Abstract: 【Objective】 To study the diversity of fiber quality traits of cotton germplasm resources by using field phenotype combined with molecular marker technology, improve the utilization efficiency of cotton germplasm resources and lay the foundation for the research of hybrid parents germplasm resources. 【Methods】 120 introduced cotton germplasm resources were used as research materials, and the field planting method was employed to study the overall status of fiber quality traits and the correlation between shapes and after that, the genetic diversity of germplasm resources was further analyzed by combining molecular marker technology. 【Results】 The fiber lengths of all 120 samples were less than 33 mm, and the Micronaire Values of 31 samples were in the range of A.The minimum of breaking strength was 24.08 and the maximum was 38.4.A total of 95 polymorphic loci were detected, with an average of 5.58 polymorphic loci per primer pair.Cluster analysis and population structure analysis showed that the tested materials could be divided into two groups, and the classification results were similar to their quality traits. 【Conclusion】 The genetic diversity of 120 germplasm resources is abundant; PSP 25523-1, 5-line of Soviet Union cotton, 28 lines of Soviet Union cotton and Ekangmian 7 belong to high quality cotton varieties with high fiber quality, which can be used as high-quality parents to improve Xinjiang cotton germplasm resources.