Abstract: 【Objective】 To explore the suitable planting density of cotton with different row spacing configurations in the hope of providing a theoretical basis for the rational planting method and suitable density of machine cotton picking in southern Xinjiang. 【Methods】 Through field experimental research, the split-plot experimental design was adopted, and four row spacing configurations were set in the main area, namely 3 rows of H₃:1 membrane (76 cm equal row spacing), 4 rows of H₄:1 membrane (66+10+66) cm, 5 rows of H₅:1 membrane (10+66+66+10) cm, 6 rows of H₆:1 membrane (10+66+10+66+10) cm, and 3 planting densities were set in the secondary area, respectively, A₁:150,000 plants /hm².A₂: 187,500 plants/hm²; A₃: 225,000 plants/hm², the agronomic traits, leaf area, dry matter quality and seed cotton yield of cotton were determined in order to obtain the optimal planting density of cotton under different row spacing configurations. 【Results】 The experimental results showed that the plant heights of cotton with different row spacing increased with the increase of density after topping, and the plant heights of A₃ treatment were significantly higher than those of A₁ treatment.After topping, the thickness of cotton stems became smaller with the increase of density, and the thickness of the stems treated with A₁ was significantly higher than that of A₃.The maximum LAI of cotton increased with the increase of density under H₃ and H₄ conditions, while it was the maximum at A₂ density under H₅ and H₆ conditions.The maximum dry matter accumulation per unit area of cotton with different row spacing was the largest in A₂ treatment.The density significantly affected the yield of seed cotton and the number of bolls per unit area, and the row spacing significantly affected the weight of the single boll.The highest seed cotton yield obtained by H₅A₂ was 7,026.9 kg/hm², which was 0.8%-14.5% higher than that of other treatments. 【Conclusion】 Under the conditions of this study, the optimal planting density of 1 membrane with 3 rows(H₃), 1 membrane with 4 rows(H₄) and 1 membrane with 6 row(H₆) spacing was 225,000 plants/hm², and the suitable planting density of 1 membrane with 5 rows(H₅) was 187,500 plants/hm².