调教训练对伊犁马汗液形态及汗液指标的影响

doi:10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2025.04.026

新疆农业科学 ›› 2025, Vol. 62 ›› Issue (4): 1014-1021.DOI: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2025.04.026

调教训练对伊犁马汗液形态及汗液指标的影响

薛宇恒¹(), 孟军¹^,², 曾亚琦¹^,², 王建文¹^,², 邓海峰³, 曾明敏¹, 尚婷婷¹, 高凤¹, 沈哲弘¹, 姚新奎¹^,²()

1.新疆农业大学动物科学学院/新疆农业大学马产业研究院,乌鲁木齐 830052
2.新疆马匹繁育与运动生理重点实验室,乌鲁木齐 830052
3.伊犁哈萨克自治州昭苏马场畜牧兽医科,新疆昭苏 835600

收稿日期:2024-08-10 出版日期:2025-04-20 发布日期:2025-06-20
通信作者: 姚新奎(1961-),男,教授,博士,硕士生/博士生导师,研究方向为马业科学,(E-mail)yxk61@126.com
作者简介:薛宇恒(1999-),男,新疆奎屯人,硕士研究生,研究方向为动物生产学,(E-mail)839698697@qq.com
基金资助:
新疆维吾尔自治区重大科技专项“国产马专门化品系高效繁育技术体系构建”(2022A02013-1);新疆维吾尔自治区创新环境（人才、基地）建设专项“马种质创新培育与高效健康养殖重点实验室平台建设”(PT2311);中央引导地方科技发展专项资金项目“专门化运动马培育技术服务支撑”(ZYYD2023C02)

Effects of conditioning training on sweat morphology and blood indexes of Ili horses

XUE Yuheng¹(), MENG Jun¹^,², ZENG Yaqi¹^,², WANG Jianwen¹^,², DENG Haifeng³, ZENG Mingmin¹, SHANG Tingting¹, GAO Feng¹, SHEN Zhehong¹, YAO Xinkui¹^,²()

1. College of Animal Science, Xinjiang Agricultural University/Institute of Equine Industry, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi 830052, China
2. Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Horse Breeding and Sport Physiology, Urumqi 830052, China
3. Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Department, Zhaosu Horse Farm, Ili Kazak Autonomous Prefecture, Zhaosu Xinjiang 835600, China

Received:2024-08-10 Published:2025-04-20 Online:2025-06-20
Supported by:
Major Scientific R & D Program Special Project of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region "Construction of the Efficient Breeding Technology System of the Domestic Horse Specialized Strain"(2022A02013-1);Innovation Environment Construction Special Project (Talent, Base) of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region "Key Laboratory Platform Construction for Horse Germplasm Innovation Cultivation and Efficient and Healthy Breeding"(PT2311);Special Project for the Development of Local Science and Technology Guided by the Central Government "Specialized Sports Horse Cultivation Technical Service Support"(ZYYD2023C02)

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】通过对进行调教训练的6匹青年伊犁马公马训练期间汗液形态的变化及2 000 m测试赛后汗液指标的分析,探究调教训练对伊犁马汗液形态及汗液指标变化规律的影响,将民间驯马经验理论化,为运动伊犁马科学训练体系的建立和运动性能监测提供理论依据和数据支撑。【方法】选取6匹新疆伊犁昭苏马场种马饲养场饲养管理一致、未经调教训练的2岁伊犁马公马,对其进行调教训练并观测汗液形态变化,分别在泥汗(MS)、泡沫汗(FS)和水汗(CS)出现后第2 d组织测试赛,采集赛后即刻汗液样本,监测心率(HR)、呼吸频率(RR),并对检测结果进行分析。汗液样本检测乳酸(LA)、钠离子(Na⁺)、钾离子(K⁺)、镁离子(Mg²⁺)等14项汗液指标。【结果】2岁伊犁马通过10周调教训练后,汗液形态及2 000 m测试赛成绩变化明显,三种汗液形态阶段马匹测试赛汗液LA变化趋势明显,赛后即刻汗液中LA含量随汗液形态的变化降低,CS阶段汗液LA含量显著低于MS阶段(P<0.05)。CS阶段赛后汗液Na⁺含量显著低于MS阶段(P<0.05)。训练后汗液K⁺含量在CS阶段显著高于MS阶段(P<0.05)。CS阶段赛后汗液Ca²⁺含量显著高于MS阶段(P<0.05)。MS阶段赛后Cl^-含量达到最高值,与CS阶段赛后差异显著(P<0.05)。测试赛后伊犁马汗液中Mg²⁺和Cu²⁺水平随汗液形态的变化而降低,Mg²⁺和Cu²⁺在CS阶段显著低于MS阶段。【结论】随着调教训练计划的进行,伊犁马的汗液形态和汗液指标发生了改变,不同汗液形态揭示了个体不同训练程度和运动性能,其中检测到汗液LA和离子指标可能是评估伊犁马调训期间其训练水平和所处的训练阶段的指标。

关键词: 伊犁马公马; 调教训练; 汗液形态; 汗液指标

Abstract:

【Objective】 By analyzing the change of sweat form during training and sweat index after 2,000 m test of 6 young Yili horse stallion undergoing conditioning training, the influence of conditioning training on the sweat form and sweat index of Yili horse was explored, and the experience of folk horse domestication was theorized. It provides theoretical basis and data support for the establishment of scientific training system and the monitoring of athletic performance of Yili horses. 【Methods】 Six two-year-old Yili horse stallions with consistent management and untrained training were selected from Zhaosu Stud Farm in Yili, Xinjiang. The training was conducted and sweat morphological changes were observed. Test races were organized on the second day after the appearance of mud sweat (MS), foam sweat (FS) and water sweat (CS), and sweat samples were collected immediately after the race. Heart rate (HR) and respiratory rate (RR) were monitored and the results were analyzed. Lactic acid (LA), sodium ion (Na⁺), potassium ion (K⁺), magnesium ion (Mg²⁺) and other 14 sweat indexes were detected in the sweat samples. 【Results】 After the 10-week conditioning training of 2-year-old Yili horses, the changes of sweat morphology and 2000 m test race results were obvious, and the change trend of sweat LA in the three sweat morphology stages was obvious. Immediately after the race, the content of LA in sweat decreased with the change of sweat morphology, and the content of LA in sweat in CS stage was significantly lower than that in MS stage (P <0.05). The content of Na+ in sweat after CS stage was significantly lower than that in MS stage (P <0.05). The content of K⁺ in sweat after training was significantly higher in CS stage than in MS stage (P <0.05). The content of Ca²⁺ in sweat after CS stage was significantly higher than that during MS stage (P <0.05). Cl- content reached the highest value after MS stage, and the difference was significant between MS stage and CS stage (P <0.05). The levels of Mg²⁺ and Cu²⁺ in sweat of Yili horses decreased with the change of sweat morphology after the test, and Mg²⁺ and Cu²⁺ were significantly lower in CS stage than in MS stage. 【Conclusion】 With the progress of conditioning training program, the sweat morphology and sweat index of Yili horses changed, and different sweat morphology revealed the different training degree and movement performance of individuals, among which the detected sweat LA and ion indexes may be the indicators to evaluate the training level and training stage of Yili horses during training.

Key words: Ili horse of male; breaking and training; sweat morphology; sweet index

中图分类号:

S811.3

薛宇恒, 孟军, 曾亚琦, 王建文, 邓海峰, 曾明敏, 尚婷婷, 高凤, 沈哲弘, 姚新奎. 调教训练对伊犁马汗液形态及汗液指标的影响[J]. 新疆农业科学, 2025, 62(4): 1014-1021.

XUE Yuheng, MENG Jun, ZENG Yaqi, WANG Jianwen, DENG Haifeng, ZENG Mingmin, SHANG Tingting, GAO Feng, SHEN Zhehong, YAO Xinkui. Effects of conditioning training on sweat morphology and blood indexes of Ili horses[J]. Xinjiang Agricultural Sciences, 2025, 62(4): 1014-1021.

图/表 11

参考文献 24

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阶段 Stages	时间 Time (week)	训练方案 Training program
第1阶段 Stage 1	1	调教圈训练 1.5 h /d,完成马匹亲和训练和备鞍训练完成上马训练,接受骑手,可服从简单的指令
第2阶段 Stage 2	2	调教圈打圈或遛马机热身45 min,调教圈骑乘15 min,左右里怀均要训练
第3阶段 Stage 3	3	调教圈打圈或遛马机热身40 min,骑乘20 min 场地骑乘训练:6匹马为一队,在领队马的带领下在固定场地中开展“蛇形”、“8”字、"Z"字、“圆形”等路线提高马匹柔韧性、协调性、服从性等,同时通过训练使马匹逐渐放松,并适应骑手的长时间骑乘
第4阶段 Stage 4	4	调教圈打圈或遛马机热身35 min,骑乘25 min 跑道快步骑乘训练:马匹进入跑道后慢步800 m,随后快步800 m,再慢步800 m后返回马厩
第4阶段 Stage 4	5	调教圈打圈或遛马机热身35 min,骑乘25 min 跑道快步骑乘训练:马匹进入跑道后慢步800 m,随后快步1600 m,再慢步800 m后,慢步时马匹相互交叉骑行,后返回马厩
第5阶段 Stage 5	6	调教圈打圈或遛马机热身30 min,骑乘30 min 跑道骑乘训练:马匹分队进入跑道,在领队马的带领下开展训练。进入跑道后慢步800 m,快步800 m,缩短跑600 m,慢步1000 m
第5阶段 Stage 5	7	调教圈打圈或遛马机热身30 min,骑乘30 min 跑道骑乘训练:马匹分队进入跑道,在领队马的带领下开展训练。进入跑道后慢步800 m,快步800 m,缩短跑1200 m,慢步1200 m
第6阶段 Stage 6	8	调教圈打圈或遛马机热身30 min,骑乘30 min 跑道快步热身:马匹分组进入跑道后,在领队马的带领下慢步800 m,快步800 m后完成热身,前往草地训练场地:马匹分队进入无栏杆,有地标的草地开展训练。马匹按照既定方向完成2400 m(单程)直线缩短跑训练,在草地训练的三天后可以不使用固定的领队马,让每匹马都交替作为领队马,增加马匹信心
第6阶段 Stage 6	9	调教圈打圈或遛马机热身30 min,骑乘30 min 跑道快步热身:马匹分组进入跑道后,在领队马的带领下慢步800 m,快步800 m后完成热身,前往草地训练场地:马匹分队进入无栏杆,有地标的草地开展训练。马匹按照既定方向完成2400 m(1200 m折返)直线缩短跑训练,在草地训练的三天后可以不使用固定的领队马,让每匹马都交替作为领队马,增加马匹信心
第7阶段 Stage 7	10	调教圈打圈或遛马机热身30 min,骑乘30 min 跑道快步热身:马匹分组进入跑道后,在领队马的带领下慢步800 m,快步800 m后完成热身,前往训练场地进行袭步过渡训练:在跑道中逐渐增加速度,直至马匹步法过渡为袭步,但此过程中不可鞭打马匹,也不可推马,直至马匹完成由缩短跑到袭步的自然过渡

阶段 Stages	时间 Time (week)	训练方案 Training program
第1阶段 Stage 1	1	调教圈训练 1.5 h /d,完成马匹亲和训练和备鞍训练完成上马训练,接受骑手,可服从简单的指令
第2阶段 Stage 2	2	调教圈打圈或遛马机热身45 min,调教圈骑乘15 min,左右里怀均要训练
第3阶段 Stage 3	3	调教圈打圈或遛马机热身40 min,骑乘20 min 场地骑乘训练:6匹马为一队,在领队马的带领下在固定场地中开展“蛇形”、“8”字、"Z"字、“圆形”等路线提高马匹柔韧性、协调性、服从性等,同时通过训练使马匹逐渐放松,并适应骑手的长时间骑乘
第4阶段 Stage 4	4	调教圈打圈或遛马机热身35 min,骑乘25 min 跑道快步骑乘训练:马匹进入跑道后慢步800 m,随后快步800 m,再慢步800 m后返回马厩
第4阶段 Stage 4	5	调教圈打圈或遛马机热身35 min,骑乘25 min 跑道快步骑乘训练:马匹进入跑道后慢步800 m,随后快步1600 m,再慢步800 m后,慢步时马匹相互交叉骑行,后返回马厩
第5阶段 Stage 5	6	调教圈打圈或遛马机热身30 min,骑乘30 min 跑道骑乘训练:马匹分队进入跑道,在领队马的带领下开展训练。进入跑道后慢步800 m,快步800 m,缩短跑600 m,慢步1000 m
第5阶段 Stage 5	7	调教圈打圈或遛马机热身30 min,骑乘30 min 跑道骑乘训练:马匹分队进入跑道,在领队马的带领下开展训练。进入跑道后慢步800 m,快步800 m,缩短跑1200 m,慢步1200 m
第6阶段 Stage 6	8	调教圈打圈或遛马机热身30 min,骑乘30 min 跑道快步热身:马匹分组进入跑道后,在领队马的带领下慢步800 m,快步800 m后完成热身,前往草地训练场地:马匹分队进入无栏杆,有地标的草地开展训练。马匹按照既定方向完成2400 m(单程)直线缩短跑训练,在草地训练的三天后可以不使用固定的领队马,让每匹马都交替作为领队马,增加马匹信心
第6阶段 Stage 6	9	调教圈打圈或遛马机热身30 min,骑乘30 min 跑道快步热身:马匹分组进入跑道后,在领队马的带领下慢步800 m,快步800 m后完成热身,前往草地训练场地:马匹分队进入无栏杆,有地标的草地开展训练。马匹按照既定方向完成2400 m(1200 m折返)直线缩短跑训练,在草地训练的三天后可以不使用固定的领队马,让每匹马都交替作为领队马,增加马匹信心
第7阶段 Stage 7	10	调教圈打圈或遛马机热身30 min,骑乘30 min 跑道快步热身:马匹分组进入跑道后,在领队马的带领下慢步800 m,快步800 m后完成热身,前往训练场地进行袭步过渡训练:在跑道中逐渐增加速度,直至马匹步法过渡为袭步,但此过程中不可鞭打马匹,也不可推马,直至马匹完成由缩短跑到袭步的自然过渡

汗液形态 Sweat Morphology	出现时间Time(d)
	最短 Shor- test	最长 Long- est	平均Average
	最短 Shor- test	最长 Long- est	泥汗→ 泡沫汗 Mud sweat→ Foamy sweat	泡沫汗→ 水汗 Foamy sweat →Clear sweat	泥汗→ 水汗 Mud sweat→ Clear sweat
泥汗 Mud sweat	0	0	20.33±2.34
泡沫汗 Foamy sweat	18	24		34.67±2.16
水汗 Clear sweat	50	59			55±2.97

汗液形态 Sweat Morphology	出现时间Time(d)
	最短 Shor- test	最长 Long- est	平均Average
	最短 Shor- test	最长 Long- est	泥汗→ 泡沫汗 Mud sweat→ Foamy sweat	泡沫汗→ 水汗 Foamy sweat →Clear sweat	泥汗→ 水汗 Mud sweat→ Clear sweat
泥汗 Mud sweat	0	0	20.33±2.34
泡沫汗 Foamy sweat	18	24		34.67±2.16
水汗 Clear sweat	50	59			55±2.97

指标 Index	处理 Treatments	泥汗 Mud sweat	泡沫汗 Foamy sweat	水汗 Clear sweat
呼吸频率 RR (n/min)	赛前	20.83±2.04^Aa	16.17±1.6^Bb	15.17±1.83^Bb
呼吸频率 RR (n/min)	赛后	133±4.69^Aa**	126.33±2.34^Bb**	120±4.73^Bc**

调教训练对伊犁马汗液形态及汗液指标的影响

Effects of conditioning training on sweat morphology and blood indexes of Ili horses

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Metrics

指标 Index	处理 Treatments	泥汗 Mud sweat	泡沫汗 Foamy sweat	水汗 Clear sweat
心率 HR (bpm)	最小	49.33±5.01^Aa	38.17±4.31^Bb	36.5±5.01^Bb
心率 HR (bpm)	最大	230±5.51^Aa	220.33±9.63^Bb	210±12.35^Bb

指标 Indexes	泥汗 Mud sweat	泡沫汗 Foamy sweat	水汗 Clear sweat
LSV (mL)	4.72±1.02^b	6.25±1.6^ab	8.14±3.23^a
LSR (mL/m²/min)	69.93±14.13^Bb	94.53±23.31^AaBb	133.09±54.02^Aa

指标 Indexes	泥汗 Mud sweet	泡沫汗 Foamy sweet	水汗 Clear sweet
SUN (μmol/g)	8.85±3.4	6.81±1.16	6.12±1.85
FFA (mmol/mL)	268.9±135.2	235.97±106.58	175.66±108.34
CRE (μmol/mL)	6.7±4.06	5.45±3.88	4.39±2.26
LA (μmol/mL)	457.08±93.6^a	344.14±70.8^ab	263.99±110.85^b
TP (μmol/g)	83.15±22.23	60.48±12.14	59.43±24.06
TAA (μg /mL)	55.31±17.01	37.51±5.33	47.6±25.67
COR (μg/g)	26.71±5.54	22.91±13.1	18.84±11.6

指标 Indexes	泥汗 Mud sweet	泡沫汗 Foamy sweet	水汗 Clear sweet
Na⁺ (mg/L)	1041.04±186.5^a	814.66±177.09^ab	648.42±203.58^b
K⁺ (mg/L)	249.41±69.39^a	185.97±51.32^ab	161.26±79.1^b
Ca²⁺ (mg/L)	7.09±2.99^a	5.61±1.41^ab	3.77±1.68^b
Mg²⁺ (mg/L)	23.56±6.58^a	18.77±4.81^ab	15.84±4.49^b
Fe²⁺&Fe³⁺ (μg/L)	415.05±217.93	364.61±213.74	219.37±101.91
Cu²⁺ (μg/L)	26.59±9.39^a	22.89±10.76^ab	14.06±5.54^b
Cl^- (μmol/g)	71.23±20.24^a	54.82±12.38^ab	44.84±15.6^b

[1]	杨利平, 王川坤, 尚婷婷, 曾亚琦, 王建文, 诺鲁甫, 马康伟, 姚新奎, 孟军. 调教训练对伊犁马2 000 m速步赛血气指标的影响[J]. 新疆农业科学, 2024, 61(3): 757-765.
[2]	李雪妍, 孟军, 马玉辉, 姚新奎, 曾亚琦, 王建文, 王川坤, 闫家宝, 坎白努尔, 张伟龙. 调教训练对伊犁马1 600 m速度赛步态特征的影响[J]. 新疆农业科学, 2022, 59(11): 2838-2843.
[3]	王建文, 姚新奎, 褚洪忠, 任万路, 王川坤, 孟军. 调教训练对1000 m速步赛伊犁马血气指标的影响[J]. 新疆农业科学, 2020, 57(2): 333-339.