated, and the cold resistance of different almond branches will be comprehensively evaluated, which might provide a theoretical basis for introduction, cultivation and promotion of almond.【Method】The membrane permeability, protective enzyme activity and osmotic adjustment substance content of each almond were determined during the overwintering process. The changes and correlations of physiological indexes during winter were analyzed, and the differences among different cultivars were compared.【Result】In the process of natural overwintering, the temperature of natural winter was negatively correlated with electrolyte permeability, MDA content, SOD activity, POD activity, soluble protein content, soluble sugar content and proline content, and all increased first and then decreased. The change of temperature had a great effect on the change of electrolyte permeability, MDA content, SOD activity, soluble protein content and soluble sugar content, but had little effect on POD activity and proline content. And The varieties with strong cold resistance were more abundant than those with weak cold resistance, among which the changes of physiological indexes were more obvious during the overwintering period.【Conclusion】The results showed that through the physiological indexes of almond branches during overwintering that were determined, the conductivity, SOD, soluble sugar and protein could be used as indexes to evaluate the cold resistance, and the relationship between the cold resistance of the six almond varieties was evaluated by combining the membership function. The cold resistance of 6 almond cultivars was in turn: Nonpareil > Peach Almond > Aifeng > Bitter Almond > Wanfeng > Xiaoruanke.

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Comparison of Aroma Components in Three Apple Cultivars LU Ming-yan, LIU Heng, SUN Shou-wen, ZHONG Dong-yan, ZHAO Lei, TAO Xiu-dong, GU Li-mire 2017, 54(10): 1796-1803.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2017.10.004 Abstract ( 190 )   PDF (1260KB) ( 48 )   【Objective】 This paper aims to study the difference of aroma components in Malus Xinfu 1, Malus Zaofu 1 and Nagafy 2 apple fruits.【Method】The aromatic components of three apple cultivars were reexamined by HSSPME and analyzed by GC-MS.【Result】Esters aldehydes and alcohols were the constituents in three Fuji apples. The aroma components with relative content of more than one percent were respectively 15,14 and 20 from Malus xinfu 1, Malus zaofu 1 and Nagafy 2 apple. The main 10 aromatic components were ethyl acetate, acetic acid, butyl ester, acetic acid, hexyl ester, butanoic acid, ethyl ester and Hexyl n-valerate, etc. but there were differences in relative contents among the three apple cultivars,each of which had the unique aroma components.【Conclusion】The main aroma components of three apple varieties were basically the same. According to the different categories and relative contents of aromatic components, three apple cultivars could be classified as ester-type. Malus Xinfu 1 and Malus Zaofu 1 could be classified as the acetate-type of ester-type apple and Nagafy 2 apple as the butanoic-type of ester-type apple.

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Comprehensive Evaluation of Cold Resistance of American Walnut and China Xinjiang Walnut under Low Temperature Stress HAN Li-qun, MA Kai, LI Ya-li, ZHAO Guo-qing, FAN Ding-yu, MEI Chuang, WANG Ji-xun 2017, 54(10): 1804-1812.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2017.10.005 Abstract ( 204 )   PDF (1518KB) ( 41 )   【Objective】 To identify and evaluate the cold resistance of American walnut and Xinjiang walnut cultivars and to provide scientific reference for the introduction and cultivation of walnut varieties.【Method】The one year-old dormant shoots of 5 American walnut cultivars and 3 main walnut cultivars in Xinjiang were used as experimental materials, and they were treated under different cold stress conditions (-12℃, -16℃, -20℃, -24℃, -28℃, -32℃ and -36 ℃) with the treatment under 4℃ as the control. The relative electric conductivity, soluble sugar content, soluble protein content, free proline content and malondialdehyde (MDA) content of the tested varieties under different low temperature stress were measured. What was more, the correlation and principal component analysis were used to evaluate the cold resistance of walnut varieties by means of subordinate function.【Result】The results showed that with the decrease of temperature, the relative conductivity, soluble sugar, soluble protein, free proline and MDA contents of annual branches increased gradually. There was a significant difference between the rising range of each index and the peak temperature and different varieties had different cold hardiness.【Conclusion】Comprehensive evaluation showed that the cold resistance order of 8 walnut varieties was Xinwen 185﹥Wina﹥Xinfeng﹥ Xinxin 2﹥Emig ﹥Chandler ﹥Hartley﹥Pedro. Except for Wiener, the cold resistance of American walnut varieties is lower than that of Xinjiang walnut cultivars. ''Hartley' and 'Pedro' are not suitable for cultivation in Xinjiang.

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Influence of Different Maturity and Aging Times on Seed Germination and Seedling Growth of Spring Wheat FENG Kui, LI Qiong, JIA Yong-hong, WANG Mei, TIAN Xin-nian, ZHANG Jin-shan, LIANG Yu-chao, Dilixiati Erken, LIU Jun, SHI Shu-bing 2017, 54(10): 1813-1821.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2017.10.006 Abstract ( 201 )   PDF (1570KB) ( 60 )   【Objective】 The aim of this study is to determine the dynamic changes of seed vigor of spring wheat 31 with different maturity in the process of storage, which was the main cultivated varieties of Xinjiang spring wheat.【Method】Under the condition of 100% relative humidity and 45℃, the seeds,which were harvested for 15 d, 25 d and 35 d respectively, treated with artificial accelerated aging and the temperature of germination test,the processing time was respectively 0, 2, 4, 6 and 8 d. The physical indexes were measured with the three maturity seed before germination, such as length, width, thickness and weight, the seed vigor index were measured in the process of germinating, including the germination rate, germination potential, germination index, vigor index, seedling length, root length, seedling fresh weight and dry weight, and then the influence of different maturity and aging time on seed vigor of spring wheat was analyzed.【Result】The results showed that there was significant difference in grain length with different maturity and the difference of 1000 grain weight and grain moisture content was extremely significant; At the same maturity, when the aging time prolonged, the relative vigor indexes of seeds showed the trend of decreasing at first and then decreasing sharply. The inflection point appeared in the aging 4 d, and the difference reached a significant level between the treatments. The difference of the above vigor indexes in maturity reached a very significant level and the performance was 35 d after flowering > 25 d >15 d. The stepwise regression analysis method was used to establish the equation between growth index and seed vigor, the equation of which had high goodness of fit. The value of R2 was more than 0.989.【Conclusion】Artificial aging can be used to simulate the variation of seed storage in the natural state, and the maturity and aging time affect the seed vigor, the results indicate that the fresh weight and dry weight of seedling can be used as the index to test the seed vigor.

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Comparison of Different Measurement Methods for Determination of Polymerization Degree and Polymerization Rate of Water-soluble Ammonium Polyphosphate Fertilizer GAO Yan-ju, LIU Teng, KONG Long-fei, GUAN Yu, CHU Gui-xin 2017, 54(10): 1822-1831.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2017.10.007 Abstract ( 243 )   PDF (1271KB) ( 56 )   【Objective】 As a new type of P fertilizer, it is urgent and necessary to establish suitable method to characterize the quality of water-soluble ammonium polyphosphate. However, no relevant standard determination method is available so far.【Method】In this study, methods of end-group titration and paper chromatography were used to determine polymerization degree of standard and fertilizer samples; Molybdenum blue colorimetry, molybdenum yellow colorimetry and paper chromatography were employed to determine polymerization rate of standard and fertilizer samples.【Result】The calibration curves obtained from end-group titration and paper chromatography were y = 0.944,3 x+0.317 (R2=0.999,8) and y = -0.237,6 x+0.192,5 (R2=0.999,6) , respectively, both were significantly fitted; an obvious change was found at the first jump point while there was no significant change at the second jump point, and a low detection value was gained in end-group titration method; Different forms of polymeric fractions were detected simultaneously via paper chromatography measurement, and the value determined by paper chromatography measurement was more accurate than that with end-group titration method. Regarding the measurement method of polymerization rate, it was found that the relative errors obtained from different measurement methods following the order of: paper chromatography (8.73%) > colorimetry with molybdenum yellow (5.55%) > molybdenum blue colorimetry (1.20%).【Conclusion】Briefly, paper chromatography and molybdenum blue colorimetry exhibit significant advantages on determination of polymerization degree and polymerization rate of water-soluble ammonium polyphosphate fertilizer, thus these could be regarded as suitable methods for characterizing the quality of polyphosphate fertilizer.

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Study on Drip Irrigation Technique of Maize in Ili Newly Reclaimed Area Soil TANG Ya-li, DONG Wen-ming, PU Sheng-hai, FENG Guang-ping, Maimaiti Tuohetisulaiman, DING Feng 2017, 54(10): 1832-1838.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2017.10.008 Abstract ( 122 )   PDF (1235KB) ( 27 )   【Objective】 Ili River Valley is an important production base of the commodity grain in Xinjiang. In view of the irrigation problem of arenaceous thin soil layer in Yili new reclamation area, this project aims at the optimum irrigation system of drip irrigation and the water and fertilizer control technology by drip irrigation experiment for maize production.【Method】Three different irrigation quotas (4,800 m3/hm2, 5,400 m3/hm2 and 6,000 m3/hm2) treatments were set, and a uniform irrigation cycle was adopted and 4 days later, the soil moisture, maize yield, water productivity and main agronomic traits were studied.【Result】The experiments showed that the irrigation quota had a significant influence on the yield of maize, which was shown as positive correlation when applying small amount of water and repeated irrigation. The optimum yield could be obtained when the irrigation quota was 5,631.6 m3/hm2.【Conclusion】Under the condition of drip irrigation in Yili new land reclamation area, the water and fertilizer regulation techniques with small amount of water irrigation and additional fertilizer during the growth period can realize the sustainable development of the water saving, fertilizer saving and high quality maize production.

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Effects of Different Acidic Extracts of Organic Fertilizers on Cotton Growth and Soil Properties LUO Tong, LI Jun-hua, HUA Rui, XIE Guang, YANG Wei-wei, CHEN Yue 2017, 54(10): 1839-1846.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2017.10.009 Abstract ( 118 )   PDF (1114KB) ( 26 )   【Objective】 Organic fertilizer has the effect of improving soil properties and improving soil fertility, but it was inconvenient for large-scale fertilization. Xinjiang drip irrigation technology has been perfected, but the proportion of organic fertilizer application was rather lower. In this study, organic fertilizer will be extracted with inorganic acid, organic fertilizer extract combined with drip irrigation in Xinjiang to explore its effect on soil properties and cotton growth. 【Method】The organic fertilizer was extracted with phosphoric acid and nitric acid with pH 1, 3 and 7 (water), and the extraction time was 2 days, and then they were applied to the potted cotton.【Result】The results showed that: (1) Both the nitric acid and its extracts of organic fertilizer reduced the pH of the soil, and the same pH of phosphoric acid and phosphoric acid organic fertilizer extract treatments were greater than nitric acid and nitric acid organic fertilizer extract treatments. (2) The soil organic matter, total nitrogen, available phosphorus and available potassium in the phosphate organic fertilizer extract treatments whose pH was 1 and 3 were higher than that of the same pH treatments of nitric acid organic fertilizer extract. The soil nutrient in the treatments of the application of acidic organic fertilizer extract was higher than that of the application of the same pH of acid. (3) Nitric acid and nitric acid leach extract treatments increased the plant height and plant dry matter of cotton, but the dry matter accumulation of phosphate extract treatment was higher than that of nitrate extract treatment.【Conclusion】In conclusion, the application of nitric acid and phosphoric acid organic fertilizer extract improved soil nutrients content and promoted the growth of cotton. pH 1 phosphate fertilizer extract had the best effects.

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Study on Optimization of Chickpea Resistant Starch Preparation and Its Structural Properties XU Xin, MAO Hong-yan, YU Ming 2017, 54(10): 1847-1855.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2017.10.010 Abstract ( 170 )   PDF (1514KB) ( 26 )   【Objective】 Preparation technology of the chickpea resistant starch was optimized by employing response surface methodology based on Box-Behnken, and its structural characteristics were studied.【Method】Response surface methodology was employed to study the reaction conditions for chickpea resistant starch (RS) content by enzymatic pressure-heating preparation and meanwhile the structural properties of chickpea resistant starch were investigated by the methods of scanning electron microscopy,infrared spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction patterns.【Result】The result showed that the optimal reaction conditions obtained were starch slurry concentration 21%, holding time 41 min, pullulanase enzymolysis time 6.2 h, pullulanase amount 3.9 U/g,the average extraction yield was 23.06%. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images showed that the starch shape changed significantly, that chickpea starch granules were in ellipsoid, while the resistant starch granules were in cuboid or polyhedra. X-ray diffraction patterns revealed resistant starches remained C-type. Infrared spectrogram showed the chemical structure of two kinds starch was similar.【Conclusion】The optimization of chickpea resistant starch extraction process technology was reasonable and feasible and its results can provide a theory basis for the industrialized production of chickpea starch.

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Effects of Silage Inoculants on Quality of Sweet Sorghum Straw and Distiller's Grains YUE Li, YE Kai, Zaituniguli Kuerban, WANG Hui, Shanqimike, TU Zhen-dong 2017, 54(10): 1856-1862.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2017.10.011 Abstract ( 163 )   PDF (1348KB) ( 79 )   【Objective】 This project aims to explore the possibility of sweet sorghum distiller's grains as silage material, so as to provide theoretical basis for the utilization of sweet sorghum distiller's grains.【Method】The sweet sorghum stalks and distillers were used as silage materials, and its quality was evaluated by sensory score and physical and chemical indexes. The effects of silage inoculants bacteria on the contents of pH value, crude fiber, total acid, total sugar and dry matter in sweet sorghum straw were studied.【Result】The results showed that the silage quality of sweet sorghum distiller's grains was slightly lower than that of straw, and the grade was grade Ⅱ, which had the potential as silage. The contents of total sugar and reducing sugar in the sweet sorghum straw were significantly higher than those in the control group, the crude fiber was 21.4% lower than that of the control group. The silage inoculants bacteria could increase the total acid content and decrease the silage pH value.【Conclusion】Silage inoculants bacteria can improve the fermentation quality of sweet sorghum straw and distiller's grains, improve the quality of nutrition and prolong the storage time of straw and distiller's grains.

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Comparison of Biological Characteristics of 3 Geographical Populations and Developmental Stages of Ostrinia furnacalis Aykiz, DING Xin-hua, FU Kai-yun, Tursun Ahmat, HE Jiang, ZHU Xiao-hua, BAN Xiao-li, Gulixiati, DING Ai-qin, GUO Wen-chao 2017, 54(10): 1863-1874.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2017.10.012 Abstract ( 182 )   PDF (1242KB) ( 38 )   【Objective】 In order to provide a reference for the accurate prediction of the occurrence of the corn borer, the variation of the indoor biological characteristics of the main corn borer populations in the desert oasis ecological region of Xinjiang was determined.【Method】By using the direct optimal method, the seasonal, developmental threshold temperature (LDT) and effective accumulated temperature (SET) of three geographical populations of Urumqi, Yili, Yining, Kashi and Shule were compared systematically.【Result】Temperature had significant effects on the egg hatching rate, survival rate and developmental duration of different geographic populations. 25~28 temperature was the optimum temperature range for the growth and development of corn borer in three geographical populations. The developmental duration of each insect population in different geographic populations was shortened with the increase of temperature, and the development rate was accelerated with the increase of temperature, displaying significant correlation. At 20 ℃, the whole generation had the longest duration, with an. average of 69.57 d, and at 31℃ the developmental duration was the shortest, only 29.9 d. Using linear regression method, the developmental threshold temperature and effective accumulated temperature of different insect populations were obtained. They were: in Urumqi the egg stage was 14.35℃, 54.52 d·℃, the larval stage was 9.93℃, 353.25 d·℃, pupal period was 12.58℃, 81.95 d·℃, prophase of adult egg laying stage was 16.27℃, 37.52 d·℃, and the whole generation was 11.92℃, 504.52 d·℃; In Yili Yining. The egg stage was 14.36℃, 52.57 d·℃, the larvae stage was 9.01℃, 346.15 d·℃, pupal period was 12.06℃, 107.16 d·℃, prophase of adult egg laying stage was 16.61℃, 36.72 d·℃, and the whole generation was 11.32℃, 533.41 d·℃; In Kashi, Shule the egg stage was 14.42℃, 50.32 d·℃, the larvae stage was 8.99℃, 344.97 d·℃, pupal period was 11.91℃, 105.88 d·℃, the prophase of adult egg laying stage was 16.38℃, 37.95 d·℃, and the whole generation was 11.92℃, 506.20 d·℃. Combined with the meteorological data of Yili County of Yining, It can be inferred that the theoretical algebra of 2015-2016 years corn borer in Yili County of Yining can be divided into 2.99 generations and 3.13 generations respectively.【Conclusion】The temperature has a significant influence on the developmental stages of each insect state of Pyrausta nubilalis. With the increase of temperature, the developmental stages of each instar are gradually shortened, and the rate of development is accelerated. The optimum temperature is between 25℃ and 28℃. The growth rate was inhibited over the effective temperature range. At the same temperature, the average duration of different geographical populations is different, and the developmental stages of each insect state are different. With the increase of latitude, the developmental period gradually shortened, and the developmental threshold temperature decreased gradually. According to the dynamics of corn borer population in the field, combined with meteorological data analysis, The corn borer in the Yili valley area of Xinjiang is dominated by the second generation, but there have been third generations. With the change of climate, the occurrence of corn borer gradually changed from the second generations to the third generations.

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The Structure and Diversity of Arthropod Communities in Paddy Fields under Different Management Models in Yili River Valley WANG Xiao-wu, DING Xin-hua, Tursun, FU Kai-yun, HE Jiang, BAN Xiao-li, FU Wen-jun, GUAN Zhi-jian, LIU Wen, GUO Wen-chao 2017, 54(10): 1875-1886.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2017.10.013 Abstract ( 129 )   PDF (1670KB) ( 33 )   【Objective】 In order to explore the structure, the temporal dynamics and the change regularity of arthropod communities and its sub-communities in paddy fields of Ili river valley.【Method】Arthropods on different modes were investigated by gray correlation degree analysis, principal component analysis and. clustering analysis.【Result】A total of 21,258 arthropods were collected, which belonged to 2 classsess,10 orders, 28 families and 35 species. There was no significant difference between the number of different model arthropod species (P>0.05), while their reproduction quantity had significant difference (P<0.05). Gray correlation degree analysis showed that spiders had a certain effect on rice water weevil, but its natural control ability to rice water weevil was weak. In terms of community characteristics index and temporal pattern, the arthropod communities in Aand C models were higher than those in the B model and species diversity index, evenness index and richness index were all higher, which indicated that when the less artificial intervention, the greater arthropod diversity and species richness would be and he more stable the ecosystem would be, too. Under the B model, the diversity index, richness index and evenness index were the lowest while the advantage concentration index was the highest, which showed that the arthropod population in the habitat was more concentrated, the quantity was large, the ecosystem tended to be simple, and the dominant species were easy to outbreak.【Conclusion】The more frequent external interference, the less unfaborable distribution of arthropod and diversity of species groups would be. The more simple and single the arthropod structure was, the less stable the ecosystem would be. The main factors affecting arthropod animal community structure changes in Yili River Valley are phytophagous and predacious sub community.

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Preliminary Report on Efficacy of Main Weeds Chemical Control in Barley Growing Area of Qitai, Xinjiang LI Guang-kuo, WANG Xian, YANG An-pei, BAI Wei-wei, XIANG Li, REN Yu-mei, LI Pei-ling, KONG Jian-ping, FANG Fu-rong 2017, 54(10): 1887-1892.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2017.10.014 Abstract ( 138 )   PDF (1086KB) ( 25 )   【Objective】 To screen the herbicides with good control effect on weeds in Xinjiang barley field, and to evaluate the safety of the selected chemicals to barley, so as to provide a scientific basis for the safe and efficient application of herbicides.【Method】Randomised-block design was used to research the number and the fresh weight of weeds at fixed spots, and the effect of herbicides on weeds and safety to barley was evaluated.【Result】The experiment selected Pinoxaden 5% EC and Halauxifen-methyl 10%+Florasulam 10% WG to test the safety. Weed control effect on fresh weight of two mixed herbicides in barley fields were all above 90%, which achieved better control effect.【Conclusion】Using mixed WG to control Setaria viridis (L.) Beauv, Echinochloa crusgalli (L.) Beauv, Chenopodium glaucum L. and Fallopia convolvulus (L.) Love in the mixed plots in the main barley producing areas in Qitai, Xinjiang would be effective. The dosage is Pinoxaden 5% EC 45-60 g a.i./hm2 and Halauxifen-methyl 10%+Florasulam 10% WG 12-15 g a.i./hm2.

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Comparative Morphological Study on Genus Oligosita Walker (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) in Xinjiang YIN Wan, ZHONG Wen, HU Hong-ying 2017, 54(10): 1893-1902.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2017.10.015 Abstract ( 117 )   PDF (1516KB) ( 29 )   【Objective】 Trichogramma wasps that belong to genus Oligosita are difficult to identify because of not obvious morphological difference features, owing to their minute body size and varying but vague morphological characters between species. In this study, we attempt to solve this problem by comparative morphological research, and to obtain reliable morphological features for accurate identification of Oligosita wasps, which could be utilized to control many significant pests as natural enemies.【Method】Eight species of Oligosita wasps in Xinjiang were mounted on glass microscope slides for observation, after which 40 morphological characters were selected for interspecific comparison.【Result】Eighteen characters with strict interspecies specificity were capable to be applied to taxonomic studies, including colour of compound eyes, colour of ocellus, the length-width ratio of funicle, the shape of funicle, the length-width ratio and the shape of club, the shape of club, the number of placoid sensilla on third segment of club, the number of seta on premarginal vein, the presence/absence costal cell, the presence/absence of seta in costal cell, the number of seta in costal cell, presence/absence of microtrichia seta blow marginal vein, the length-width ratio of forewing, the radio of fringe length of forewing to forewing width, the shape of stigma, the shape of the front margin of apical of forewing, the length radio of hind tibia to ovipositor, the presence/absence of apodemes on male genitalia.【Conclusion】The morphological characters mentioned above could be used in taxonomic study of genus Oligosita, especially in identification of some morphologically similar species.

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Monitoring and Analysis of Virulence of Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici in Xinjiang WANG Zhen-hua, LIU Wei, GAO Hai-feng, FAN Jie-ru, ZHOU Yi-lin 2017, 54(10): 1903-1910.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2017.10.016 Abstract ( 136 )   PDF (1251KB) ( 36 )   【Objective】 Through the virulence identification of Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici (Bgt) from Xinjiang, the information of structure and composition might provide us with basis for breeding and application of wheat powdery mildew resistance varieties and reasonable deployment of the resistance genes.【Method】Samples of B. graminis f.sp. tritici collected from Xinjiang wheat production area were isolated and purified. Virulence of pathogen isolates was identified and inoculation of wheat with 35 known resistance genes was carried out by shake grafting method to investigate the response pattern of host to pathogen, and to determine the virulence of different strains.【Result】Virulence frequencies of Bgt isolates were less than 30% to Pm1c, Pm2, Pm4a, Pm4b, Pm4c, Pm5b, Pm12, Pm13, Pm16, Pm21, Pm24, Pm25, Pm30, Pm35, PmXBD, Pm2+Mld, Pm2+6, Pm4+8, Pm4b+5b and Pm5+6. None of isolates was compatible to Pm12, Pm16 and Pm21. Virulence frequencies of Bgt isolates ranged from 30% to 70% to Pm3b, Pm3d and Pm34. Virulence frequencies of Bgt isolates was more than 70% to Pm1a, Pm3a, Pm3c, Pm3e, Pm3f, Pm5a, Pm6, Pm7, Pm8, Pm17, Pm19 and Pm1+2+9.【Conclusion】These results suggested resistant genes Pm1c, Pm2, Pm4a, Pm4b, Pm4c, Pm5b, Pm12, Pm13, Pm16, Pm21, Pm24, Pm25, Pm30, Pm35, PmXBD, Pm2+Mld, Pm2+6, Pm4+8, Pm4b+5b and Pm5+6 were effective, especially Pm12, Pm16 and Pm21. Pm1a, Pm3a, Pm3c, Pm3e, Pm3f, Pm5a, Pm6, Pm7, Pm8, Pm17, Pm19 and Pm1+2+9 were not effective and not suitable in wheat breeding and production utilization. Pm3b, Pm3d and Pm34 need rational deployment in wheat production.

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Detection of the Amount of Fungi in the Different Infection Periods of Jujube Black Spot Disease in Alar Area XU Ying, YAO Zhao-qun, WANG Lan, XIE Jian-ming, ZHAO Si-feng 2017, 54(10): 1911-1919.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2017.10.017 Abstract ( 154 )   PDF (1520KB) ( 34 )   【Objective】 To clarify different infection periods and infection locations of jujube black spot disease in the Alar area. The hyphae amount of A. alternata in flowers and fruits of jujube was detected with RT-PCR in the hope of providing theoretical basis to predict and control the disease.【Method】Jujube flowers and fruits of different periods in the 3 surrounding orchards in Alar City area were collected and the conventional tissue separation method was used to isolate them, after that, these isolates were identified. And the fungi in flowers and fruits at different periods were detected with the specific primers of A.alternata by real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR method.【Result】A total of 276 isolates were obtained and these isolates were identified as A.alternata by morphological characteristic and β-tubulin, EF-1α gene sequencing analysis. The real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR detection results showed that A.alternata was checked and the amount of A.alternata was 2.11 μg/100 mg in the flower. The highest amount of A.alternata was checked in sarcocarp of fruit body and amount of fungi was 20.12 μg/100 mg. The amount of A.alternata was 9.34 μg/100 mg in the sarcocarp of fruit body carpopodium. The amount of A.alternata was 11.48 μg/100 mg in the pericarp of fruit body and 3.84 μg/100 mg in the carpopodium pericarp.【Conclusion】Jujube black spot disease pathogens in flowering period can invade flowers. When the disease has appeared, there has been a large number of A.alternata in the sarcocarp of fruit body, so chemical control of it should be advanced to the earlier flowering stage of red jujube.

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Study on the Correlation between Soil Nutrients and Above-grouind Parts in Grape Yellow Orchard of Turpan LIU Chun-yan, ZHOU Long, LUO Jie, WU Chen-guang, LIU Yong-qiang, FANG Hai-long 2017, 54(10): 1920-1929.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2017.10.018 Abstract ( 79 )   PDF (1213KB) ( 23 )   【Objective】 To explore the correlation between soil nutrients and above -ground parts in grape orchards with chlorisis diesease.【Method】Two Turpan mainly cultivated grape cultivars Thompson seedless and Centennial seedless were used as experiment materials. The soil nutrient was diagnosed by collecting the different deep soil samples in the normal and chlorosis grape orchards and the main soil factors affecting the growth of branch and leaf and fruit yield were screened and analyzed.【Result】The result showed that there were significant differences of total salt content, organic matter, available nitrogen, available phosphorus, available potassium and available ferrum content between normal and yellow strains. Yellow plant shoot internode length, leaf weight, leaf thickness and yield were remarkable lower than those of the normal plants, and Thompson seedless yellow plant were 1.30, 1.38, 1.35 and 2.15 times than those of the normal plants. Shoot internode diameter in Thompson seedless chlorosis plant had a significantly negative correlation with available ferrum content in soil, Centennial seedless chlorosis plant leaf weight, leaf length and leaf width had a significantly positive correlation with available ferrum content in soil, and the correlation coefficients were 0.726, 0.902, 0.691, the yellow orchards yield of Thompsons seedless had a significantly negative correlation with available potassium in soil, and the correlation coefficients were -0.164.【Conclusion】The results showed that high pH content, high K content and low content of available Fe were the main causes of grape chlorosis in Shengjin Township, Turpan.

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Relativity Study on Antioxidant Composition of Wild Lycium ruthenicum Murr. and Soil Physico-chemical Properties and Microbial Characteristics in Southern Xinjiang GU Mei-ying, TANG Guang-mu, FENG Lei, SUN Ning-chuan, MA Hai-gang, LI Na, XU Wan-li 2017, 54(10): 1930-1940.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2017.10.019 Abstract ( 165 )   PDF (1374KB) ( 25 )   【Objective】 Lycium ruthenicum Murr. is a wild saline-resistant shrub with high anthocyanins, polysaccharide and other antioxidant composition in its fruit. There are many factors influencing the content of antioxidant in L. ruthenicum. The objective of this study is to determine the L. ruthenicum rhizosphere soil physico-chemical properties, microbial characteristics and antioxidant composition of the fruits under different ecological conditions in Southern Xinjiang. The result of this study might provide a technical basis for the development and utilization of L. ruthenicum.【Method】The soil physico-chemical properties with typical method were measured, so were the microbial community C substrate utilization with Biolog Eco-microplates, and antioxidant composition of the fruits.【Result】The rhizosphere soil physical and chemical properties, microbial characteristics and antioxidant components of fruit differed greatly in different areas, but there was a certain correlation between them. (1) The variation range of conductivity of pH in rhizosphere soil was 8.86-8.04 and 16.43-0.06 ms/cm, respectively; the two were negatively correlated with microbial activity (AWCD) and Shannon richness index. Soil EC was significantly positively correlated with Simpson dominance index and McIntosh uniformity. (2) 144 h Biolog carbon source utilization indicated that the soil microbial community of Aketao and Yeyungou had higher AWCD with 2.04 and 1.62, respectively, and in Korla horticulture farm it was 0.71. The soil nutrient content was negatively correlated with AWCD and Shannon index, and positively correlated with Simpson and McIntosh index. PCA showed that carbohydrates, carboxylic acids and polymers were the main C-substrate influencing the microbial community substrate utilization in L. ruthenicum rhizosphere soil. (3) The contents of anthocyanins, reducing sugar and polysaccharide in fruits were 46.88-11.75 mg/g, 351.16-229.19 mg/g and 176.34-169.52 mg/g, respectively. Soil pH, EC, OM, Total N and Shannon index were positively correlated with anthocyanins content. Soil pH was positively correlated with polysaccharide, while EC and soil nutrient were negatively correlated with polysaccharide.【Conclusion】he results indicated that increasing the soil pH, salt content and microbial community richness could increase the antioxidant accumulation in L. ruthenicum.

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Analysis of Temporal and Spatial Distribution Pattern of Daily Evapotranspiration in Qira County Based on Landsat 8 Images LU Ting, ZHENG Jiang-hua 2017, 54(10): 1941-1948.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2017.10.020 Abstract ( 111 )   PDF (1431KB) ( 25 )   【Objective】 The estimation of surface evapotranspiration is beneficial to the rational allocation and management of water resources, which might provide the basis for the sustainable development of water resources.【Method】By using the Landsat 8 remote sensing data set, With the support of the ENVI remote sensing image processing software, combined with the air temperature, air pressure, wind speed, sunshine duration and other meteorological data, evapotranspiration was estimated by SEBS model in March 27th, May 21st, July 24th and September 10th 2016 in Xinjiang Qira County.【Result】The results could reflect season change; for instance, the results of farmland were 3.885, 4.095, 4.701, 4.511 mm/day on four days respectively. The overall trend was the northern desert plain < the southern mountains > the central region.【Conclusion】The results of SEBS estimation are compared with those calculated by Penman formula, which shows that the results of SBES model are reasonable.

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Research on the Applicability of Remote Sensing Monitoring of Inedible Grass Pedicularis sp. by GF-1 WFV Satellite in Bayanbulak Grassland GAO Sha, ZHENG Jiang-hua, MA Tao, WU Jian-guo, Nasongcaoketu, Maidi Kuerman 2017, 54(10): 1949-1956.  DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2017.10.021 Abstract ( 84 )   PDF (1402KB) ( 31 )   【Objective】 To validate the applicability of remote sensing monitoring of inedible grass Pedicularis sp. by GF-1 WFV (16m) satellite and understand the inedible grass Pedicularis's distribution of the study area in Bayanbulak grassland.【Method】The corrected GF-1 WFV remote sensing satellite images were combined with the measured spectral data. The method of visual interpretation was applied combined with supervised classification of the inedible grass Pedicularis sp. identification to verify its classification accuracy. And then the accuracy of classification and distribution of Pedicularis sp. were discussed.【Result】The result of accuracy evaluation indicated that the overall accuracy was 80.91%, and the Kappa Coefficient was 0.71. The classification result was better. Thus the distribution range of the poisonous grass Pedicularis sp. in Bayanbulak grassland and the main reasons affecting the classification accuracy were obtained.【Conclusion】The result showed that the applicability of remote sensing monitoring of inedible grass Pedicularis sp. by GF-1 WFV (16 m) satellite in Bayanbulak grassland was feasible. The classification results of the study area of remote sensing interpretation and field survey found that the damaged area of grass Pedicularis sp. area is rather large, and most of them are contiguous and distributed along the river. The seriously damaged areas were Bayanbulak parvial field of the Bayanbulak total field, Hal Sara village of Bayingolin Township, the Gabriele Basilico village of Bayanbulak Town.