长期不同施肥措施下灌漠土养分特征变化分析

doi:10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2022.02.021

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】 研究长期不同施肥对新疆东部灌漠土养分特征的影响。【方法】 以新疆东部吐鲁番肥力长期监测点的黄土状灌漠土为研究对象,选取长期施用有机肥(M)、化肥(NP)、化肥配施有机肥(NP+1/2M、1/4NP+1/3M)、撂荒(CK₀)5种典型处理,分析不同施肥措施下,0~20 cm、20~40 cm土壤有机质、全氮、速效氮、速效磷、速效钾含量变化。【结果】 1)长期单施有机肥(M),0~20 cm、20~40 cm土壤有机质含量显著高于其他施肥处理,表层0~20 cm土壤的全氮、速效氮含量显著高于其他处理;2)长期单施化肥(NP),除速效钾含量显著高于其他处理外,有机质在表层与亚表层的含量均显著低于其他各处理。全氮、速效氮、速效磷在表层0~20 cm土壤的含量显著低于其他处理,在亚表层20~40 cm的含量无差异。3)化肥与有机肥配施的2个处理养分变化特征相似,即表层0~20 cm土壤的全氮、有机质含量显著高于纯施化肥NP和对照CK₀处理。亚表层20~40 cm土壤中,全氮、速效磷含量与其他各处理相比无差异,速效钾显著低于其他施肥处理。化肥与减量有机肥配施的处理(NP+1/2M),表层土壤的速效磷含量显著低于其他施肥处理,化肥与有机肥均减量配施的处理(1/4NP+1/3M),表层土壤的全氮、速效氮、速效P含量显著高于纯施化肥NP和对照处理CK₀。4)长期撂荒处理(CK₀),速效氮含量最低,且显著低于其他处理。5)各处理养分含量因土壤深度变化,表层土壤有机质、速效氮含量均大于亚表层,NP处理亚表层全氮、速效P含量大于表层,化肥与有机肥均减量配施处理(1/4NP+1/3M),亚表层速效钾含量大于表层。【结论】 在新疆东部灌漠土区,通过减施化肥和有机肥及合适配比,土壤养分保持较高水平,为灌漠土区推荐的施肥方式。各处理养分含量因土壤深度变化,不同施肥均对土壤浅层具有较强影响。

关键词: 长期施肥; 灌漠土; 土壤养分

Abstract:

【Objective】 To clarify the effects of different fertilizer patterns on soil fertility. 【Method】 Soil fertility was analyzed based on a long-term field trial on the irrigation desert soil in the base of Turpan, eastern Xinjiang.There were five fertilizer treaments: bare land(CK),M,NPK and NP+1/2M,1/4NP+1/3M. 【Result】 1) The contents of organic matter in 0-20 cm and 20-40 cm soil were significantly higher than those in other fertilization treatments, and the contents of total nitrogen and available nitrogen in 0-20 cm surface soil were significantly higher than those in other treatments; 2) The contents of organic matter in the surface and subsurface layers were significantly lower than those in the other treatments except that the content of available potassium was significantly higher than that of other treatments.The contents of total nitrogen, available nitrogen and available phosphorus in 0-20 cm soil layer were significantly lower than those in other treatments, but there was no difference in the content of 20-40 cm in subsurface layer.3) The results showed that the total nitrogen and organic matter contents in 0-20 cm soil were significantly higher than those in NP and CK₀ treatments.The contents of total nitrogen and available phosphorus in subsurface 20-40 cm soil showed no difference compared with other treatments, but available potassium was significantly lower than that of other fertilization treatments.The contents of total nitrogen, available nitrogen and available P in surface soil of NP + 1/2M treatment were significantly higher than those of CK₀ treatment.4) The contents of available N in CK₀ were the lowest and significantly lower than those in other treatments.5) The contents of organic matter and available N in the surface soil were higher than those in the subsurface layer.The contents of total nitrogen and available P in the subsurface layer of NP treatment were higher than those in the surface layer.The content of available potassium in the subsurface layer was higher than that in the surface layer in the treatment of reducing the application of chemical fertilizer and organic fertilizer (1/4NP+1/3M). 【Conclusion】 Therefore, in the irrigated desert soil area of eastern Xinjiang, reducing the application of chemical fertilizer and organic fertilizer and appropriate ratio can still maintain soil nutrients at a high level, which is the recommended fertilization method in irrigated desert soil area.The nutrient content of each treatment changes with soil depths, and different fertilization has a strong impact on the shallow soil environment.

Key words: long-term fertilization; irrigated desert soil; soil nutrients

中图分类号:

杨金钰, 许咏梅, 孙九胜. 长期不同施肥措施下灌漠土养分特征变化分析[J]. 新疆农业科学, 2022, 59(2): 433-440.

YANG Jinyu, XU Yongmei, SUN Jiusheng. Effects of Long-Term Fertilization on Nutrients in Irrigated Desert Soil of Eastern Xinjiang[J]. Xinjiang Agricultural Sciences, 2022, 59(2): 433-440.

图/表 6

表1 长期定位试验施肥量

Table 1 The design of fixed position experiment (kg/hm2 )

处理 Treatment	N Latitude	E Longitude	尿素 Urea	磷酸二铵 Diammonium	有机肥 Manure	作物及年限 Crops and planting years	产量 Yield	备注 Note
M	42°56'24.16"	90°00'10.07"	0	0	36 000^a	葡萄16年	4 500	定位点
NP+1/2M	42°45'5.71"	89°48'1.34"	600	1 500	15 000^a	葡萄15年	4 500	监测点
NP	42°44'47.94"	89°46'32.28"	600	1 500	0	葡萄25年	7 050	监测点
1/4NP+1/3M	42°46'35.21"	89°44'25.04"	150	375	12 000^a/600^b	葡萄20年	6 300	监测点
CK₀	42°46'27.22"	89°46'45.62"	0	0	0	0	0	监测点

图1 不同施肥处理下土壤有机质含量变化注:不同小写字母表示不同处理间差异显著(P<0.05),下同

Fig.1 Organic matter contents in different treatments Note:The significant differences were showed by different lower-case letters with various treatments at 5% level of probability.The same as below

图2 不同施肥处理下土壤全氮含量变化

Fig.2 Total N contents in different treatments

图3 不同施肥处理下土壤速效氮含量变化

Fig.3 Alkali-hydrolysis N contents in different treatments

图4 不同施肥处理下土壤速效磷含量变化

Fig.4 Available P contents in different treatments

图5 不同施肥处理下土壤速效钾含量变化

Fig.5 Available K contents in different treatments

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